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Ordinance #04-0809-10
RE: USTs In CARAs
JEFFERSON COUNTY
STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the matter of amending the
Unified Development Code JCC 18.22
To allow Underground Storage Tanks
In Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas
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Ordinance No. 04-0809-10
WHEREAS, RCW Chapter 36.70A, et seq., also known as the Growth Management Act
("GMA"), requires that counties planning under the GMA adopt development regulations
that are consistent with and implement their comprehensive plans; and
WHEREAS, Jefferson County adopted a GMA-derived Comprehensive Plan on August
28, 1998 via Resolution and completed its seven-year update of said Comprehensive Plan
via Ordinance on December 13,2004; and
WHEREAS, the Unified Development Code (UDC) was originally adopted on Decem-
ber 18, 2000 as a development regulation required by the Growth Management Act, to be
effective January 16,2001; and
WHEREAS, for proper citation in courts of law the UDC has been codified within the
Jefferson County Code (JCC) at Title 18; and
WHEREAS, Jefferson County adopted a Critical Areas Ordinance or "CAD" (No. 03-
0317-08) on May 17, 2008, which created a new Chapter 18.22 (Critical Areas) JCC and
repealed portions of Chapter 18.15 (Environmentally Sensitive Areas), including 160
fmdings of fact of which are incorporated by reference; and
WHEREAS, JCC 18.22.120 prohibits the siting of Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
for petroleum products or other hazardous materials within a Critical Aquifer Recharge
Areas (CARAs); and
WHEREAS, based upon best available science, new technology in protection standards
and similar regulations in other county jurisdictions; Quality Food Centers (QFC) applied
on November 18,2009 to amendment JCC 18.22.120 to allow USTs in CARAs with ad-
ditional protection standards; and
WHEREAS, on February 8, 2010, the Board of County Commissioners; approved
QFC's request to place the proposed amendment on the Planning Commission's 2010
work plan as provided for under JCC 18.44.090(a) Amendments to GMA implementing
regulations; and
Page 1
Ordinance #04-08119.1 0
RE: USTs In CARAs
WHEREAS, the Planning Commission held a public hearing on the proposed amend-
ments to JCC 18.22 on April 21, 2010; and
WHEREAS, the PlAnning Commission held deliberations on May 5 & 19,2010, in
which the Planning Commission recommended that the Board of County Commissioners
adopt the proposed amendments as drafted by Department of Community Development;
and
WHEREAS, the Board of County Commissioners approved the Planning Commission
recommendation on June 14,2010; and
WHEREAS, the Board of County Commissioners (BoCC) now completes this process
by the adoption of this ordinance, which amends the critical areas ordinance adopted on
May 17,2008, to allow USTs in CARAs under JCC 18.22.120 and increase protection
standards under JCC 18.22.130:
1. The State of Washington adopted the Growth Management Act (or "GMA") in 1990.
2. Jefferson County began planning under the GMA in the early 1990s.
3. The County adopted a Comprehensive Plan under GMA on August 28, 1998. The
County completed its statutorily required seven-year update of its Comprehensive Plan
on December 13, 2004.
4. The GMA, under RCW 36.70A.050, requires the state agency Community Trade and
Economic Development (CTED) to provide guidelines to classifY and protect critical
areas.
5. The GMA, at RCW 36.70A.060, requires each county to adopt development regulations
to protect critical areas.
6. RCW 36.70A.170, part of the GMA, requires counties to designate critical areas. To
comply with RCW 36.70A.172 counties planning under GMA must include Best Avail-
able Science to protect the functions and values of critical areas.
7. Critical Areas are defined in the GMA at RCW 36.70A.030 as including the following
areas and ecosystems: a) wetlands; b) critical recharge areas for aquifers used for pota-
ble water; c) fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas; d) frequently flooded areas;
and e) geologically hazardous areas.
8. The GMA, specifically RCW 36.70A.320l, recognizes the broad range of discretion
that may be exercised by counties. This means that the BoCC, as the County legislature
for Jefferson County, must balance the priorities and options based upon local circum-
stances. Within the framework of state goals and requirements, the State Legislature
has concluded that the ultimate burden for planning, harmonizing and implementing a
county's future rests with that community.
Page 2
Ordinance IlO4-0809-1 0
RE: USTs In CARAs
9. In order to balance the planning goals of the GMA, the BoCC encouraged the involve-
ment of citizens.
10. The 1998 and 2004 Jefferson County Comprehensive Plan includes an Enviromnent
Element as a chapter of the Plan.
11. ENG 13.0: "Protect aquifer recharge areas from depletion of aquifer quantity or degra-
dation of aquifer quality."
12. ENP 13.1: "Aquifer recharge areas should be designated and managed based upon best
available science."
13. ENP 13.2: "Until geohydrologic studies provide additional information regarding the
full extent of aquifer recharge areas, the County should protect aquifer recharge capabil-
ity in all areas of the County."
14. ENP 13.3: "Storm water should be managed to enhance and protect aquifer recharge
quality and rate of infiltration based on a comprehensive watershed plan. "
15. ENP 13.4: "Promote best management practices to protect aquifer recharge areas in land
use regulations related to septic systems, drainage, forest practices, agricultural prac-
tices, industry, and other development. n
16. ENP 13.5: "Encourage the use of co=unity water systems to serve new shoreline de-
velopment."
17. Master Land Use Application submitted by Quality Food Centers (QFC) on November
8,2010 and assigned MLA09-00378, requesting amendment to the Unified Develop-
ment Code (UDC) to allow USTs in CARAs, including a SEPA Checklist and narrative
on why the proposed amendment is justified and suggested line-in, line-out text.
18. Jefferson County Department of Co=unity Development (DCD) Staff Report and
Reco=endation on UDC Amendment, JCC 18.22, Underground Storage Tanks in
Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas, dated April 7, 2010. Includes similar development
regulations from similar counties, the City of Port Townsend, information on Ecology's
UST program and regulations, and Staff reco=endation with suggested line-in, line-
out text.
19. Addendum to DCD Staff Report and Reco=endation on UDC Amendment, JCC
18.22, Underground Storage Tanks in Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas, dated May 5,
2010, including co=ents for the City of Port Townsend, Department of Ecology, Pub-
lic Utility District #1 (PUD#1), and Skokomish Tribe.
20. DCD Final Determination of Non-significance and Lead Agency Status, dated June 24,
2010, for a non-project action under WAC 197-11-704, to apply to all land use propos-
als within CARAs of Jefferson County.
Page 3
OrdInance IlO4-0809-10
RE: USTs In CARAs
21. A document from the Washington State Office of Community Development, March
2002: Citations of Recommended Sources of Best Available Science For Designating
and Protecting Critical Areas. Section 2: Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas.
22. A Guidance Document entitled Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas, Washington State De-
partment of Ecology, January 2005, Publication Number 05-10-028. Comprehensive
guidance for local jurisdictions on protecting local groundwater resources under the
Growth Management Act
23. The Planning Commission held a public hearing on the proposed amendment to the
UDC on Wednesday, April 21, 2010. The Planning Commission heard testimony from
experts in the field and from the PUD #1 Resource Manager, who urged approval of the
proposed amendment.
24. The Planning Commission deliberated on the proposed amendments on May 5, 2010,
instructing Staff to present variations in line-in, line-out text to include a conditional use
requirement and aquifer recharge report. The Planning Commission deliberated again
on May 19, 2010, made adjustments to the proposed line-in, line-out text and made rec-
ommendation that the BoCC approve the amendments as revised.
25. The BoCC, during their regular agenda, deliberated on the proposed amendment on
June 14,2010, accepted the Planning Commission Recommendation and directed staff
to prepare a draft ordinance.
26. The BoCC concludes that the attached ORDINANCE is not a permanent or temporary
physical occupation of private property that would require just compensation.
27. The BoCC concludes that the attached ORDINANCE will not act to deprive property
owners in this County of all economically viable uses of their real property.
28. The BoCC concludes that the attached ORDINANCE will not deny or substantially di-
minish a fundamental attribute of real property ownership.
29. The BoCC concludes that the attached ORDINANCE does not require a real property
owner to dedicate a portion of their property to a public use because when a permit ap-
plication is made by a citizen and the terms of this ORDINANCE are applied as part of
determining whether the permit should be granted, the conditions required of the appli-
cant by the ORDINANCE will and must have a nexus to the adverse impacts of that
proposal and will and must be roughly proportional to the magnitude of the perceived
likely harm.
30. The BoCC concludes that the ORDINANCE will not rise to the level of a 'regulatory
taking' with respect to real property because any possible interference with investment-
backed expectations that the new ORDINANCE will cause is outweighed by the fact
that the new ORDINANCE furthers an important governmental interest [as established
by RCW 36.70A.060(2)] in the least-intrusive means possible.
Page 4
OrdInance 1104-0809-10
RE: USTs In CARAs
31. The BoCC concludes that the ORDINANCE does not violate or diminish the substan-
tive due process rights that real property owners hold because the ORDINANCE serves
a legitimate public purpose through means that are both reasonably necessary to achieve
the intended purpose and not unduly oppressive to the landowner.
32. With regard to Growth Management Indicator JCC 18.45.080(1)(b)(i), Jefferson County
adopted Ordinance No. 03-0317-08 on March 17, 2008. This ordinance fulfilled GMA-
related requirements to incorporate Best Available Science into critical area regulations.
33. With regard to Growth Management Indicator JCC 18.45.080(1)(b)(ii), Jefferson Coun-
ty is revising those sections of Ordinance No. 03-0317-08 pertaining to CARAs to bet-
ter incorporate the science that the County used.
34. With regard to Growth Management Indicator JCC 18.45.080(1)(b)(ili), there is no
change in County-wide attitudes. However, Jefferson County development regulations
are intended to protect and promote public health and safety. The proposed amend-
ments are intended to strike a compromise between the rights of the landowner to use
hislher own property while ensuring development proposals consider public interest and
safety. This proposal has been prepared for public review, and input from the public
was sought and considered during the legislative process.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
NOW, THEREFORE, the Board of County Commissioners for Jefferson County,
Washington, in regular session assembled does hereby ordain as follows:
Section 1: Adontion of Amendments to JCC 18.22. Pursuant to the County's authority
conferred by RCW 36.70, 36.70A, 36.70B, and 43.21C, the Board of County Commis-
sioners hereby adopts the amendments to development regulations, which are marked as
EXHIBIT B, attached hereto and by this reference made a part of Jefferson County Code
Title 18.22, as an official land use control and comprehensive plan implementing regula-
tion for Jefferson County, Washington.
Page 5
OrdInance IlO4-0809-10
RE: USTs In CARAs
Section 2: Best Available Science (BAS). By incorporating all 160 findings offact for
Critical Areas Ordinance No. 03-0317-08, this ordinance includes all best available Sci-
ences literature that was submitted, considered, and evaluated by citizens, agencies,
tribes, the Planning Commissioners, Department of Community Development, and the
Board of County Commissioners. The references listed in EXHIBIT A are considered
the applicable literature to address required findings under ICC 18.45.080. See Findings
and Conclusions for specific references determined by the Board of County Commission-
ers to balance the goals of the Growth Management Act and include best available sci-
ence.
Section 3: Severabilitv. In the event anyone or more of the provisions of this ordinance
shall for any reason be held to be invalid, such invalidity shall not affect or invalidate any
other provisions of this ordinance, but this ordinance shall be construed and enforced as if
such invalid provision had not been contained therein; PROVIDED, that any provision
which shall for any reason be held by reason of its extent to be invalid shall be deemed to
be in effect to the extent permitted by law.
Section 4: Attachments.
Exhibit A
Bibliography of Best Available Science Reviewed
Exhibit B
Amended Critical Areas Code JCC 18.22.
Section 5: SEP A: Adontion ofExistine Environmental Documents. The SEP A Re-
sponsible Official has determined that existing enviromnental documents provide ade-
quate enviromnental review of this ordinance to satisfY the requirements of WAC 197-
11-600. The following existing enviromnental documents are being adopted:
. Draft and Final Enviromnental Impact Statements (DEIS/FEIS) and addenda
prepared in anticipation of adoption of the Comprehensive Plan in 1998. The
DEIS and FEIS are dated February 24, 1997 and May 27, 1998, respectively,
and examined the potential cumulative enviromnental impacts of adopting al-
ternative versions of the Comprehensive Plan.
Section 6: Effective Date. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect on
~ql-ZO'D at 5:00pm.
Page 6
Ordll1lllll:& 'GLl-oflcJQ~ I 0
RE: USTsln CARAs
. CJ'1::: JL"
Approved and signed this L- day of,O' 2010.
JEFFERSON COUNTY
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
cLCY'J1~k;f. M~
Lorna L. Delaney / C!.JJIe.. .
. Clerk of the Board
LUL-
David Sullivan, Chairman
J~
'I !
~ : Ik,lb
Johnustin, Member
. Approved as to Fonn Only:
10~. all);,ILil10
David Alvarez ~
Deputy Prosecuting Attorney
Page 7
EXHIBIT A
18.22.120 Applicability.
(I) The following land use activities are considered high impact land uses due to the probability and/or
potential magnitude of their adverse effects on groundwater and shall be prohibited in susceptible aquifer
recharge areas and special aquifer recharge protection areas. 10 all other areas of the county outside of
susceptible aquifer recharge areas and special aquifer recharge protection areas, these activities shall require an
aquifer recharge area report pursuant to this article:
(a) Chemical manufacturing and reprocessing;
(b) Creosote/asphalt manufacturing or treatment (except that asphalt batch plants may be permitted in
susceptible aquifer recharge areas only if such areas lie outside of special aquifer recharge protection areas
and only if best management practices are implemented pursuant to ICC 1820.240 (2)(b)(iv) and
18.30.170 and an accepted aquifer recharge area report);
(c) Electroplating and metal coating activities;
(d) Hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities;
(e) Petroleum product refinement and reprocessing;
(f) Unaer-groTma stamge Storaee tanks for petroleum products or other hazardous matorialssubstances.
except with a Conditional Discretionary Use "C( d)" Permit approval:
(g) Recycling facilities as defined in this code;
(h) Solid waste landfills;
(i) Waste piles as defined in Chapter 173-304 WAC;
G) Wood and wood products preserving;
(k) Storage and primary electrical battery processing and reprocessing.
(2) All other land uses shall be subject to the protection standards contained in this article and mitigating
conditions included with an aquifer recharge area report, where applicable.
(3) Seawater Iotrusion Protection Zones. Marine shorelines and islands are susceptible to a condition that
is known as seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion is a condition in which the saltwater/freshwater interface in
an aquifer moves inland so that wells drilled on upland areas cannot oJoain freshwater suitable for public
conSumption without significant additional treatment and cost. Maintaining a stable balance in the
saltwater/freshwater iuterface is primarily a function of the rate of aquifer recharge (primariJy through rainfall)
and the rate of groundwater withdrawals (primarily through wells). New development, redevelopment, and
land use activities on islands and in close proximity to marine shorelines in particular should be developed in
such a manner to maximize aquifer recharge and maintain the saltwater/freshwater balance to the maximum
extent possible. [Ord. 3-08 ~ 1]
'18.22.130 Protection standards.
(1) General. The following protection standards shall apply to land use activities in susceptible aquifer
recharge areas and special aquifer protection areas, and when specified in seawater intrusion protection zones,
unless mitigating conditions have been identified in a critical aquifer recharge report that has been prepared
pursuant to this article.
(2) Stormwater Disposa1.
(a) 10 all critical aquifer recharge areas, stormwater runoff shall be controlled and treated in
accordance with best management practices and facility design standards as identified and defined in the
Stormwater Management Manual for the Puget Sound Basin, as amended, and the stormwater provisions
contained in Chapter 18.30 ICC.
(b) To help prevent seawater from iutroding landward into underground aquifers, all new development
activity on Marrowstone Island, Iodian Island and within one-quarter mile of any marine shoreline shall be
required to infiltrate all stormwater runoff on-site. The administrator will consider requests for exceptions
to this policy on a case-by-ease basis. This provision is interpreted as estab1ishiug a hierarchy in which tlte
first and best alternative is on-site infiltration using drywells or other methods; tlte second best alternative
is direct discharge into marine waters through a stormwater tightline. 10 order to uti1ize tlte least preferred
alternative, which is considered an exception to tlte policy, applicants must demonstrate through a
geotechnical or similar report prepared by a licensed professional that botlt on-site infiltration and upland
off-site disposa1 are not practicable or feasible. The report must include cost fignres for comparison.
(3) On-Site Sewage Disposal.
Ord # _"_-_ UDCTextAmendmentJCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page 11
EXHIBIT A
(a) All land uses identified in JCC 18.22.120 and special aquifer recharge protection areas that are also
classified as susceptible aquifer recharge areas (as defined in this article) shall be designated areas of
special concern pursuant to WAC Title 246.
(i) Such designation shall identify minimum land area and best management practices for
nitrogen removal as design parameters necessary for the protection of public health and
groundwater quality.
(ll) Best management practices (BMPs) shall be edopted by action of1he board ofhea11h.
(h) As new information becomes available that would classify an area as a special aquifer recharge
protection area or an area of special concern under this article, said area may be designated as such by the
county. Any additional areas of special concern designated through this process shall receive the same
protections identified in subsection (3)(a) of this section.
(4) Golf Courses and Other Turf Cultivation. In all critical aquifer recharge areas, golf courses shall be
developed and operated in a manner consistent with the most current edition of "Best Management Practices
for Golf Course Development and Operation," King County department of development and environmental
services. Recreational and institutional facilities (e.g., parks and schools) with extensive areas of cultivated
turf shall be operated in a manner consistent with portions of the aforementioned best management practices
pertaining to fertilizer and pesticide use, storage, and disposal. In seawater intrusion protection zones, golf
courses and other turf cultivation using groundwater for irrigation sha11 be prohibited, unless the water source
is located outside of seawater intrusion protection zones or in an approved public water supply.
(5) Above-Ground Storage and Underground Storage Tanks. Above-ground and Underground Storage
tanks shall be fabricated, constructed, installed, used and operated in a manner which prevents the release of
hazardous substances ar aangeraas ',vasles to the ground or groundwater. and be consistent wi1h the
Deoartment of Ecology's standards for construction and installation under WAC 173-360. Above-ground
storage tanks intended to hold or store hazardous substances ar E1angeraas wastes shall be provided with an
impervious containment area, equivalent to or greater than 100 percent of the tallk volume, enclosing and
underlying the tallk; or ensure that other measures are undertaken as prescribed by the Uniform Fire Code
which provide an equivalent measure of protection. Underground storage tanks intended to store hazardous
substances shall orovide an imoervious tertiary containment area underlving the tallks; or ensure that other
measures are undertaken which orovide an eauivalent measure of protection. Aonlication for installation of
Underground storage tanks not orohibited under this article. or for aoplication of a Conditional Discretionary
"Cld)" Use oermit aooroval. shall be accomnanied by an aauifer recharge reoort oursuant to the article.
(6) Mining and Quanying. Mining and quarrying performance standards containing groundwater
protection best management practices pertaining to operation, closure, and the operation of gravel screening,
gravel crnsbing, cement concrete batch Plants. and asphalt concrete batch plants, where allowed, are contained
in Chapters 18.20 and 18.30 JCC.
(7) Hazardous Materials. Land use activities that generate hazardous waste, which are not prom"bited
outright under this code, and which are conditionally exempt from regulation by the Washington Department
of Ecology under WAC 173-303-100. or which use, store, or handle hazardous substances, shall be required to
prepare and submit a hazardous materials management plan that demonstrates that the development will not
have an adverse impact on groundwater qua1ity. The facility owner must npdate the hazardous materials
management plan annna11y.
(8) Well Drilling, Land Division, and Building Permits in Seawater Intrusion Protection Zones.
(a) Well Dri1ling. The Washington State Department of Ecology regulates well dri1ling pursuant to the
Water Well Construction Act Proposed wells, including those exempt from permitting requirements, must
be sited at least 100 feet from "known or potential sources of CODtmninlltion, " which include "sea-salt water
intrusion areas" (WAC 178-160-171 ), nuless a variance is obtained from Ecology per WAC 173- I 60-1 06.
(h) Subdivisions. Applications for land division (Chapter 18.35 ICC) must include specific and
conclusive proof of adequate supplies of potable water through a qualifying hydrogeologic assessment
(relevant components of an aquifer recharge area report per JCC 18.22.400) that demonstretes that the
creation of new lots and corresponding use ofwater will not impact the subject aquifer such that water
quality is degraded by seawater intrusion.
(i) Marrowstone Island Subdivision Moratorium. Due to documented seawater intrusion on
Marrowstone Island and the existence of undeveloped lots of record, Jefferson County has
imposed a moratorium on additional land divisions on the island until such time as public water is
Ord # _"_-_ UDCText AmendmentJCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page I 2
EXHIBIT A
available or it is demonstrated through the well monitoring program that groundwater quality is
not degrading due to seawater intrusion.
(c) Building Permits.
(i) Evidence of potable water may be an individual well, connection to a public water system,
or an alternative system. Whatever method is selected, the regulatory and operational standards
for that method must be met, including Jefferson CountY health codes and Washington
Administrative Code. Pursuant to Section 4 of the State "Guidelines for Determining Water
AvailabiIity for New Buildings" (Ecology Publication No. 93-27), investigation and identification
of weIl interference problems and impairment to senior rights is the responsibility of the
Washington Department of Ecology . If the possibility of a problem is suspected, the local
permitting authority should contact Ecology.
(ll) All types of building permits that require proof of potable water use are subject to this
policy, specifically building permits for new single-family residences (SFRs) or other structures
with plumbing that are not associated with an existing SFR (i.e., shops or garages with a
bathroom).
(d) Voluntary and mandatory measures of the Jefferson County seawater intrusion policy apply to
development proposals within the coastal, at risk, and high risk SIPZ, and upon Marrowstone Island, in the
following manner, in addition to all existing applicable health codes:
(i) Coastal SIPZ.
(A) Voluntary Actions.
(I) Water conservation measures;
(11) Ongoing well monitoring for chloride concentration;
(III) Submittal of data to county.
(8) Mandatory Actions.
0) For proof of potable water on a building permit application, applicant
must utilize DOH-approved public water system if available;
(II) If public water is unavailable, an individual well may be used as proof
of potable water subject to the foIlowing requirement:
1. Chloride concentration of a 1aboratory-certified well water sample
submitted with building permit application;
2. IustaIIation of source-tota1izing mater (flow).
OIl) If public water is unavaiIable, a qualifYing alternative system may be
used as proof of potable water.
(ll) At Risk SIPZ.
(A) Voluntary Actions.
(I) Water conservation measures.
(8) Mandatory Actions.
(I) For proof of potable water on a building permit application, applicant
must utilize DOH-approved public water system if avaiIable;
01) Ifpublic water is unavailable, an individual weIl may be used as proof
of potable water subject to the following requirements:
I. Chloride concentration of a laboratory-certified well water sample
submitted with building permit application;
2. IustaIIation of a source-tota1izing meter (flow);
3. Ongoing weIl monitoring for chloride concentration;
4. Submittal of flow and chloride data to the county per monitoring
program;
(III) If public water is unavaiIable, a qualifying alternative system may be
used as proof of potable water.
(ill) High Risk SIPZ.
(A) Mandarory Actions.
(I) Water conservation measures (per list mainlained by UDC
Ord# _-_-_ UDCTextAmendmentJCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page I 3
EXHIBIT A
administrator);
(II) For proof of potable water on a building permit application, applicant
must utilize DOH-approved public water system if available;
(Ill) If public water is unavailable, an individual well may only be used as
proof of potable water subject to the following requirements:
1. Variance from WAC Title 173 standards granted by Ecology per WAC
173-160-106 for a new groundwater well within 100 feet ofa sea-salt water
intrusion area per WAC 173-160-171 (Le., within 100 feet of a groundwater
source showing chloride concentrations above 200 mgIL or within 100 feet of
the marine shorellne); or for an existing groundwater well not subject to an
Ecology variance, applicant must provide a hydrogeologic assessment (relevant
components of an aquifer recharge area report per JCC 18.22.400), which shall
be transmitted to Ecology for review, demonstrating that use of the well does
not cause any detrimental interference with existing water rights and is not
detrimental to the public interest;
2. Chloride concentration of a laboratory-certified well water sample
submitted with building permit application;
3. If chloride concentration exceeds 250 mgIL in a water sample submitted
for a building permit, then the property owner shall be required to record a
restrictive covenant that indicates a chloride reading exceeded the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency secondmy standard (250 mgIL) under the
National Secondmy Drinking Water Regulations;
4. 1nstallation of a source-totalizing meter floW;
5. Ongoing well monitoring for chloride concentration;
6. Submittal of flow and chloride data to the county per monitoring
program;
(IV) If public water is unavailable, a qualifying alternative system may be
used as proof of potable water.
(iv) Marrowstone Island. In addition to all volunlluy and mandatory actions associated with
the applicable SIPZ as descn1led above, the following measures apply to all development
proposals on Marrowstone Island that include groundwater withdrawal:
(A) V olunlluy Actions.
(I) Installation of timers together with new well pump insta11ations to
enable pump use limitation to low demand times.
(B) Mandatory Actions.
(I) The use of a well propnsed as proof of potable water for a new building
permit shall be conditioned through the building permit such that enrollment in
a county-sponsored monitoring program is required, including pariodic
submittal of flow and chloride data as detennined by the county.
(11) 1nstallation of a source-totalizing meter (flow).
(Ill) Installation of a variable speed pump, controllable from the surface, in
order to enable reduction of withdrawal rate, as may be necessary.
(IV) 1nstallation of a I,OOO-gallon minim1Jm storage tank that shall
conform to ANSIINSF Standard 61.
(9) Mitigating Conditions. The administrator may require additional mitigating conditions, as needed, to
provide protection to all critical aquifer recharge areas to ensure that the subject land or water use action will
not pose a risk of significant adverse groundwater quality impacts. The determination of significant adverse
groundwater quality impects will be based on the anti-degradation policy included in Chapter 173-200 WAC.
(10) Authority for Denial. In all critical aquifer recharge areas, the administrator may deny approval if the
protection standards contained herein or added mitigating conditions cannot prevent significant adverse
groundwater quality impacts. [Ord. 3-08 ~ 1]
Ord # _-----: _ UDC Text Amendment lCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page I 4
EXHIBIT B
18.22.120 Applicability.
(I) The following land use activities are considered high impact land uses due to the probability and/or
potential magnitode of their adverse effects on groundwater and shall be prohibited in susceptible aquifer
recharge areas and special aquifer recharge protection areas. In all other areas of the county outside of
susceptible aquifer recharge areas and special aquifer recharge protection areas, these activities shall require an
aquifer recharge area report pursuant to this article:
(a) Chemical manufacturing and reprocessing;
(b) Creosote/asphalt manufactoring or treatment (except that asphalt batch plants may be permitted in
susceptible aquifer recharge areas only if such areas lie outside of special aquifer recharge protection areas
and only if best management practices are implemented pursuant to ICC 1820.240 (2)(h)(iv) and
18.30.170 and an accepted aquifer recharge area report);
(c) Electroplating and metal coating activities;
(d) Hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities;
(e) Petroleum product refinement and reprocessing;
(I) Storage tanks for petroleum products or other hazardous substances, except with a Conditional
Discretionary Use "C(d)" Permit approval;
(g) Recycling facilities as defined in this code;
(h) Solid waste landfills;
(I) waste piles as defined in Chapter 173-304 WAC;
(j) Wood and wood products preserving;
(k) Storage and primary electrical battery processing and reprocessing.
(2) All other land uses shall be subject to the protection standards contained in this article and mitigating
conditions included with an aquifer recharge area report, where applicable.
(3) Seawater Intrusion Protection Zones. Marine shorelines and islands are susceptible to a condition that
is known as seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion is a condition in which the saltwater/freshwater interface in
an aquifer moves Inland so that wells drilled on upland areas cannot obtain freshwater suitable for public
consumption without significant additional treatment and cost. Maintaining a stable balance in the
saltwater/freshwater interface is primarily a function of the rate of aquifer recharge (primarily through rainfall)
and the rate of groundwater withdrawals (primarily through wells). New development, redevelopment, and
land use activities on islands and in close proximity to marine shorelines in particular should be developed in
such a manner to maximize aquifer recharge and maintain the saltwater/freshwater balance to the maximum
extent possible. [Ord. 3-08 ~ IJ
18.22.130 Protection standards.
(1) General. The following protection standards shall apply to land use activities in susceptible aquifer
recharge areas and special aquifer protection areas, and when specified in seawater intrusion protection zones,
unless mitigating conditions have been identified in a critical aquifer recharge report that has been prepared
pursuant to this article.
(2) Stormwater Disposal.
(a) In all critical aquifer recharge areas, stormwater runoff shall be controlled and treated in
accordance with best management practices and facility design standards as identified and defined in the
Stormwater Management Manual for the Poget Sound Basin, as amended, and the stormwater provisions
contained in Chapter 18.30 ICC.
(b) To help prevent seawater from intruding landward into underground aquifers, all new development
activity on Marrowstone Island, Indian Island and within one-quarter mile of any marine shoreline shall be
required to infiltrate all stormwater runoff on-site. The administrator will consider requests for exceptions
to this policy on a case-by-ease basis. This provision is interpreted as establishing a hierarchy in which the
first and best alternative is on-site infiltration using drywells or other methods; the second best alternative
is direct discharge into marine waters through a stormwater tightline. In order to utilize the least preferred
alternative, which is considered an exception to the policy, applicants must demonstrate through a
geotechnical or similar report prepared by a 1icensed professional that both on-site in:filtration and upland
off-site disposal are not practicable or feasible. The report must include cost figures for comparison.
(3) On-Site Sewage Disposal.
Ord # _-_-_ UDC Text Amendment lCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page 11
EXHIBIT B
18.2Z.120 AppIkabllity.
(1) The following land use activities are considered high impact land uses due to the probability and/or
potential magnitode of their adverse effects on groundwater and shall be prohibited in susceptible aquifer
recharge areas and special aquifer recharge protection areas. In all other areas of the county outside of
susceptible aquifer recharge areas and special aquifer recharge protection areas, these activities shall require an
aquifer recharge area report pursuant to this article:
(a) Chemical manufacturing and reprocessing;
(b) Creosote/asphalt manufacturing or treatment (except that asphalt batch plants may be permitted in
susceptible aquifer recharge areas only if such areas lie outside of special aquifer recharge protection areas
and only if best management practices are implemented pursuant to lCC 18.20.240 (2)(h)(iv) and
1830.170 and an accepted aquifer recharge area report);
(c) Electrop1ating and metal coating activities;
(d) Hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities;
(e) Petroleum product refinement and reprocessing;
(f) Storage tanks for petroleum products or other hazardous substances. except with a Conditional
Discretionary Use "C(d)" Permit approval;
(g) Recycling facilities as defined in this code;
(h) Solid waste landfills;
(I) Waste piles as defined in Chapter 173-304 WAC;
CD Wood and wood products preserving;
(Ie) Storage and primary electrical battery processing and reprocessing.
(2) All other land uses shall be subject to the protection standards contained in this article and mitigating
conditions included with an aquifer recharge area report, where applicable.
(3) Seawater Intrusion Protection Zones. Marine shorelines and islands are susceptible to a condition that
is known as seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion is a condition in which the saltwater/freshwater interface in
an aquifer moves inland so that wells drilled on upland areas cannot obtain freshwater suitable for public
consumption without significant additional treatment and cost. Maintaining a stable balance in the
saltwater/freshwater interface is primarily a function of the rate of aquifer recharge (primarily through rainfall)
and the rate of groundwater withdrawals (primarily through wells). New development, redevelopment, and
land use activities on islands and in close proximity to marine shorelines in particular should be developed in
such a manner to maximize aquifer recharge and maintain the saltwater/freshwater balance to the maximum
extent possible. [Ord. 3-08 9 1]
18.22.130 Protection standards.
(1) General. The following protection standards shall apply to land use activities in susceptible aquifer
recharge areas and special aquifer protection areas, and when specified in seawater intrusion protection zones,
unless mitigating conditions have been ideutified in a critical aquifer recharge report that has been prepared
pursuant to this article.
(2) Stormwater Disposal.
(a) In all critical aquifer recharge areas, stormwater runoff shall be controlled and treated in
accordance with best management practices and facility design standards as identified and defined in the
Stormwater Management Manual for the Puget Sound Basin, as amended, and the stormwater provisions
contained in Chapter 18.30 JCC.
(b) To help prevent seawater from intruding landward into underground aquifers, all new development
activity on Marrowstone Island, Indian Island and within one-quarter mile of any marine shoreline shall be
required to infiltrate aU stormwater runoff on-site. The administrator will consider requests for exceptions
to this policy on a case-by-case basis. This provision is interpreted as establishing a hierarchy in which the
tlrst and best alternative is on-site infiltration using drywells or other methods; the second best alternative
is direct discharge into marine waters through a stormwater tightline. In order to utilize the least preferred
alternative. which is considered an exception to the policy, applicants must demonstrate through a
geotechnical or similar report prepared by a licensed professional that both on-site infiltration and upland
off-site disposal are not practicable or feasible. The report must include cost figures for comparison.
(3) On-Site Sewage Disposal.
Ord # _-_-_ UDC Text AmendmentJCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page 11
EXHIBIT B
(a) All land uses identified in JCC 18.22.120 and special aquifer recharge protection areas that are also
classified as susceptible aquifer recharge areas (as defined in this article) shall be designated areas of
special concern pursuant to WAC Title 246.
(i) Such designation shall identify minimum land area and best management practices for
nitrogen removal as design parameters necessary for the protection of public health and
groundwater quality.
(Ii) Best management practices (BMPs) shall be adopted by action of the board of health.
(b) As new information becomes available that would classify an area as a special aquifer recharge
protection area or an area of special concern under this article, said area may be designated as such by the
county. Any additional areas of special concern designated through this process shall receive the same
protections identified in subsection (3)(a) of this section.
(4) Golf Courses and Other Turf Cultivation. In all critical aquifer recharge areas, golf courses shall be
developed and operated in a manner consistent with the most current edition of "Best Management Practices
for Golf Course Development and Operation," King County department of development and environmental
services. Recreational and instimtional facilities (e.g., parks and schools) with extensive areas of cultivated
turf shall be operated in a manner consistent with portions of the aforementioned best management practices
pertaiuing to fertilizer and pesticide use, storage, and disposal. In seawater intrusion protection zones, golf
courses and other turf cultivation using groundwater for irrigation shall be prohibited, unless the water source
is 1O<:ated outside of seawater intrusion protection zones or in an approved public water supply.
(5) Above-Ground Storage and Underground Storage Tanks. Above-ground and Underground Storage
tanks shall be fabricated, constructed, installed, used and operated in a manner which prevents the release of
hazardous substances to the ground or groundwater, and be consistent with the Department of Ecology's
standards for construction and installation under WAC 173-360. Above-ground storage tanks intended to hold
or store hazardous substances shall be provided with an impervious containment area, equivalent to or greater
than 100 percent of the tank volume, enclosing and underlying the tank; or ensure that other measures are
undertaken as prescn"bed by the Uuiform Fire Code which provide an equivalent measure of protection.
Underground storage tanks intended to store hazardous substances shall provide an impervious tertiary
containment area underlying the tanks; or ensure that other measures are undertaken which provide an
equivalent measure of protection. Application for installation of Underground storage tanks not prohibited
under this article, or for application of a Conditional Discretionary "C( d)" Use permit approval, shall be
accompanied by an aquifer recharge report pursuant to the article.
(6) Mining and Quarrying. Mining and quarrying performance standards containing groundwater
protection best management practices pertaining to operation, closure, and the operation of gravel screening,
gravel crushing, cement concrete batch plants, and asphalt concrete batch plants, where allowed, are contained
in Chapters 18.20 and 18.30 JCC.
(7) Hazardous Materials. Land use activities that generate hazardous waste, which are not prohibited
outright under this code, and which are conditionally exempt from regnlation by the Washington Department
of Ecology under WAC 173-303-100. or which use, store, or handle hazardous substances, shall be required to
prepare and submit a hazardous materials management plan that demonstrates that the development will not
have an adverse impact on groundwater quality. The facility owner must update the hazardous materials
management plan annually.
(8) Well Drilling, Land Division, and Building Permits in Seawater Intrusion Protection Zones.
(a) Well Drilling. The Washington State Department of Ecology regulates well drilling pursuant to the
Water Well Construction Act. Proposed wells, including those exempt from permittiog requirements, must
be sited at least 100 feet from "known or potential sources of contamination," which include "sea-salt water
intrusion areas" (WAC 178-160-17]), unless a variance is obtained from Ecology per WAC 173-160-106.
(b) Subdivisions. Applications for land division (Chapter 18.35 JCC) must include specific and
conclusive proof of adequate sopplies of potable water through a qualifying hydrogeologic assessment
(relevant components of an aquifer recharge area report per JCC 18.22.400) that demonstrates that the
creation of new lots and corresponding use of water will not impact the subject aquifer such that water
quality is degraded by seawater intrusion.
(i) Marrowstone Island Subdivision Moratoriwn. Due to docwnented seawater intrusion on
Marrowstone Island and the existence of undeveloped lots of record, Jefferson County has
imposed a moratorinm on additional land divisions on the island until such time as public water is
Ord # _-_-_ UDC Text AmendmentJCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page I 2
EXHIBIT B
available or it is demonstrated through the well monitoring program that groundwater quality is
not degrading due to seawater iotrUSion.
(c) Buildiog Permits.
(i) Evideoce of potable water may be an iodividual well, connection to a public water system,
or an alternative system. Whatever method is selected, the regulatory and operatioual standards
for that method must be met, iocludiog Jefferson County health codes and Washiogton
Administrative Code. Pursuant to Section 4 of the State "Guidelioes for Determioiog Water
Availability for New Bnildings" (Ecology Publication No. 93-27), investigation and identification
of well ioterference problems and impairment to senior rights is the responsibility of the
Washington Department of Ecology. If the possibility ofe problem is suspected, the local
permitting authority shouid contact Ecology.
(ii) All types ofbuildiog permits that require proof of potable water use are subject to this
policy, specifically building permits for new siogle-family residences (SFRs) or other stroctores
with plumbiog that are not associated with an existing SFR (i.e., shops or garages with a
bathroom).
(d) Voluntary and mandatory measures of the Jefferson County seawater intrUSion policy apply to
development proposaIs withio the coasta1, at risk, and high risk SIPZ, and upon Marrowstone Island, in the
foIlowiog manner, io addition to all existing applicable health codes:
(i) Coastal SIPz.
(A) Voluntary Actions.
(1) Water conservation measures;
(II) Ongoiog well monitoring for chloride concentration;
(III) Submittal of data to county.
(B) Mandatory Actions.
(l) For proof of potable water on a bnildiog permit application, applicant
must utUize DOH-approved public water system if available;
(II) Ifpublic water is unavailable, an iodividual well may be used as proof
of potable water subject to the followiog requirement:
1. Chloride concentration of a laboratory-certified well water sample
submitted with bnilding permit application;
2. Installation of source-tota1izing meter (flow).
(III) Ifpublic water is unavailable, a qualifYing alternative system may be
used as proof of potable water.
(ii) At Risk SIPz.
(A) Voluntary Actions.
(I) Water conservation measures.
(B) Mandatory Actions.
(l) For proof of potable Water on a bnildiog permit application, applicant
must utilize DOH-approved public water system if available;
(ll) Ifpublic water is unavailable, an individual well may be used as proof
of potable water subject to the foUowiog requirements:
] . Chloride concemration of a laboratory-certified well water sample
submitted with buildiog permit application;
2. Installation of a source-totalizing meter (flow);
3. Ongoiog well monitoring for chloride concentration;
4. Submittal of flow and chloride data to the county per monitoring
program;
(lIl) Ifpublic water is unavailable, a quaIiJying alternative system may be
used as proof of potable water.
(iii) High Risk SIPZ.
(A) Mandatory Actions.
(l) Water conservation measures (per list maintained by ODC
Ord 11_'_'_ UDCText Amendment JCC 18.22.120 & 130
Page I 3
EXHIBIT Il
administrator);
(II) For proof of potable water on a building pennit application, applicaot
must utilize DOH-approved public water system if available;
(Ill) If public water is unavailable, an individual well may only be used as
proof of potable water subject to the following requirements:
1. Variance from WAC Title 173 standards granted by Ecology per WAC
173-160-106 for a new groundwater well within 100 feet of a sea-salt water
intrusion area per WAC 173-160-171 (i.e., within 100 feetofagroundwater
source showing chloride concentrations above 200 mgIL or within 100 feet of
the marine shoreline); or for an existing groundwater well not subject to an
Ecology variance, applicant must provide a hydrogeologic assessment (relevant
components of an aquifer recharge area report per Jce 18.22.400), which shall
be transmitted to Ecology for review, demonstrating that use of the well does
not cause any detrimental interference with existing water rights and is not
detrimental to the public interest;
2. Chloride concentration of a laboratory-certified wen water sample
submitted with building permit application;
3. If chloride concentration exceeds 250 mgIL in a water sample submitted
for a building pennit, then the property owner shall be required to record a
restrictive covenant that indicates a chloride reading exceeded the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard (250 mgIL) under the
Natioual Secondary Drinking Water Regulations;
4. Installation of a source-totalizing meter flow;
5. Ongoing well monitoring for chloride concentration;
6. Submittal of flow and chloride data to the county per monitoring
program;
(IV) Ifpublic water is unavailable, a qualifying alternative system may be
used as proof of potable water.
(iv) Marrowstone Island. In addition to all voluntary and mandatory actions associated with
the applicable SlPZ as described above, the following measures apply to all development
proposals on Marrowstone Island that include groundwater withdrawal:
(A) Volunlaty Actions.
(I) Installation of timers together with new well pump installations to
enable pump use limitation to low demand times.
(B) Mandatory Actions.
(I) The use of a well proposed as proof of potable water for a new building
permit shall be conditioned through the building pennit such that enrollment in
EXHIBIT C
Critical Area Ordinance
CITATIONS
Considered as the range of science for Jefferson County.
Abbe, T. B., and D. R Montgomery. 1996. Large woo4J; debris jams, channel hydraulics, and habitat
formation in large rivers. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 12:201-221.
Abbe, T. B., and D. R Montgomery. 2003. Patterns and processes of wood debris accumulation in the
Queets River Basin, Washington. Geomorphology, 51:81-107.
Abbe, T. B., Pess, G., Montgomery, D. R, and K. L. Fetherston. 2003. Integrating Engineered Log Jam
Technology into River Rehabilitation. In D. R Montgomery, S. Bolton, D. B. Booth, and L. WaIl (eds)
Restoration ofPuget Sound Rivers, 443-482.
Abt, S.R, W.P. Clary, and C.r. Thorton. 1994. Sediment deposition and entrapment in vegetated streambeds.
In: Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation andDrainage Division 120: 1 098-
1111.
Adams, M.J. 1999. Correlated factors in amphibian decline: Exotic species and habitat change in Western
Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(4): 1162-1171.
Alberti, M. et al. 2006. The impact of urban patterns on aquatic ecosystems: An empirical analysis in Puget
lowland sub-basins. Article in Press: Landscape Urban Planning. doi: 10.1Ol6/jlandurbplan.2006.08.0.
www.elsevier.comllocatellandurbolan
Azons, Amanda L. and Richard R Homer, 1997. Wetlands and Urbanization: Implicationsfor the Future.
Final Report of the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program. Available
on the internet at htto://splash.metrokc.l!:ov/wlrlbasins/weturban.htm.
Azons, A.L. and K.O. Richter. 1995. Amphibian andplant community responses to changing hydrology in
urban wetlands. Pages 156-162 in E. Robichaud (ed.), Puget Sound Research 1995 Proceedings, Volume
1. Olympia, W A: Puget Sound Water Quality Authority.
Bahls, Peter, Cary Kindberg, Micah Wait, and Jamie Glasgow. 2002. An Assessment of Error in State
Shoreline Designation for Lakes of Washington. http://www.washingtontrout.orel1udlow/index.shtml
Baker, J.M.R and T.R Halliday. 1999. Amphibian colonization of new ponds in an agricultural
landscape. Herpetological Journal 9:55-63.
Basb, Berman, and Bolton. 2001. Effects of sediment and suspended solids on salmonids. UW Center for
Streamside Studies. November, 2001.
Beamer, Eric, Aundrea McBride, Rich Henderson, and Karen Wolf, May 2003. The Importance of Non-
Natal Pocket Estuaries in Skagit Bay to Wild Chinook Salmon: An Emerging Priority for Restoration.
Skagit System Cooperative Research Department.
htto:lldepts.washineton.edulcwws/OutreachlPublicationslSalmon%20and%20Turbidity.odf
BELKNAP, WILLIAM. 1994. WALL-BASE CHANNELS IN WESTERN WASHINGTON: LOCATION,
DETECTION, MAPPING AND WINTER USE BY JUVENILE SALMONID FISHES. M.S. THESIS, U.W.
CENTER FOR STREAMSIDE STUDIES.
HTTP://DEPTS.WASHINGTON.EDU/CWWSrrHESES/BELKNAP.HTML
Bolton et al. 2001. Ecological Issues in Floodplains and Riparian Corridors.
Submitted to Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Ecology,
Washington Department ofTransportation. July 2001.
Brennan, J.S., and H. Culverwell. 2004. Marine Riparian: An Assessment of Riparian Functions in Marine
Ecosystems. Published by Washington Sea Grant Program Copyright 2005, UW Board of Regents Seattle,
W A. 34 p. htto:llwww.wsl!:.washin!!fon.edulresearchlecohealth!brennan.odf
Brennan, J.S. Riparian Functions and the Development of Management Actions in Marine Nearshore
Ecosystems. p. 11 in Lemieux, J.P., Brennan, J.S., Farrell, M., Levings, C.D., and Myers, D. Proceedings
1
of the DFO/PSAT sponsored Marine Riparian Experts Workshop, Tsawwassen, BC, February 17-18,
2004. 2004. Can. Man. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2680.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Literature review and model evaluation describing the environmental effects and
carrying capacity associated with the intensive culture of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis).
Technical appendix for an Environmental Impact Statement prepared for Taylor Resources, Southeast 130
Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 129 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Supplemental study of dissolved nutrients and particulate organic matter in waters near
the proposed mussel farm in North Totten Inlet, Washington State, USA. Technical report prepared for
Taylor Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 48 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2007. Supplemental best available science supporting reco=endations for wetland buffer
widths in Jefferson County, Washington. Aquatic Environmental Sciences, 644 Old Eaglemount Road,
Port Townsend, Washington.
Brooks, K. M. and Elston R. A. 1991. Epizootiology of hemic neoplasia in Mytilus trossulus in Washington
State, Part n. J. Shellfish Res., 10:223
Brooks, K. M. 1991. The Genetics and Epizootiology of Hemic Neoplasia in Mytilus edulis. 1991. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 282 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1991. Shellfish Inventory and Management Considerations associated with the intensive
cultivation of Crassostrea gigas in California and Washington by Coast Oyster Company. Report
prepared for First Interstate Bank, Seattle, Washington.
Brooks, K. M. 1992. Infauna! co=unity structure changes associated with organic loading at an intensive
salmon husbandry site. Report to the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia,
Washington. 19 pp.
Brooks, K. M. 1992. Review of bacterial and toxicant contamination in Dyes Inlet, W A and request for
shellfish harvest certification of Chico Bay, Phiney Bay and the east side of Erland Point, all in Dyes
Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington. 21 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use
ofTreated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments. Report prepared for, and published by, the Western
Wood Preservers Association, 601 Main Street, Suite 401, Vancouver, W A 98550.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Impacts on Benthic Invertebrate Communities Associated with the Aerial Application of
Carbaryl to Control Burrowing Shrimp on Cultivated Oyster Beds in Willapa Bay for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. 63 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Integrated Pest Management Program Development.Differential pesticide impacts on
closely related invertebrate species in eelgrass meadows of Pacific Northwest estuaries. Pacific Estuarine
Research Society Annual Meeting, Long Beach, W A, May 14, 1993.47 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Recovery of benthic co=unities associated with interrupted production at a
co=ercial salmon net-pen in Port Townsend, W A. Report to the Washington State Department of
Natural Resources. Oncluded in the annual monitoring report for the Paradise Bay net pen site.)
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Changes in arthropod and mollusk populations associated with the application of SevinD
to control burrowing shrimp in Willapa Bay, Washington - July to September, 1992. Report to the US
EP A, Contract BSCC 692. 31 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 1994. Histopathological Examination of Archived Bivalves Mytilus edulis trossulus and
Protothaca staminea in Support of the Prince William Sound Long Term Monitoring Program. Report to
NOAAlORCAlHMRAD/ORCA32. 7600 Sand Point WayNE, Seattle, WA 98115. 40 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Literature Review, Computer Model and Assessment of the Potential Environmental
Risks Associated With Creosote Treated Wood Products Used in Aquatic Environments. Published by the
Western Wood Preservers Institute, 601 Main Street, Suite 401, Vancouver, W A 98660. 137 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use of Treated Wood in
Lotic Systems. Published by the Western Wood Preservers Institute, 601 Main Street, Suite 401, W A
98660. 17 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Aquatic Environmental Risk Assessments and a Spreadsheet Model Predicting Creosote
Treated Wood Contributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to the Water Column and Sediments.
2
ASlM Conference Proceedings. Fifth Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessments:
Biomarkers and Risk Assessment. Sponsored by: ASlM Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and
Environmental Fate. April 3 - 5,1995. Denver, Colorado.
Brooks, KM. 1995. Long Term Response of Benthic Invertebrate Communities Associated with the
Application of Carbaryl (SevinO) to Control Burrowing Shrimp, and an Assessment of the habitat Value
of Cultivated Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Beds in Willapa Bay, Washington to Fulfill
Requirements of the EPA Carbaryl Data Call In. Report to the U.S. EPA under Contract BSCC 692.69
pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. Evaluating the environmental risks associated with the use of chromated copper
arsenate-treated wood products in aquatic environments. Estuaries Vol. 19, No. 2A, p. 296-305.
Brooks, K.M., D.E. Konasewich, H.C. Bailey, E.B. Szenasy and G.E. Brudermann. 1996. Antisapstain
chemical Technical Review. Prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Environment; Subcommittee
on Antisapstain chemical Waste Control Regulation Amendments of the B.C. Stakeholder Forum on
Sapstain Control. 133 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. Baseline Shellfish Surveys of Tidelands Near the Tatitlek, Nanwalek and Port Graham
Villages in Support of the NanwalekIPort GrahamlTatitlek Clam Restoration Project; Exxon Valdez Oil
Spill Trustee Council Project Number 95131. 52 p. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. Assessment and Management of Wastes Associated with the Intensive Culture of
Salmon in British Columbia, Canada. Prepared for the B.C. Salmon Farmers Association, Vancouver,
B.C. 47 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. September, 1996, Baseline electrophoretic survey of mussels, Mytilus edulis trossulus
and Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis in Holmes Harbor, Washington. Produced for Taylor United, Inc.
Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, Washington 98584 in fulfillment of conditions ofIsland County
Shoreline Substantial Development Permit SPD 013/94 and Army Corps of Engineers Permit COE (94-1-
00327). 13 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. City of Ocean Shores Wetland Inventory. Produced for the City of Ocean Shores under
Department of Ecology Grant 09600033. 28 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks. KM. 1997. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use
of ACZA Treated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments. Second Edition. Prepared for the Western
Wood Preservers' Institute 7017 NE Highway 99, Suite 108, Vancouver, W A 98665.98 pp.
Brooks, KM. 1997. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated With the Use
of CCA Treated Wood Products in Aquatic Envirouments. 3rd Edition. Prepared for the Western Wood
Preservers Institute, 7017NE Highway 99 Ste. 108, Vancouver, WA 98665.100 pp.
Brooks, KM. 1997. Final Report - PAH Sediment Sampling Study in River South Parcel- July 17, 1996 to
August 26, 1997. Prepared for Commonwealth Edison Company, Environmental Services Department,
One First National Plaza, 10 South Dearborn, Chicago, illinois 60690. 21 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, KM. 1998. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated With the Use
of ACQ Treated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments. Prepared for: Western Wood Preservers
Institute, 7017 NE Highway 99, Suite 108, Vancouver, WA 98665.
Brooks, K.M. 1998. Literature Review, Computer Model and Assessment of the Potential environmental
risks Associated with Pentachlorophenol Treated Wood Products Used in Aquatic Environments.
Prepared for: Western Wood Preservers Institute, 7017 NE Highway 99, Suite 108, Vancouver, W A
98665.
Brooks, K.M. 1998. 1998 Annual Report of the Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Migration
From Railway Ties Into Ballast and Adjacent Wetlands - a Mesocosm Study. Prepared for Dr. Richard
Monzingo, Commonwealth Edison, P.O. Box 767, Chicago, IL 60690-0767 for submission to the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. 34 pages plus appendices.
Brooks, KM. 2000. Environmental effects associated with the use ofCCA-C, ACZA and ACQB pressure
treated wood used to construct boardwalks in wetland areas. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest
Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL-RP-582. 126 pp. plus appendices.
3
Brooks, K.M 2000. Assessment of the environmental effects associated with wooden bridges preserved with
creosote, pentachlorophenol or chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA-C). U.S. Department of Agriculture-
Res. Pap. FPL-RP-587. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products
Laboratory, 100 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1999. Stolt Canada Arrow Pass Salmon Farm Benthic and Shellfish Effects Study 1996 - 997.
Produced for Stolt Sea Farm Incorporated, 1405 Spruce Street, Campbell River, British Columbia,
Canada V9W 7Kl. 107 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Final Report - Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Migration From
Railway Ties Into Ballast and Adjacent Wetlands. Midwest Generation, Corporate EH&S Group,440 S
Lasalle Street, Suite 3500, Chicago, IL 60605. 94 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Sediment concentrations of sulfides and total volatile solids near salmon farms in British
Columbia, Canada, during the period June through August, 2000 and recommendations for additional
sampling. Prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Environment and the British Columbia Salmon
Farmers' Association. 16 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Literature review and model evaluation describing the environmental effects and
carrying capacity associated with the intensive culture of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis).
Technical appendix for an Environmental Impact Statement prepared for Taylor Resources, Southeast 130
Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 129 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Determination of copper loss rates from Flexgard XITM treated nets in marine
environments and evaluation of the resulting environmental risks. Report prepared for the British
Columbia Ministry of Environment and the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association. 24 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Sediment concentrations of zinc near salmon farms in British Columbia, Canada during
the period June through August 2000. Report prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Environment
and the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association. 12 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Results of the June 2000 interim salmon farm mouitoring at Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. salmon
aquaculture tenures located in British Columbia Report prepared for Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. 1261 Redwood
Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 93 pp.
Brooks, K.M 2000. Results of the June 2000 interim salmon farm monitoring at Pacific National Group
netpens located in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Report prepared for Pacific National Group, 737
Yates Street- Suite 310, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W lL6. 35 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Database report describing sediment physicochemical response to salmon farming in
British Columbia from 1996 through April 2000. Report prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of
Environment and the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association, 408 West Pender Street, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada V6E 2S9. 41 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Results of the Fall 2000 interim salmon farm monitoring at tenures operated by Stolt Sea
Farms and Pacific National Aquaculture in British Columbia. Prepared for the British Columbia Salmon
Farmers' Association. Number 408 -1200 West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6E 2S9. 15 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Recommended interim sediment quality guidelines for evaluating the environmental
response to marine netpen culture operations. Prepared for the British Columbia Salmon Farmers'
Association, Number 408 - 1200 West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6E 2S9. 11
pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Final Report - Chugach Regional Resources Commission Bivalve Enhancement
Program - Bivalve inventories and native littleneck clam (Protothaca staminea) culture studies - Exxon
Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Project Number 95131. 189 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Chapter 4. Salmon Farming and the Environment. In: Nash (2001) The Net-pen Salmon
Farming Industry in the Pacific Northwest. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFS-NWFSC-49.
pp. 36 -73.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. An evaluation of the relationship between salmon farm biomass, organic inputs to
sediments, physicochemical changes associated with those inputs and the infauna! response - with
emphasis on total sediment su1fides, total volatile solids, and oxidationreduction potential as surrogate
4
endpoints for biological monitoring - Final Report. Technical report produced for the Technical Advisory
Group (TAG) to the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, 2080-A Labieux Road, Nanaimo, British
Columbia, Canada V9T 6J9. 186 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) and spot prawn (Pandalus platyceras) holding and
feeding studies in support ofEmamectin Benzoate acute toxicity testing. Technical report produced for
Dr. Rejean Berman. Schering-Plough Animal Health, 3535 Trans-Canada Highway, Pointe-Claire,
Quebec, Canada H9R IB4. 50 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Results of Summer 2001 interim salmon farm monitoring at Pacific National
Aquaculture netpens located in ClayoqUot Sound, British Columbia. Technical reported prepared for
Pacific National Aquaculture, 1001 Wharf Street- Suite 300, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W
1 T8. 65 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Results of the July 2001 interim salmon farm monitoring at Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. salmon
aquaculture tenures located in British Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. 1261
Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 64 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. New salmon net-pen site assessments and baseline surveys at Beddingfield and South
Millar Channel, Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Technical reported prepared for Pacific National
Aquaculture, 1001 Wharf Street- Suite 300, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 1T8. 21 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Native littleneck clam (Protothaca staminea) culture and associated environmental
effects in Alaska. Technical paper presented at the November 13 - 14, 2001 Alaska Sea Grant Program
conference in Anchorage, Alaska. 23 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Recommendations to the British Columbia Farmed Salmon Waste Management
Technical Advisory Group for Biological and Physicochemical Performance Standards Applicable to
Marine Netpens. Technical report produced for the Technical Advisory Group of the British Columbia
Ministry of Environment, 2080-A Labieux Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9T 6J9. 24 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Environmental assessment and monitoring program associated with aquaculture
production facilities operated by Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute at the Grace oil drilling platform in
the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Technical report prepared for Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute,
2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego, California 92109. 26 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Results of the July 2001 interim salmon farm monitoring at Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. salmon
aquaculture tenures located in British Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. 1261
Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 81 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Copper loss from copper naphthenate treated piling immersed in fresh water. Technical
report prepared for Mr. James A. Brient, Naphthenic Acid Technology Manager, Merichem Company
Research Center, 1503 Central, Houston, Texas 77012-2797. 9 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Literature review, computer model and assessment of the potential enviroumental risks
associated with copper naphthenate treated wood products used in aquatic environments. Technical report
prepared for Mr. Gerald E. Davis, Merichem Chemicals and Refinery Services LLC, 2701 Warrior Road,
P.O. Box 40777, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 24404.22 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Characterizing the environmental response to pressure treated wood. Proceedings. In:
Enhancing the Durability of Lumber and Engineered Wood Products", Forest Products Society, 2801
Marshall Court, Madison, WI 53705-2299. pp. Annual Meeting, February 11 - 13, 2002, Kissimmee,
Florida. Pp. 59-71.
Brooks, K.M., C. Mahnken and C. Nash. 2002. Environmental Effects Associated with Marine Netpen Waste
with Emphasis on Salmon Farming in the Pacific Northwest. In: Responsible Marine Aquaculture, Eds:
Stickney and McVey. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom pp. 159 - 204.
Brooks, K.M. and C.V.W. Mahnken. 2003. Interactions of Atlantic Salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Environment. II. Organic Wastes. Fisheries Research, Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 255 - 293.
Brooks, K.M. and C.V.W. Mahnken. 2003. Interactions of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Environment. III. Accumulation ofzinc and copper. Fisheries Research, Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 295-305.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Chemical and biological remediation of the benthos near Atlantic salmon
farms. Aquaculture, Volume 219, Issues 1-4, pp. 355-377.
5
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Chemical and Biological Remediation at the Upper Retreat Atlantic Salmon Farm in
Retreat Passage, Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia - Tenure 1404379. Technical report prepared
for Stolt Sea Farms, 1761 Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 34 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. An assessment of whether pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuschai) runs in the
Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia, Canada are threatened by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
infections originating on cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Legal affidavit prepared for Mr.
Christopher Harvey, Q.C., MacKenzie Fujisawa Barristers & Solicitors, 1600-1095 West Pender Street,
Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6E 2M6 57 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Comments regarding the Environmental Protection Agencies Draft preliminary Risk
Assessment on Creosote. Technical response provided to U.S. Creosote Council n, care-ofMr. David
Webb, 357 Browns Hill Road, Valencia, PA 16059.47 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Comments regarding the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft Preliminary Risk
Assessment for Arsenical Wood Preservatives. Technical response provided to the Arsenical Wood
Preservatives Task Force, American Chemistry Council, care-of Mr. Has Shah, 1300 Wilson Blvd.,
Arlington, VA 22209. 41 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Environmental Risk Assessment for CCA-C and ACZA Treated Wood. Technical report
prepared for the Western Wood Preservers Institute, 7017 NE Highway 99 Ste. 108, Vancouver, W A
98665. 40 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Metal loss rates from southern yellow pine treated with ACQ-C preservative amended
with and without water repellents and from CCA-C treated wood. Technical report produced for Chemical
Specialties Inc. One Woodlawn Green, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217. 31 pp. plus
appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Metal loss rates as a function of rainfall from southern yellow pine treated with ACQ-C
preservative amended with and without water repellents. Technical report produced for Chemical
Specialties Inc. One Woodlawn Green, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217. 31 pp. plus
appendices. 22 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Environmental response to the use of ACQ-C, CCA-C Tebuconazole, and Untreated
southern yellow pine floats and posts in Montgomery's Pond. Technical report produced for Chemical
Specialties Inc. One Woodlawn Green, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217. 31 pp. plus
appendices. 141 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Application of the lnfaunal Trophic Index to the evaluation of macro benthic effects
associated with salmon farming in British Columbia. Technical report prepared for the British Columbia
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. 30 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Measurement of nutrients in bottom water under and adjacent to the Deepwater Point
mussel farm in Totten Inlet, Washington. Prepared for the Pacific Shellfish Institute, 120 State Avenue
NE #142, Olympia, Washington as part of Department of Commerce Award No. NA16RG1591. 9pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Metal loss rates in a dynamic leaching system from Strong-Seal fibreglass wrapped
CCA-C treated wood. Technical report prepared for Wood Preservers Incorporated, P.O. Box 158,
Warsaw, Virginia 22572. 8 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Environmental response to creosote treated wood structures in Puget Sound,
Washington. Technical report prepared for U.S. Creosote Council II, care-ofMr. David Webb, 357
Browns Hill Road, Valencia, PA 16059.52 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Creosote treated piling - perceptions versus reality. Public outreach document prepared
for U.S. Creosote Council II, care-of Mr. David Webb, 357 Browns Hill Road, Valencia, PA 16059. 15
pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Baseline inventory of macro benthos at Stolt Sea Farms' Humphrey Rocks Tenure in
Tribune Channel, Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea
Farms, 1761 Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 18 pp.
Brooks, K.M. , A.R. Stierns and C. Backman. 2004. Seven year remediation study at the Carrie Bay Atlantic
salmon (Safmo safar) farm in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture.
Aquaculture 239, pp. 81-123.
6
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Evaluation of the macrobenthic community at the edge of tenure on the 300 oT transect
at Stolt Sea Farms' Swanson Island Tenure (Number 1304381) in the Broughton Archipelago, British
Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea Farms, 1761 Redwood Street, Campbell River, British
Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 12 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Migration From Creosote-Treated Railway Ties Into
Ballast and Adjacent Wetlands. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-617. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 53 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Modelling, managing and assessing the environmental risks associated with the use of
creosote treated wood products. Technical report prepared for Creosote Council Europe, care of Per Bech
A1S, Koppers Denmark, A vernakke, 5800, Nyborg, Denmark. 84 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Environmental feasibility study for aquaculture in Port Angeles Harbor and the Straits of
Juan de Fuca. Technical report prepared for Olympic Aqua Ventures, L.L.C., 111 Hurricane View Lane
Port Angeles, W A 98362 42 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. September 2004 sediment physicochemical monitoring at Hubbs-Sea W orId Research
Institute's enhancement netpens located at Santa Catalina Island, Aqua Hedionda Laboon and San Diego
Bay. Technical report prepared for Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute 2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego,
CA 92109.29 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Environmental response to ACZA treated wood structures in Pacific Northwest marine
environments. Technical report prepared for J.H. Baxter and Company, 1700 South El Camino Real, San
Mateo, CA 94402. 30 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005 (In-review) Computer model and risk assessment predicting the aquatic environmental
response to bridges constructed using creosote preserved wood. Technical report prepared for the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705. Timber
Bridge Joint Venture Agreement 01-N -11111136-104. 86 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. The epibenthic community observed in association with the intensive raft culture of
Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis in Totten Inlet, Washington. Funded by the U.S. Department of
Commerce Award No. NAI6RG1591. Submitted to Pacific Shellfish Institute, 120 State Avenue NE
#142, Olympia, WA 98501.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Copper and tebuconazole loss rates from southern yellow pine treated to a retention of
0.246 pounds per cubic foot with CA-B preservative. Technical report produced for Arch Wood
Protection, 1955 Lake Park Drive, Smyrna, Georgia 30080.38 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Baseline information describing sediment physicochemistry of Totten Inlet and the
macrobenthos of the proposed North Totten Inlet mussel farm. Technical report prepared for Taylor
Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 53 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Benthic response at the Deepwater Point mussel farm in Totten Inlet, Puget Sound,.
Washington State USA. Technical report prepared for Taylor Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road,
Shelton, W A 98584. 45 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Biological evaluation and essential fish habitat assessment - road crossing over the
Middle Branch of Cassalery Creek and adjacent wetlands. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reference
D200401495-3755. Prepared for Four Seasons Engineering, Port Angeles, Washington 98362. 19 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Metal loss rates to rainfall falling on 2"x6" lumber treated with Ammoniacal Copper
Zinc Arsenate (ACZA) preservative. Technical report produced for J.H. Baxter and Company, 1700 South
El Camino Real, San Mateo, CA 94402. 12pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Copper, zinc and arsenic loss rates from Douglas fir piling treated to a nominal
retentions 1.0 and 1.5 pounds per cubic foot with Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA)
preservative and receiving four different post treatment Best Management Practices designed to minimize
metal losses to fresh- and saltwater environments. Technical report prepared for J.H. Baxter and
Company, 1700 South El Camino Real, San Mateo, CA 94402. 41 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. The affects of water temperature, salinity and currents on the survival and distribution of
the infective copepodid stage of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) originating on Atlantic salmon farms
in the Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia, Canada. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 13:177-204.
7
Brooks, K.M. (In-Review). The frequency of Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis alleles in
Washington State marine waters where the species is commercially cultivated. 14 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Supplemental study of dissolved nutrients and particulate organic matter in waters near
the proposed mussel farm in North Totten Inlet, Washington State, USA. Technical report prepared for
Taylor Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, WA 98584. 48 pp.
Brooks, K.M. and D.J. Stucchi. 2006. The Effects of Water Temperature, Salinity and Currents on the
Survival and Distribution of the Infective Copepodid Stage of the Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus
salmonis) Originating on Atlantic Salmon Farms in the Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia,
Canada (Brooks, 2005) ~ A Response to the Rebuttal ofKrkosek et at. (2005a). Reviews in Fisheries
Science. 14:13-23.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Assessing the environmental costs associated with the netpen culture of Atlantic salmon
in the Northeast Pacific. 59 pp. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAD) and
World Fisheries Trust (WFT) Workshop on Comparative Environmental Costs of Aquaculture and Other
Food Production Sections - 24-28 Apri12006, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In-press by FAD.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Sediment physicochemical monitoring at delayed release netpens and raceways for
white seabass located in southern Califomia during 2004 and 2005. Report prepared for Hubbs-Sea World
Research Institute, Califomia Department ofFish and Game and Advisors to the Ocean Resources
Enhancement and Hatchery Progrsm (OREHP). Aquatic Environmental Sciences, 644 Old Eaglemount
Road, Port Townsend, W A 98368. 97 pp.
Brooks, K.M., D. Goyette and S. Christie. 2006. Sooke Basin Creosote Evaluation - Results of the October
2005 Reconnaissance Survey. Creosote Evaluation Committee, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific
Yukon Region, 201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3S5. 150 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2007. An analysis of sediment sulfide and macrobenthic data for purposes of assessing the
concept of ecological threshold in monitoring the benthic effects of fish farms. British Columbia Ministry
of Environment Contract CNAEN07029. Technical report produced for the British Columbia Ministry of
Environment 2080-A Labieux Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6J9. 63 pp., plus appendices
Brooks, K.M. 2007. Sediment physicochemical monitoring at delayed release netpens and raceways for
white seabass located in Southern California during the period 2004 through 2006. Technical report
produced for Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, California Department ofFish and Game, and
Advisors to the Ocean Resources Enhancement and Hatchery Progrsm (OREHP). 118 pp.
Brooks, K. M. 1991. The Genetics and Epizootiology of Hemic Neoplasia in Mytilus edulis. 1991. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 282 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1991. Shellfish Inventory and Management Considerations associated with the intensive
cultivation of Crassostrea gigas in California and Washington by Coast Oyster Company. Report
prepared for First Interstate Bank, Seattle, Washington.
Brooks, K. M. 1992. Infaunal community structure changes associated with organic loading at an intensive
salmon hushandry site. Report to the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia,
Washington. 19 pp.
Brooks, K. M. 1992. Review of bacterial and toxicant contamination in Dyes Inlet, WA and request for
shellfish harvest certification of Chico Bay, Phiney Bay and the east side of Erland Point, all in Dyes
Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington. 21 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use
of Treated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments. Report prepared for, and published by, the Western
Wood Preservers Association, 601 Main Street, Suite 401, Vancouver, W A 98550.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Impacts on Benthic Invertebrate Communities Associated with the Aerial Application of
Carbaryl to Control Burrowing Shrimp on Cultivated Oyster Beds in WilIapa Bay for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. 63 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Integrated Pest Management Progrsm Development Differential pesticide impacts on
closely related invertebrate species in eelgrass meadows of Pacific Northwest estuaries. Pacific Estuarine
Research Society Annual Meeting, Long Beach, W A, May 14, 1993.47 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Recovery of benthic communities associated with interropted production at a
8
commercial salmon net-pen in Port Townsend, W A. Report to the Washington State
Department of Natural Resources. (Included in the annual monitoring report for the Paradise
Bay net pen site.)
Brooks, K.M. 1993. Changes in arthropod and mollusk populations associated with the application of SevinD
to control burrowing shrimp in Willapa Bay, Washington - July to September, 1992. Report to the US
EP A, Contract BSCC 692. 31 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 1994. Histopathological Examination of Archived Bivalves Mytilus edulis trossulus
and Protothaca staminea in Support of the Prince William Sound Long Term Monitoring
Program. Report to NOAAlORCAIHMRAD/ORCA32. 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle,
WA 98115. 40 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Literature Review, Computer Model and Assessment of the Potential Environmental
Risks Associated With Creosote Treated Wood Products Used in Aquatic Environments. Published by the
Western Wood Preservers Institute, 601 Main Street, Suite 401, Vancouver, W A 98660. 137 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use of Treated Wood in
Lotic Systems. Published by the Western Wood Preservers Institute, 601 Main Street, Suite 401, WA
98660. 17 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Aquatic Environmental Risk Assessments and a Spreadsheet Model Predicting Creosote
Treated Wood Contributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to the Water Colunm and Sediments.
ASTM Conference Proceedings. Fifth Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessments:
Biomarkers and Risk Assessment. Sponsored by: ASTM Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and
Environmental Fate. April 3 - 5, 1995. Denver, Colorado.
Brooks, K.M. 1995. Long Term Response of Benthic Invertebrate Communities Associated with the
Application of Carbaryl (SevinD) to Control Burrowing Shrimp, and an Assessment of the habitat Value
of Cultivated Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Beds in Willapa Bay, Washington to Fulfill
Requirements of the EPA Carbaryl Data Call In. Report to the U.S. EPA under Contract BSCC 692. 69
pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. Evaluating the environmental risks associated with the use of chromated copper
arsenate-treated wood products in aquatic environments. Estuaries Vol. 19, No. 2A, p. 296-305.
Brooks, K.M., D.E. Konasewich, H.C. Bailey, E.B. Szenasy and G.E. Brudermann. 1996. Antisapstain
chemical Technical Review. Prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Environment; Subcommittee
on Antisapstain chemical Waste Control Regulation Amendments of the B.C. Stakeholder Forum on
Sapstain Control. 133 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. Baseline Shellfish Surveys of Tidelands Near the Tatitlek, Nanwalek and Port Graham
Villages in Support of the NanwalekIPort GrahamJTatitlek Clam Restoration Project; Exxon Valdez Oil
Spill Trustee Council Project Number 95131. 52 p. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. Assessment and Management of Wastes Associated with the Intensive Culture of
Salmon in British Columbia, Canada. Prepared for the B.C. Salmon Farmers Association, Vancouver,
B.C. 47 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. September, 1996, Baseline electrophoretic survey of mussels, Mytilus edulis trossulus
and Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis in Holmes Harbor, Washington. Produced for Taylor United, Inc.
Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, Washington 98584 in fulfillment of conditions of Island County
Shoreline Substantial Development Permit SPD 013/94 and Army Corps of Engineers Permit COE (94-1-
00327). 13 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1996. City of Ocean Shores Wetland Inventory. Produced for the City of Ocean Shores under
Department of Ecology Grant G96oo033. 28 pp. plus appendices. Brooks. K.M. 1997. Literature Review
and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use of ACZA Treated Wood Products in
Aquatic Environments. Second Edition. Prepared for the Western Wood Preservers' Institute 7017 NE
Highway 99, Suite 108, Vancouver, W A 98665.98 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1997. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated With the Use
of CCA Treated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments. 3rd Edition. Prepared for the Western Wood
Preservers Institute, 7017NE Highway 99 Ste. 108, Vancouver, WA 98665.100 pp.
9
Brooks, K.M. 1997. Final Report-PAH Sediment Sampling Study in River South Parcel-July 17, 1996 to
August 26, 1997. Prepared for Commonwealth Edison Company, Environmental Services Department,
One First National Plaza, 10 South Dearborn, Chicago, Illinois 60690. 21 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 1998. Literature Review and Assessment of the Environmental Risks Associated With the Use
of ACQ Treated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments. Prepared for: Western Wood Preservers
Institute, 7017 NEHighway 99, Suite 108, Vancouver, WA
98665.
Brooks, K.M. 1998. Literature Review, Computer Model and Assessment of the Potential environmental
risks Associated with Pentachlorophenol Treated Wood Products Used in Aquatic Environments.
Prepared for: Western Wood Preservers Institute, 7017 NE Highway 99, Suite 108, Vancouver, W A
98665.
Brooks, K.M. 1998. 1998 Annual Report of the Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Migration
From Railway Ties Into Ballast and Adjacent Wetlands - a Mesocosm Study. Prepared for Dr. Richard
Monzingo, Commonwealth Edison, P.O. Box 767, Chicago, IL 60690-0767 for submission to the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. 34 pages plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Environmental effects associated with the use ofCCA-C, ACZA and ACQB pressure
treated wood used to construct boardwa1ks in wetland areas. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest
Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL-RP-582. 126 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Assessment of the environmental effects associated with wooden bridges preserved with
creosote, pentachlorophenol or chrornated-copper-arsenate (CCA-C). U.S. Department of Agriculture-
Res. Pap. FPL-RP-587. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products
Laboratory, 100 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 1999. Stolt Canada Arrow Pass Salmon Farm Benthic and Shellfish Effects Study 1996-
1997. Produced for Stolt Sea Farm Incorporated, 1405 Spruce Street, Campbell River, British Columbia.
Canada V9W 7K1. 107 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Final Report - Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Migration
From Railway Ties Into Ballast and Adjacent Wetlands. Midwest Generation, Corporate
EH&S Group, 440 S Lasalle Street, Suite 3500, Chicago, IL 60605. 94 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Sediment concentrations of sulfides and total volatile solids near salmon farms in British
Columbia. Canada, during the period June through August, 2000 and recommendations for additional
sampling. Prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Environment and the British Columbia Salmon
Farmers' Association. 16 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Literature review and model evaluation describing the environmental effects and
carrying capacity associated with the intensive culture of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis).
Techuical appendix for an Environmental Impact Statement prepared for Taylor Resources, Southeast 130
Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 129 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Determination of copper loss rates from Flexgard XJ:TM treated nets in marine
environments and evaluation of the resulting environmental risks. Report prepared for the British
Columbia Ministry of Environment and the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association. 24 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Sediment concentrations of zinc near salmon farms in British Columbia. Canada during
the period June through August 2000. Report prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Environment
and the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association. 12 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Results of the June 2000 interim salmon farm monitoring at Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. salmon
aquaculture tenures located in British Columbia. Report prepared for Stolt Sea arm, Inc. 1261 Redwood
Street, Campbell River, British Columbia. Canada V9W 3K7. 93 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Results of the June 2000 interim salmon farm monitoring at Pacific National Group
netpens located in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Report prepared for Pacific National Group, 737
Yates Street- Suite 310, Victoria. British Columbia. Canada V8W IL6. 35 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Database report describing sediment physicochemical response to salmon farming in
British Columbia from 1996 through April 2000. Report prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of
10
Environment and the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association, 408 West Pender Street, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada V6E 2S9. 41 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Results of the Fall 2000 interim salmon farm monitoring at tenures operated by Stolt Sea
Farms and Pacific National Aquaculture in British Columbia. Prepared for the British Columbia Salmon
Farmers' Association. Number 408 - 1200 West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6E 2S9. 15 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Reco=ended interim sediment quality guidelines for evaluating the environmental
response to marine netpen culture operations. Prepared for the British Columbia Salmon Farmers'
Association, Number 408 - 1200 West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6E 2S9. 11
pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Final Report - Chugach Regional Resources Commission Bivalve Enhancement
Program - Bivalve inventories and native littleneck clam (Protothaca staminea) culture studies - Exxon
Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Project Number 95131. 189 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Chapter 4. Salmon Farming and the Environment. In: Nash (2001) The Net-pen Salmon
Farming Industry in the Pacific Northwest. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFS-NWFSC-49.
pp.36-13.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. An evaluation of the relationship between salmon farm biomass, organic inputs to
sediments, physicochemical changes associated with those inputs and the infaunal response - with
emphasis on total sediment sulfides, total volatile solids, and oxidationreduction potential as surrogate
endpoints for biological monitoring - Final Report. Technical report produced for the Technical
Advisory Group (TAG) to the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, 2080-A Labieux Road,
Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9T 6J9. 186 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) and spot prawn (Pandalus platyceras) holding and
feeding studies in support ofEmamectin Benzoate acute toxicity testing. Technical report produced for
Dr. Rejean Berman, Schering-Plough Animal Health, 3535 Trans-Canada Highway, Pointe-Claire,
Quebec, Canada H9R 1B4. 50 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Results of Summer 2001 interim salmon farm monitoring at Pacific National
Aquaculture netpens located in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Technical reported prepared for
Pacific National Aquaculture, 1001 Wharf Street- Suite 300, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W
1T8. 65 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Results of the July 2001 interim salmon farm monitoring at Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. salmon
aquaculture tenures located in British Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. 1261
Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K1. 64 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. New salmon net-pen site assessments and baseline surveys at Beddingfield and South
Millar Channel, Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Technical reported prepared for Pacific National
Aquaculture, 1001 Wharf Street- Suite 300, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 1T8. 21 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Native littleneck clam (Protothaca staminea) culture and associated environmental
effects in Alaska. Technical paper presented at the November 13 - 14,2001 Alaska Sea Grant Program
conference in Anchorage, Alaska. 23 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Recommendations to the British Columbia Farmed Salmon Waste Management
Technical Advisory Group for Biological and Physicochemical Performance Standards Applicable to
Marine Netpens. Technical report produced for the Technical Advisory Group of the British Columbia
Ministry of Environment, 2080-A Labieux Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9T 6J9. 24 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2001. Environmental assessment and monitoring program associated with aquaculture
production facilities operated by Hubbs Sea World Research Institute at the Grace oil drilling platform in
the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Technical report prepared for Hubbs Sea World Research Institute,
2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego, California 92109.26 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Results of the July 2001 interim salmon farm monitoring at Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. salmon
aquaculture tenures located in British Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea Farm, Inc. 1261
Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K1. 81 pp.
11
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Copper loss from copper naphthenate treated piling immersed in fresh water. Technical
report prepared for Mr. James A. Brient, Naphthenic Acid Technology Manager, Merichem Company
Research Center, 1503 Central, Houston, Texas 77012-2797. 9 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Litemture review, computer model and assessment of the potential environmental risks
associated with copper naphthenate treated wood products used in aquatic environments. Technical report
prepared for Mr. Gerald E. Davis, Merichem Chemicals and Refinery Services LLC, 2701 Warrior Road,
P.O. Box 40777, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 24404. 22 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2002. Chamcterizing the environmental response to pressure treated wood. Proceedings. In:
Enhancing the Durability ofLumber and Engineered Wood Products", Forest Products Society, 2801
Marshall Court, Madison, WI 53705-2299. pp. Annual Meeting, February 11 - 13, 2002, Kissimmee,
Florida. pp. 59-71.
Brooks, K.M., C. Mahnken and C. Nash. 2002. Environmental Effects Associated with Marine Netpen Waste
with Emphasis on Salmon Farming in the Pacific Northwest. In: Responsible Marine Aquaculture, Eds:
Stickney and McVey. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom pp. 159 - 204.
Brooks, K.M. and C.V.W. Mahnken. 2003. Interactions of Atlantic Salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Environment. II. Organic Wastes. Fisheries Research, Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 255 - 293.
Brooks, K.M. and C.V.W. Mahnken. 2003. Interactions of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Environment. III. Accmnulation ofzinc and copper. Fisheries Research, Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 295-305.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Chemical and biological remediation of the benthos near Atlantic salmon farms.
Aquaculture, Volmne 219, Issues 1-4, pp. 355-377.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Chemical and Biological Remediation at the Upper Retreat Atlantic Salmon Farm in
Retreat Passage, Broughton Archipelago, British Colmnbia - Tenure 1404379. Technical report prepared
for Stolt Sea Farms, 1761 Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 34 pp.
Brooks, K.M 2003. An assessment of whether pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuschai) runs in the
Broughton Archipelago of British Colmnbia, Canada are threatened by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
infections originating on cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Legal affidavit prepared for Mr.
Christopher Harvey, Q.C., MacKenzie Fujisawa Barristers & Solicitors, 1600-1095 West Pender Street,
Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6E 2M6 57 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Comments regarding the Environmental Protection Agencies Draft preliminary Risk
Assessment on Creosote. Technical response provided to U.S. Creosote Council II, care-ofMr. David
Webb, 357 Browns Hill Road, Valencia, PA 16059.47 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Comments regarding the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft Preliminary Risk
Assessment for Arsenical Wood Preservatives. Technical response provided to the Arsenical Wood
Preservatives Task Force, American Chemistry Council, care-ofMr. Has Shah, 1300 Wilson Blvd.,
Arlington, VA 22209. 41 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Environmental Risk Assessment for CCA-C and ACZA Treated Wood.
Technical report prepared for the Western Wood Preservers Institute, 7017 NE Highway 99
Ste. 108, Vancouver, WA 98665. 40pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Meta110ss mtes from southern yellow pine treated with ACQ-C preservative amended
with and without water repellents and from CCA-C treated wood. Technical report produced for Chemical
Specialties Inc. One Woodlawn Green, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217. 31 pp. plus
appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Metal loss mtes as a function ofminfall from southern yellow pine treated with ACQ-C
preservative amended with and without water repellents. Technical report produced for Chemical
Specialties Inc. One Woodlawn Green, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217. 31 pp. plus
appendices. 22 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Environmental response to the use of ACQ-C, CCA-C Tebuconazole, and Untreated
southern yellow pine floats and posts in Montgomery's Pond. Technical report produced for Chemical
Specialties Inc. One Woodlawn Green, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217. 31 pp. plus
appendices. 141 pp. plus appendices.
12
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Application of the Infaunal Trophic Index to the evaluation of macro benthic effects
associated with salmon farming in British Columbia. Technical report prepared for the British Columbia
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. 30 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Measurement of nutrients in bottom water under and adjacent to the Deepwater Point
mussel farm in Totten Inlet, Washington. Prepared for the Pacific Shellfish Institute, 120 State Avenue
NE #142, Olympia, Washington as part of Department of Commerce Award No. NAI6RG1591. 9 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Metal loss rates in a dynamic leaching system from Strong-Seal fibreglass wrapped
CCA-C treated wood. Technical report prepared for Wood Preservers Incorporated, P.O. Box 158,
Warsaw, Virginia 22572. 8 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Environmental response to creosote treated wood structures in Puget Sound,
Washington. Technical report prepared for U.S. Creosote Council II, care-of Mr. David Webb, 357
Browns Hill Road, Valencia, PA 16059. 52 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Creosote treated piling - perceptions versus reality. Public outreach document prepared
for U.S. Creosote Council II, care-ofMr. David Webb, 357 Browns Hill Road, Valencia, PA 16059.15
pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Baseline inventory of macrobenthos at Stolt Sea Farms' Humphrey Rocks Tenure in
Tribune Channel, Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea
Farms, 1761 Redwood Street, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 18 pp.
Brooks, K.M. , AR. Stierns and C. Backman. 2004. Seven year remediation study at the Carrie Bay Atlantic
salmon ~almo salar) farm in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture.
Aquaculture 239, pp. 81-123.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Evaluation of the macrobenthic community at the edge of tenure on the 300 oT transect
at Stolt Sea Farms' Swanson Island Tenure (Number 1304381) in the Broughton Archipelago, British
Columbia. Technical report prepared for Stolt Sea Farms, 1761 Redwood Street, Campbell River, British
Columbia, Canada V9W 3K7. 12 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Migration From Creosote-Treated Railway Ties Into
Ballast and Adjacent Wetlands. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-617. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 53 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Modelling, managing and assessing the environmental risks associated with the use of
creosote treated wood products. Technical report prepared for Creosote Council Europe, care of Per Bech
AlS, Koppers Denmark, Avernakke, 5800, Nyborg, Denmark. 84 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Environmental feasibility study for aquaculture in Port Angeles Harbor and the Straits of
Juan de Fuca. Technical report prepared for Olympic Aqua Ventures, L.L.C., 111 Hurricane View Lane
Port Angeles, W A 98362 42 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. September 2004 sediment physicochemical monitoring at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research
Institute's enhancement netpens located at Santa Catalina Island, Aqua Hedionda Laboon and San Diego
Bay. Technical report prepared for Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute 2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego,
CA 92109. 29 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2004. Environmental response to ACZA treated wood structures in Pacific Northwest marine
environments. Technical report prepared for J .H. Baxter and Company, 1700 South EI Camino Real, San
Mateo, CA 94402. 30 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005 (In-review) Computer model and risk assessment predicting the aquatic environmental
response to bridges constructed using creosote preserved wood. Technical report prepared for the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705. Timber
Bridge Joint Venture Agreement 01-JV-l1111136-104. 86 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. The epibenthic community observed in association with the intensive raft culture of
Mytilus edulis galloproviru:ialis in Totten Inlet, Washington. Funded by the U.S. Department of
Commerce Award No. NA16RG1591. Submitted to Pacific Shellfish Institute, 120 State Avenue NE
#142, Olympia, WA 98501.
13
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Copper and tebuconazole loss rates from southern yellow pine treated to a retention of
0.246 poWlds per cubic foot with CA-B preservative. Technical report produced for Arch Wood
Protection, 1955 Lake Park Drive, Smyrna, Georgia 30080.38 pp. plus appendices.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Baseline information describing sediment physicochemistry of Totten Inlet and the
macrobenthos of the proposed North Totten Inlet mussel farm. Technical report prepared for Taylor
Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 53 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Benthic response at the Deepwater Point mussel farm in Totten Inlet, Puget SOWld,.
Washington State USA. Technical report prepared for Taylor Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road,
Shelton, W A 98584. 45 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Biological evaluation and essential fish habitat assessment - road crossing over the
Middle Branch of Cassaiery Creek and adjacent wetlands. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reference
D200401495-3755. Prepared for Four Seasons Engineering, Port Angeles, Washington 98362. 19 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Metal loss rates to rainfall falling on 2"x6" lumber treated with Ammoniacal Copper
Zinc Arsenate (ACZA) preservative. Technical report produced for J.H. Baxter and Company, 1700 South
EI Camino Real, San Mateo, CA 94402. 12pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. Copper, zinc and arsenic loss rates from Douglas fir piling treated to a nominal
retentions 1.0 and 1.5 pounds per cubic foot with Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA)
preservative and receiving four different post treatment Best Management Practices designed to minimize
metal losses to fresh- and saltwater environments. Technical report prepared for J .H. Baxter and
Company, 1700 South El Camino Real, San Mateo, CA 94402. 41 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2005. The affects of water temperature, salinity and currents on the survival and distribution of
the infective copepodid stage of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) originating on Atlantic salmon farms
in the Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia, Canada. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 13: 177-204.
Brooks, K.M. (In-Review). The frequency of Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis alleles in Washington State
marine waters where the species is commercially cultivated. 14 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Supplemental study of dissolved nutrients and particulate organic matter in waters near
the proposed mussel farm in North Totten Inlet, Washington State, USA. Technical report prepared for
Taylor Resources, Sputheast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584.48 pp.
Brooks, K.M. and D.J. Stucchi. 2006. The Effects of Water Temperature, Salinity and Currents on the
Survival and Distribution of the Infective Copepodid Stage of the Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus
salmonis) Originating on Atlantic Salmon Farms in the Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia,
Canada (Brooks, 2005) - A Response to the Rebuttal ofKrkosek et al. (2005a). Reviews in Fisheries
Science. 14:13-23.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Assessing the environmental costs associated with the netpen culture of Atlantic salmon
in the Northeast Pacific. 59 pp. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (F AO) and
World Fisheries Trust (WFT) Workshop on Comparative Environmental Costs of Aquaculture and Other
Food Production Sections - 24-28 April 2006, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In-press by F AO.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Sediment physicochemical monitoring at delayed release netpens and raceways for
white seabass located in southern California during 2004 and 2005. Report prepared for Hubbs-Sea World
Research Institute, California Department of Fish and Game and Advisors to the Ocean Resources
Enhancement and Hatchery Program (OREHP). Aquatic Environmental Sciences, 644 Old EaglemoWlt
Road, Port Townsend, W A 98368. 97 pp.
Brooks, K.M., D. Goyette and S. Christie. 2006. Sooke Basin Creosote Evaluation - Results of the October
2005 Reconnaissance Survey. Creosote Evaluation Committee, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific
Yukon Region, 201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3S5. 150 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2007. An analysis of sediment sulfide and macrobenthic data for purposes of assessing the
concept of ecological threshold in monitoring the benthic effects of fish farms. British Columbia Ministry
of Environment Contract CNAEN07029. Technical report produced for the British Columbia Ministry of
Environment 2080-A Labieux Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6J9. 63 pp., plus appendices
Brooks, K.M. 2007. Sediment physicochemical monitoring at delayed release netpens and raceways for
white seabass located in Southern California during the period 2004 through 2006. Technical report
14
produced for Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, California Department ofFish and Game, and
Advisors to the Ocean Resources Enhancement and Hatchery Program (OREHP). 118 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2000. Literature review and model evaluation describing the environmental effects and
carrying capacity associated with the intensive culture of mussels (Mytilus edulis gallopravincialis).
Technical appendix for an Environmental Impact Statement prepared for Taylor Resources, Southeast 130
Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 129 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2003. Measurement of nutrients in bottom water under and adjacent to the Deepwater Point
mussel farm in Totten lulet, Washington. Prepared for the Pacific Shellfish Institute, 120 State Avenue
NE #142, Olympia, Washington as part of Department of Commerce Award No. NA16RG1591. 9 pp.
Brooks, K.M. and C.V.W. Mahnken. 2003. Interactions of Atlantic Salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Environment. II. Organic Wastes. Fisheries Research, Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 255 - 293.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. Supplemental study of dissolved nutrients and particulate organic matter in waters near
the proposed mussel farm in North Totten lulet, Washington State, USA. Technical report prepared for
Taylor Resources, Southeast 130 Lynch Road, Shelton, W A 98584. 48 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2006. DRAFT Supplemental Best Available Science. Produced for the Jefferson County
Critical Area Ordinance Review Committee. Aquatic Environmental Sciences, 644 Old Eaglemount
Road, Port Townsend, Washington 98368. 67 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2007a. Jefferson County Critical Area Ordinance Review Committee - Response to the
Department of Ecology critique of Brooks (2006) dated March 9, 2007. Aquatic Environmental Sciences,
644 Old Eaglemount Road, Port Townsend, Washington 98368. 71 pp.
Brooks, K.M. 2007b. Background information and development of recommendations for wetland buffers by
the Jefferson County Critical Area Ordinance Review Committee. Aquatic Environmental Sciences, 644
Old Eaglemount Road, Port Townsend, Washington 98368. 67 pp.
Brosofske, K.D, J. Chen, R J. Naiman, and J. F. Franklin. Harvesting effects on microclimatic gradients
from small streams to uplands in western Washington. Ecological Applications, 7(4), 1997, pp. 1188-
1200.
Brumme, C.J., Abbe, T.B., Sampson, J.R. & Montgomery, D.R 2006. Influence of vertical channel change
associated with accumulations on delineated channel migration zones, Washington, USA.
Geomorphology 80, 2006. 295-309.
Brummer, C.J. 2007. Effects of Riparian Forest Recovery on the Delineation of Channel Migration Zones.
Geologic Society Annual Meeting, Seattle May 4-6, 2007.
Brummer, C. J. et al. 2006. Influence of vertical channel change associated with wood accumulations on
delineating channel migration zones, Washington, USA. Geomorphology, 80 (2006) 295-309.
November, 2006. www.elsevier.com/locate/geomoroh
Buekhouse and Gifford. 1976. Water Quality Implications of Cattle Grazing on a Semiarid Watershed in
Southeastern Utab. J. Range Management 29(2):109-113.
Castelle, A.J., A.W. Johnson and C. Conolly. 1994. Wetland and Stream Buffer Size Requirements - A
review. J. Environ. Qual. 234:878-882.
Cederholm, C. J., et.al. 2000. Pacific Salmon and Wildlife - Ecological contexts, relationships, and
implications for management. Special Edition Technical Report, Prepared for D.H. Johnson and T.A.
O'Neil (Managing Directors), Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Washington
Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia.
Central Puget Sound Growth Management Hearings Board. 2007. Digest of Decisions 1992-2007.
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Chen, J. et al. 1999. Microclimate in Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Ecology: Variations in local climate
can be used to monitor and compare the effects of different management regimes. BioScience Vol. 49 No.
4, pp 288 - 297.
Christiansen, D. 2004. Review of Best Available Science for 2004 Comprehensive Plan and Development
Regulations Update. September 22, 2004.
Christiansen, D. 2005. Drqft Hood Canal/Eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca Summer Chum Salmon Recovery
Plan. November 15,2005. Draft report to Jefferson County Natural Resources Department.
15
Clark, M. 2007. Letter to Dr. Brooks describing the effectiveness of voluntary programs undertaken by the
Washington State Conservation Commission and the state's 39 Conservation Districts. Washington State
Conservation Commission. PO Box 47721, Olympia, W A 98504-7721.
Clary, W.P., C.I. Thornton, and S.R Abt. 1996. Riparian stubble height and recovery of degraded
Streambanks. Rangelands 18:137-140.
Collins, B. D., and D. R Montgomery. 2002. Forest development, woodjams, and restoration offloodplain
rivers in the Puget Lowland. Washington. Restoration Ecology 10(2):237-247.
Collins, B. D., D. R Montgomery, and A D. Haas. 2002. Historical changes in the distribution and
jUnctions of large wood in Puget Lowland rivers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
(59):66-76.
Community Trade and Eeonomic Development Portal on BAS
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Cooke, Sarah, et aI. 2002. Pacific Northwest Forested Wetland Literature Survey Synthesis. Cooke
Scientific Services. November 1,2002. Forested Wetlands and Silvicultural Practices Workshop
presentation downloads available at: htto:llwww.cookescientific.comIFWWSDownloads.HTM
Crittenden, R.N. 1978. A theoretical model for the water temperature of small clear streams. Ecol. Mod. 5:
207-224.
Crittenden, RN. 1992. Salmon at Risk, first edn. Hargrave Publishing, Carlsborg W A
Crittenden, R.N. 1994. Optimum Escapement Computed using the Ricker Spawner Recruit Curve. Fisheries
Research. 20: 215-227.
CTED.2003. Critical Areas Assistance Handbook: Protecting Critical Areas Within the Framework of the
Washington Growth Management Act. Washington State Department of Community, Trade and
Economic Development. Olympia, November 2003, pg.I-2.
Cummins, K. W. and M. A Wi1zbach. 2005. The inadequacy of the fish-bearing criTerion for stream
management. Overview Article, Aquatic Sciences 67: 486-49120. January, 2005.
Desbonnet, A., Pogue, P., Lee, V., and N. Wolff. 1994. Vegetated buffers in the coastal zone: A summary
review and bibliography. Coastal Resources Center Technical Report No. 2064. University of Rhode
Island Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, Rhode Island. 72pp.
Desbonnet, A, V. Lee, P. Pogue, D. Reis, J. Boyd, J. Willis, and M.lmperial. 1995. Development of
coastal vegetated buffer programs. Coastal Management, Vol. 23, pp. 91-109.
Dillaha, T.A., J.H. Sherrard and D. Lee. 1986. Long-Term Effectiveness and Maintenance of Vegetative
Filter Strips. Wirginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University Bulletin 153.
Di1Iaha, T.A and S.P. Inamdar. 1997. Buffer Zones as Sediment Traps or Sources. In: Buffer Zones: Their
Processes and Potential in Water Protection. Eds: N.E. Haycock, T.P. Burt, K.W.T. Goulding and G.
Pinay. ISBN 09530051 Quest Environmental. Doyle, R.C., G.C. Stanton and D.C. Wolf. 1977.
Effectiveness ofForest and Grass Buffer Strips in Improving the Water Quality of Manure Polluted
Runoff. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paper No. 77-2501.
Dumbauld, B.R, K.M. Brooks and M.H. Posey. 2001. Response of an Estuarine Benthic Community to
Application of the Pesticide Carbaryl and Cultivation of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Willapa
Bay, Washington. Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 826 - 844.
Easter, F. R 2007. Review Comments - Supplemental Best Available Science supporting recommendations
for minimum buffer widths in Jefferson County with emphasis on a voluntary wildlife enhancement
program. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 316 W. Boone
Avenue, Suite 450, Spokane, WA 99201-2348.
Eastern Washington Growth Management Hearings Board. 2006. Digest of Decisions 1992 through
August 2006.
Ebersole, J.1. et aI. 2006. Juvenile Coho Salmon Growth and Survival across Stream Network Seasonal
Habitats. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135:1681-1697,2006
16
Edge, W.D. 2001. Wildlife of Agriculture, Pastures, and Mixed Environments. In: Johnson, D.H. and TA
O'Neil (eds). Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press,
Corvallis. Pp. 342-360.
Edwards, D.R., B.T. Larson and T.T. Lim. 2000. Runoff Nutrient and Fecal Coliform Content From Cattle
Manure Application to Fescue Plots. J. American Water Res. Assn. 36(4):711-721.
Edwards, D.R., T.C. Daniel and PA Moore Jr. 1996. Vegetative Filter Strip Design for Grassed Areas
Treated with Animal Manures. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 12(1):31-38.
Elston, R., Bonar, D., Brooks, K, Gee, A., Mialtle, E., Moore, J., Noel, D., and Stephens, 1. 1990b. Studies
on pathogenesis and etiology of circulating sarcomas in Mytilus. 4th Internat. Colloq. Pathol. Marine
Aquacul., 17-21 Sept., Vigo (pontevedra), Spain, p. 119.
Elston, R.A., J.D. Moore and K.M. Brooks. 1992. Disseminated Neoplasia of Bivalve Mollusks. Reviews in
Aquatic Sciences, 6(5,6): 405-466.
EP A. 1992. Region lOIn-Stream Biological Monitoring Handbook For Wadable Streams in the Pacific
Northwest. EPA 910/9-92-013.
Fahrig, 1. 1997. Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. Journal of
Wildlife Management. 61(3): 603-610.
Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Revue of Ecology and Systematics.
34:487-515.
Fairbairn, S.E. and J.J. Dinsmore. 2001. Local and landscape-level influences on wetland bird communities
of the prairie pothole region oflowa, USA. Wetlands 21(1): 41-47. Fore, l.S., J.R. Karr, and R. W.
Wisseman. 1996. Assessing invertebrate responses to human activities: Evaluating alternative approaches.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 15(2): 212-231.
FEMA. 1999. FEMA Riverine Erosion Hazard Areas Mapping Feasibility Study. September 1999. Forest
Practices Board Manual- 02/2002 Determining Fish Use for the Purpose of Typing Waters Section 13-
Guidelines for Determining Fish Use for the Purpose of Typing Waters
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Fresh, K 1., D. Rabin, C. Simenstad, E. O. Salo, K Garrison, and L. Matheson. 1979. Fish ecology studies
in the Nisqually Reach area of Southern Puget Sound, Washington. University of Washington School of
Fisheries, Fisheries Research Institute. FRl-UW-7904. Seattle.
Fresh, K.1., R.D. Cardwell, and R.R. Koons. 1981. Food habitats of pacific salmon, baitfish and their
potential competitors and predators in the marine waters of Washington, August 1978 to September 1979.
Washington Department of Fisheries. Progress Report No. 145. 58pp.
Gary, H.L., S.R. Johnson and S.1. Ponce. 1983. Cattle grazing impact on surface water quality in a Colorado
Front Range stream. J. Soil and Water Conservation. March-April 1983:124-128.
Gerba, C.P., C. Wallis and J.1. Melnick. 1975. Fate of Wastewater Bacteria and Viruses in Soil. J. Irrigation
and Drainage Division 11572:00:157-174.
Gibbs, James. 1993. Importance of small wetlands for the persistence of local populations of wetland-
associated animals. Wetland Journal. Vol13, No.1 (pages 25-31).
Gonor, J. J., J. R. Sedell, and P. A. Benner. 1988. "What we know about large trees in estuaries, in the sea,
and on coastal beaches." in From the Forest to the Sea: A Story of Fallen Trees. Edited by C. Maser, R.F.
Tarrant, J.M. Trappe, and J.F. Franklin. Pac. NW Res. Sta. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-
GTR-229.
Goyette, D. and K.M. Brooks. 1998. Creosote Evaluation: Phase II. Sooke Basin Study - Baseline to 535
Days Post Construction 1995 - 1996. Published by Environment Canada. 224 West Esplanade, North
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7M 3H7. 568 pp.
Goyette, D. and KM. Brooks. 2000. Addendum Report- Continuation of the Sooke Basin Creosote
Evaluation Study (Goyette and Brooks, 1998). Year 4 - Days 1360 and 1540. Published by Environment
Canada. 224 West Esplanade, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7M 3H7. 51 pp.
Granger, T., T. Hruby, A. McMillan, D. Peters, J. Rubey, D. Sheldon, S. Stanley and E
Stockdale. 2005. Wetlands in Washington State, Volume 2: Guidance for Protecting and Managing Wetlands
Final. Washington Department of Ecology Publication 05-06-008.
17
Haggerty, M., M. McHenry and R. McCoy. 2006. Pysht River Floodplain Inventory and Habitat
Assessment. February 2, 2006. Report submitted to Pacific Salmon Commission. Vancouver, B.C.
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24
--"
Regular Agenda
10:00 am
JEFFERSON COUNTY
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
AGENDA REQUEST
TO: Board of County Commissioners (BoCC)
Philip Morley, County Administrator
THROUGH: Al Scalf, Director of Community Developmen
Stacie Hoskins, Planning Manager
FROM: David Wayne Johnson, Associate Planner
DATE: Agenda request for August 9, 2010
SUBJECT: Request for BoCC to review and adopt Ordinance to amendment JCC 18.22.120 & 130 of
the UDC to allow Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) in Critical Aquifer Recharge
Areas (CARAs)
STATEMENT OF ISSUE: On November 18,2009, Barghausen Consulting Engineers on behalf of
Quality Food Center (QFC) submitted a request (MLA09-00378) for a Unified Development Code (UDC)
text amendment to revise Chapter and Section JCC 18.22.120(1 Xt) which prohibits underground storage
tanks "for petroleum products or other hazardous materials," in Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas (CARA).
On February 8, 2010 the Board of County Commissioners approved the request to place the proposed
amendment on the Planning Conunission's 2010 work plan. On June 14, 2010, the BoCC voted to accept
the Planning Commission recommendation to approve the suggested amendment MLA09-00378, Quality
Food Centers UDC text amendment as outlined in the Planning Commission Recommendation for
MLA09-00378, and directed DCD Staff to draft an Ordinance for adoption (attached).
ANALYSIS: The BoCC should note the following items before signing the ordinance:
o A final SEP A Determination of Non-significance was issued at the end of the comment period on
June 24, 2010.
o Relevant attacbments included in your packet are:
. Draft Ordinance approved as to form to allow USTs in CARAs.
. Exhibit A -line in!1ine out of code amendment
. Exhibit B - "clean copy" of affected code sections JCC 18.22.120 & 130.
. Exhibit C - Bibliography (Citations) of Best Available Science Review.
ALTERNATIVES: The BoCC may adopt and sign the Ordinance, or revise by adding their own findings
and conditions before final adoption and signing.
FISCAL IMPACT/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS: Once the BoCC adopts the Ordinance, a
Conditional Discretionary "CCd)" Use permit review and approval will be required for placement ofUSTs
in CARAs, with the associated fees required.
Regular Agenda
10:00 am
RECOMMENDATION: The DCD Staff recommends the BoCC review and sign the attached
Ordinance to allow Underground Storage Tanks in Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas as indicted in Exhibit
A.
REVIEWED BY:
Philip Morley, County Administrator