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RR-39 LRFDBDS-10_TableOfContents
© 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 555 12th Street, NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20004 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org Cover photos: Top left: I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge, Minneapolis, MN, Courtesy of Minnesota Department of Transportation. Top right: Eagle Canyon Bridges, Emery County, UT, Courtesy of Utah Department of Transportation. Bottom right: Cart Creek Bridge, Dutch John, UT, Courtesy of Utah Department of Transportation. Bottom left: Kuskalana River Bridge, Chitina, AK, Courtesy of Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities. © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. ISBN: 978-1-56051-828-0 Pub Code: LRFDBDS-10 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 v FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard for the design and construction of bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of the automobile and the establishment of highway departments in all of the U.S. states dating back to just before the turn of the 20th century, the design, construction, and maintenance of most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these departments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was natural, therefore, that these engineers, acting collectively as the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (now the Committee on Bridges and Structures), would become the author and guardian of this first bridge standard. This first publication was entitled Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures. It quickly became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state highway departments but also other bridge-owning authorities and agencies in the United States and abroad. Rather early on, the last three words of the original title were dropped and it has been reissued in consecutive editions at approximately four-year intervals ever since as Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, with the final 17th edition appearing in 2002. The body of knowledge related to the design of highway bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and continues to do so. Theory and practice have evolved greatly, reflecting advances through research in understanding the properties of materials, in improved materials, in more rational and accurate analysis of structural behavior, in the advent of computers and rapidly advancing computer technology, in the study of external events representing particular hazards to bridges such as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has, if anything, stepped up in recent years. In 1986, the Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to undertake an assessment of U.S. bridge design specifications, to review foreign design specifications and codes, to consider design philosophies alternative to those underlying the Standard Specifications, and to render recommendations based on these investigations. This work was accomplished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), an applied research program directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research and administered on behalf of AASHTO by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The work was completed in 1987, and, as might be expected with a standard incrementally adjusted over the years, the Standard Specifications were judged to include discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the specification did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD), a philosophy which had been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other parts of the world such as Canada and Europe. From its inception until the early 1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within the Standard Specifications was one known as working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or percentage of a given material’s load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed those allowable stresses. Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD began to be adjusted to reflect the variable predictability of certain load types, such as vehicular loads and wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philosophy referred to as load factor design (LFD). A further philosophical extension results from considering the variability in the properties of structural elements, in similar fashion to load variabilities. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philosophy of LRFD takes variability in the behavior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of statistical methods, but sets forth the results in a manner readily usable by bridge designers and analysts. Starting with the Eighth Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, interim changes to the Specifications were discontinued, and new editions are published on a three-year cycle. Changes are balloted and approved by at least two-thirds of the members of the Committee on Bridges and Structures. AASHTO members include the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transportation is a non-voting member. Orders for specifications may be placed by visiting the AASHTO Store, https://store.transportation.org; calling the AASHTO Publication Sales Office toll free (within the U.S. and Canada), 1-800-231-3475; or mailing to P.O. Box 933538, Atlanta, GA 31193-3538. A free copy of the current publication catalog can be downloaded from our website or requested from the Publications Sales Office. © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 vi For additional publications prepared and published by the Committee on Bridges and Structures and by other AASHTO Committees, please look online in the AASHTO Store (https://store.transportation.org) under “Bridges and Structures.” Suggestions for the improvement of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are welcomed, just as they were for the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges before them, at www.transportation.org. The following have served as chair of the Committee on Bridges and Structures since its inception in 1921: E. F. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee; Albin L. Gemeny; R. B. McMinn; Raymond Archiband; G. S. Paxson; E.M. Johnson; Ward Goodman; Charles Matlock; Joseph S. Jones; Sidney Poleynard; Jack Freidenrich; Henry W. Derthick; Robert C. Cassano; Clellon Loveall; James E. Siebels; David Pope; Tom Lulay; Malcolm T. Kerley; Gregg Fredrick; and Carmen Swanwick. The Committee expresses its sincere appreciation of the work of these individuals and of those active members of the past, whose names, because of retirement, are no longer on the roll. The Committee and AASHTO staff would also like to thank the late Diane Long (1964–2023) of Modjeski and Masters for her many years of dedicated service in helping prepare previous editions of these Specifications, as well as her help on the current edition. Her aid has been sorely missed during the production of this edition of the LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and our thoughts are with her friends, family, and colleagues. © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 vii PREFACE AND ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Tenth Edition contains the following 15 Sections and an index: 1.Introduction 2.General Design and Location Features 3.Loads and Load Factors 4.Structural Analysis and Evaluation 5.Concrete Structures 6.Steel Structures 7.Aluminum Structures 8.Wood Structures 9.Decks and Deck Systems 10.Foundations 11.Abutments, Piers, and Walls 12.Buried Structures and Tunnel Liners 13.Railings 14.Joints and Bearings 15.Design of Sound Barriers Index Detailed Tables of Contents precede each section. The last article of each section is a list of references displayed alphabetically by author. Figures, tables, and equations are denoted by their home article number and an extension, for example 1.2.3.4.5-1 wherever they are cited. In early editions, when they were referenced in their home article or its commentary, these objects were identified only by the extension. For example, in Article 1.2.3.4.5, Eq. 1.2.3.4.5-2 would simply have been called “Eq. 2.” The same convention applies to figures and tables. Currently, these objects are identified by their whole nomenclature throughout the text, even within their home articles. This change was to increase the speed and accuracy of electronic production with regard to linking citations to objects. Please note that the AASHTO materials standards (starting with M or T) cited throughout the LRFD Bridge Design Specifications can be found in Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, adopted by the AASHTO Committee on Materials and Pavements. The individual standards are also available as downloads on the AASHTO Store, https://store.transportation.org. Unless otherwise indicated, these citations refer to the current edition. ASTM materials specifications are also cited. © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 ix CHANGED AND DELETED ARTICLES, 2024 SUMMARY OF AFFECTED SECTIONS The revisions included in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Tenth Edition affect the following sections: 1.Introduction 2.General Design and Location Features 3.Loads and Load Factors 4.Structural Analysis and Evaluation 5.Concrete Structures 6.Steel Structures 9.Decks and Deck Systems 10. Foundations 11.Walls, Abutments, and Piers 12.Buried Structures and Tunnel Liners 13.Railings 14.Joints and Bearings SECTION 1 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 1 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 1.3.4 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 1. SECTION 2 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 2 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 2.2 2.3.1.2 2.3.2.2.1 2.3.4 2.5.2.1.1 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.6.4.3 2.6.4.4.1 2.6.4.4.2 2.6.4.4.3 2.6.4.4.4 2.6.4.5 2.6.6 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.6.4 2.6.6.5 2.8 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 2. SECTION 3 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 3 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 3.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4.1 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.5.2 3.6.1.2.6a 3.6.1.2.6b 3.6.1.3.1 3.6.1.6 3.6.5.1 3.7.4 3.8.1.1.2 3.10.1 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 x 3.10.2 3.10.2.1 3.10.2.2 3.10.3 3.10.3.1 3.10.4 3.10.4.1 3.10.5 3.10.6 3.10.7.1 3.10.9.1 3.10.9.2 3.10.9.3 3.10.9.5 3.10.10 3.11 3.11.5.2 3.11.6.4 3.11.6.4.2 3.11.8 3.12.4 3.12.5 3.14.1 3.16 B3 Deleted Articles 3.7.5 SECTION 4 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 4 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 4.3 4.4 4.5.2.2 4.6.1.2.4b 4.6.2.7.3 4.6.2.10.1 4.6.2.10.2 4.6.2.10.3 4.6.3.3.2 4.6.3.3.4a 4.6.3.3.4b 4.6.3.3.4c 4.7.4.1 4.7.4.3.1 4.7.4.3.2b 4.7.4.3.2c 4.7.4.4 4.7.4.5 4.9 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 4. SECTION 5 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 5 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 5.2 5.3 5.4.1 5.4.2.1 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3.1 5.4.2.3.2 5.4.2.4 5.4.2.5 5.4.2.6 5.4.2.7 5.4.3.1 5.4.3.3 5.4.5 5.4.6.1 5.4.6.2 5.4.6.3 5.5.3.1 5.5.3.4 5.5.4.2 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.3.1.2 5.6.3.1.3b 5.6.3.5.2 5.6.3.5.2a 5.6.3.5.2b 5.6.4.2 5.6.4.4 5.6.4.5 5.6.4.6 5.7.1.5 5.7.2.1 5.7.2.3 5.7.2.4 5.7.3.1 5.7.3.2 5.8.2.1 5.8.2.2 5.8.2.4.1 5.8.4.3.5 5.8.4.4.2 5.8.4.5.2 5.9.1.6 5.9.2.2 5.9.2.3.1 5.9.2.3.1a 5.9.2.3.1b 5.9.2.3.2 5.9.2.3.2a 5.9.2.3.2b 5.9.2.3.3 5.9.3.1 5.9.3.2.2b 5.9.3.4.2a 5.9.3.4.2b 5.9.4.3.1 5.9.4.3.2 5.9.5.6.5b 5.10.1 5.10.2.1 5.10.2.3 5.10.3.1.5 5.10.3.2 5.10.4.1 5.10.4.3 5.10.4.4 5.10.6 5.10.7.2 5.10.7.3 5.10.7.4 5.10.8.1 5.10.8.1.2a 5.10.8.1.2c 5.10.8.2 5.10.8.2.1 5.10.8.2.1a 5.10.8.2.1b 5.10.8.2.1c 5.10.8.2.2a 5.10.8.2.2b 5.10.8.2.4 5.10.8.2.4a 5.10.8.2.4b 5.10.8.2.5 5.10.8.2.6b 5.10.8.2.6d 5.10.8.2.7 5.10.8.4.2a 5.10.8.4.3 5.10.8.4.5a 5.10.8.4.5c 5.11.2 5.11.3.1 5.11.3.2.3 5.11.4.1.2 5.11.4.1.3 5.11.4.1.4 5.11.4.1.5 5.11.4.1.6 5.11.4.3 5.11.4.5.2 5.11.4.5.4 5.12.2.1 5.12.2.2.5 5.12.3.2.5 5.12.3.3.1 5.12.3.3.2 5.12.3.3.4 5.12.3.3.5 5.12.3.3.6 5.12.3.3.7 5.12.3.3.8 5.12.3.3.8a 5.12.3.3.8b 5.12.3.3.8c 5.12.3.3.8d 5.12.3.3.9 5.12.3.4.2d 5.12.3.4.3 5.12.5.1 5.12.5.2.3 5.12.5.3.2 5.12.5.3.3 5.12.5.3.4 5.12.5.3.4a 5.12.5.3.4b 5.12.5.3.6 5.12.5.3.8d 5.12.5.3.9a 5.12.5.3.9b 5.12.5.3.9c 5.12.5.3.11a 5.12.5.3.11c 5.12.5.4.1 5.12.5.4.2 5.12.5.4.3 5.12.5.4.4 5.12.5.4.5 5.12.5.4.6a 5.12.5.4.6b 5.12.5.4.6c 5.12.5.5 5.12.5.6.3 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 xi 5.12.9.4.3 5.13.1 5.13.2.1 5.13.2.2 5.13.2.3 5.13.3 5.13.4 5.14.6 5.15 A5.3 C5 Deleted Articles 5.10.7.5 5.10.8.2.4c 5.12.3.3.9b SECTION 6 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 6 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 6.2 6.3 6.4.3.1.1 6.4.3.1.2 6.4.3.1.3 6.4.3.1.4 6.5.4.2 6.5.5 6.6.1.2.1 6.6.1.2.2 6.6.1.2.3 6.6.1.2.4 6.6.1.2.5 6.6.2.1 6.6.2.2 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.4.1 6.7.4.2 6.7.4.2.1 6.7.4.2.2 6.7.4.3 6.7.5.3 6.7.7.2 6.7.8 6.8.2.2 6.9.2.2.2 6.9.4.2.1 6.10.1 6.10.1.6 6.10.1.7 6.10.3.1 6.10.3.4.2 6.10.4.2.2 6.10.5.1 6.10.6.2.2 6.10.6.2.3 6.10.8.2.1 6.10.8.2.3 6.10.8.2.3a 6.10.8.2.3b 6.10.8.2.3c 6.10.10.1 6.10.10.1.1 6.10.10.1.2 6.10.10.1.3 6.10.10.1.4 6.10.10.2 6.10.10.3 6.10.10.4.2 6.10.10.4.3 6.10.11.2.1 6.10.11.2.2 6.10.11.2.4a 6.10.11.2.4b 6.11 6.11.1 6.11.1.1 6.11.2.1.1 6.11.2.2 6.11.2.3 6.11.3.1 6.11.3.2 6.11.4 6.11.5 6.11.6.2.3 6.11.7.1.1 6.11.7.2.1 6.11.7.2.2 6.11.8.1.1 6.11.8.1.2 6.11.8.2 6.11.8.2.1 6.11.8.2.2 6.11.8.2.2a 6.11.8.2.2b 6.11.8.2.3 6.11.8.3 6.11.9 6.11.10 6.12.1.1 6.12.1.2.3a 6.12.2.2.1a 6.12.2.2.1b 6.12.2.2.1c 6.12.2.2.2a 6.12.2.2.2b 6.12.2.2.2c 6.12.2.2.2d 6.12.2.2.2g 6.12.2.2.4b 6.12.2.2.4c 6.12.2.2.4d 6.12.2.2.4e 6.12.2.2.5 6.13.1 6.13.2.1.1 6.13.2.1.2 6.13.2.3.2 6.13.2.7 6.13.2.8 6.13.2.10.3 6.13.2.11 6.13.3.7 6.13.5.2 6.13.6.1.3b 6.13.6.1.3c 6.13.6.2 6.17 A6.1 A6.3.1 A6.3.3 A6.3.3.1 A6.3.3.2 A6.3.3.3 B6.2.4 C6.3 C6.4.3 C6.4.4 C6.4.6 C6.4.7 C6.4.8 C6.4.9 D6.4.1 D6.4.2 D6.6 D6.6.1 D6.6.2 D6.6.2.1 D6.6.2.2 D6.6.3 D6.6.4 E6.1.5.2 Deleted Articles 6.11.11.1 6.11.11.2 C6.4.10 SECTION 9 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 9 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 9.7.1.6 9.9.5.6.3 9.10 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 9. © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 xii SECTION 10 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 10 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 10.3 10.4.5 10.4.6.6 10.5.1 10.5.2.1 10.5.3.1 10.5.3.3 10.5.4.1 10.5.4.2 10.5.5.1 10.5.5.2.1 10.5.5.3 10.5.5.3.2 10.6.1.2 10.7.1.5 10.7.1.6.2 10.7.2.1 10.7.2.3.1 10.7.2.5 10.7.3.1 10.7.3.3 10.7.3.6 10.7.3.7 10.7.4 10.7.6 10.7.7 10.8.1.5 10.8.1.6.2 10.8.2.4 10.8.3.1 10.8.3.4 10.8.3.9.3 10.8.3.9.4 10.9.1.3 10.9.1.5 10.9.1.6.1 10.9.2.5 10.9.3.1 10.9.3.2 10.9.3.3 10.9.3.4 10.10 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 10. SECTION 11 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 11 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 11.3 11.5.4.1 11.5.4.2 11.5.7 11.6.3.4 11.6.5.2.1 11.6.5.3 11.7.2.3 11.10.1 11.10.2.2 11.10.4.3 11.10.6.2.1a 11.10.10.1 11.11.4.1 11.11.4.5 A11.3.2 A11.5 A11.5.1 A11.5.2 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 11. SECTION 12 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 12 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 12.6.1 12.6.2.2.3 12.6.2.2.4 12.8.4.1 12.9.4.2 12.12.3.3 12.12.3.10.1b 12.16 Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 12. SECTION 14 REVISIONS Changed Articles The following Articles in Section 14 contain changes or additions to the specifications, the commentary, or both: 14.5.6.9.7a 14.7.5.1 14.7.5.3.5 14.7.5.3.6 14.7.6.1 14.8.3.1 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 xiii Deleted Articles No Articles were deleted from Section 14. AASHTO Publications Staff December 2024 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 SECTION 11: WALLS, ABUTMENTS, AND PIERS TABLE OF CONTENTS 11-i 11 11.1—SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................................. 11-1 11.2—DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 11-1 11.3—NOTATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 11-2 11.4—SOIL PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 11-7 11.4.1—General ................................................................................................................................................... 11-7 11.4.2—Determination of Soil Properties............................................................................................................ 11-7 11.5—LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS ......................................................................................... 11-7 11.5.1—General ................................................................................................................................................... 11-7 11.5.2—Service Limit State ................................................................................................................................. 11-8 11.5.3—Strength Limit State ............................................................................................................................... 11-8 11.5.4—Extreme Event Limit State ..................................................................................................................... 11-9 11.5.4.1—General Requirements ................................................................................................................. 11-9 11.5.4.2—Extreme Event I, No Analysis ..................................................................................................... 11-9 11.5.5—Resistance Requirement ....................................................................................................................... 11-11 11.5.6—Load Combinations and Load Factors ................................................................................................. 11-11 11.5.7—Resistance Factors—Service and Strength ........................................................................................... 11-14 11.5.8—Resistance Factors—Extreme Event Limit State ................................................................................. 11-16 11.6—ABUTMENTS AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING WALLS ................................................................ 11-16 11.6.1—General Considerations ........................................................................................................................ 11-16 11.6.1.1—General....................................................................................................................................... 11-16 11.6.1.2—Loading ...................................................................................................................................... 11-17 11.6.1.3—Integral Abutments .................................................................................................................... 11-18 11.6.1.4—Wingwalls .................................................................................................................................. 11-18 11.6.1.5—Reinforcement ........................................................................................................................... 11-18 11.6.1.5.1—Conventional Walls and Abutments ................................................................................ 11-18 11.6.1.5.2—Wingwalls ........................................................................................................................ 11-18 11.6.1.6—Expansion and Contraction Joints .............................................................................................. 11-18 11.6.2—Movement at the Service Limit State ................................................................................................... 11-19 11.6.2.1—Abutments .................................................................................................................................. 11-19 11.6.2.2—Conventional Retaining Walls ................................................................................................... 11-19 11.6.3—Bearing Resistance and Stability at the Strength Limit State ............................................................... 11-19 11.6.3.1—General....................................................................................................................................... 11-19 11.6.3.2—Bearing Resistance ..................................................................................................................... 11-19 11.6.3.3—Eccentricity Limits ..................................................................................................................... 11-21 11.6.3.4—Subsurface Erosion .................................................................................................................... 11-21 11.6.3.5—Passive Resistance ..................................................................................................................... 11-22 11.6.3.6—Sliding ........................................................................................................................................ 11-22 11.6.3.7—Overall Stability ......................................................................................................................... 11-22 11.6.4—Safety Against Structural Failure ......................................................................................................... 11-23 11.6.5—Seismic Design for Abutments and Conventional Retaining Walls ..................................................... 11-23 11.6.5.1—General....................................................................................................................................... 11-23 11.6.5.2—Calculation of Seismic Acceleration Coefficients for Wall Design ........................................... 11-25 11.6.5.2.1—Characterization of Acceleration at Wall Base ................................................................ 11-25 11.6.5.2.2—Estimation of Acceleration Acting on Wall Mass ........................................................... 11-25 11.6.5.3—Calculation of Seismic Active Earth Pressures .......................................................................... 11-26 11.6.5.4—Calculation of Seismic Earth Pressure for Nonyielding Abutments and Walls ......................... 11-29 11.6.5.5—Calculation of Seismic Passive Earth Pressure .......................................................................... 11-30 11.6.5.6—Wall Details for Improved Seismic Performance ...................................................................... 11-31 11.6.6—Drainage ............................................................................................................................................... 11-32 11.7—PIERS............................................................................................................................................................. 11-33 11.7.1—Load Effects in Piers ............................................................................................................................ 11-33 11.7.2—Pier Protection...................................................................................................................................... 11-33 11.7.2.1—Collision ..................................................................................................................................... 11-33 11.7.2.2—Collision Walls .......................................................................................................................... 11-33 11.7.2.3—Scour .......................................................................................................................................... 11-33 11.7.2.4—Facing ........................................................................................................................................ 11-33 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 11-ii AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, TENTH EDITION, 2024 11.8—NONGRAVITY CANTILEVERED WALLS ............................................................................................... 11-33 11.8.1—General ................................................................................................................................................. 11-33 11.8.2—Loading ................................................................................................................................................ 11-34 11.8.3—Movement at the Service Limit State ................................................................................................... 11-34 11.8.3.1—Movement .................................................................................................................................. 11-34 11.8.4—Safety against Soil Failure at the Strength Limit State ......................................................................... 11-34 11.8.4.1—Overall Stability ......................................................................................................................... 11-34 11.8.5—Safety against Structural Failure .......................................................................................................... 11-35 11.8.5.1—Vertical Wall Elements .............................................................................................................. 11-35 11.8.5.2—Facing ......................................................................................................................................... 11-36 11.8.6—Seismic Design of Nongravity Cantilever Walls .................................................................................. 11-37 11.8.6.1—General ....................................................................................................................................... 11-37 11.8.6.2—Seismic Active Lateral Earth Pressure ....................................................................................... 11-37 11.8.6.3—Seismic Passive Lateral Earth Pressure ...................................................................................... 11-39 11.8.6.4—Wall Displacement Analyses to Determine Earth Pressures ...................................................... 11-40 11.8.7—Corrosion Protection ............................................................................................................................ 11-41 11.8.8—Drainage ............................................................................................................................................... 11-41 11.9—ANCHORED WALLS ................................................................................................................................... 11-42 11.9.1—General ................................................................................................................................................. 11-42 11.9.2—Loading ................................................................................................................................................ 11-42 11.9.3—Movement at the Service Limit State ................................................................................................... 11-42 11.9.3.1—Movement .................................................................................................................................. 11-42 11.9.4—Safety against Soil Failure.................................................................................................................... 11-44 11.9.4.1—Bearing Resistance ..................................................................................................................... 11-44 11.9.4.2—Anchor Pullout Capacity ............................................................................................................ 11-44 11.9.4.3—Passive Resistance ..................................................................................................................... 11-47 11.9.4.4—Overall Stability ......................................................................................................................... 11-47 11.9.5—Safety against Structural Failure .......................................................................................................... 11-47 11.9.5.1—Anchors ...................................................................................................................................... 11-47 11.9.5.2—Vertical Wall Elements .............................................................................................................. 11-49 11.9.5.3—Facing ......................................................................................................................................... 11-49 11.9.6—Seismic Design ..................................................................................................................................... 11-50 11.9.7—Corrosion Protection ............................................................................................................................ 11-51 11.9.8—Construction and Installation ............................................................................................................... 11-51 11.9.8.1—Anchor Stressing and Testing .................................................................................................... 11-51 11.9.9—Drainage ............................................................................................................................................... 11-52 11.10—MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS ................................................................................. 11-52 11.10.1—General ............................................................................................................................................... 11-52 11.10.2—Structure Dimensions ......................................................................................................................... 11-54 11.10.2.1—Minimum Length of Soil Reinforcement ................................................................................. 11-55 11.10.2.2—Minimum Front Face Embedment ........................................................................................... 11-56 11.10.2.3—Facing ....................................................................................................................................... 11-57 11.10.2.3.1—Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Steel, and Timber Facings ....................................................... 11-57 11.10.2.3.2—Flexible Wall Facings .................................................................................................... 11-58 11.10.2.3.3—Corrosion Issues for MSE Facing .................................................................................. 11-58 11.10.3—Loading .............................................................................................................................................. 11-58 11.10.4—Movement at the Service Limit State ................................................................................................. 11-58 11.10.4.1—Settlement ................................................................................................................................ 11-58 11.10.4.2—Lateral Displacement ............................................................................................................... 11-59 11.10.4.3—Soil Failure (Internal Stability) ................................................................................................ 11-60 11.10.5—Safety against Soil Failure (External Stability) .................................................................................. 11-61 11.10.5.1—General ..................................................................................................................................... 11-61 11.10.5.2—Loading .................................................................................................................................... 11-62 11.10.5.3—Sliding ...................................................................................................................................... 11-62 11.10.5.4—Bearing Resistance ................................................................................................................... 11-63 11.10.5.5—Overturning .............................................................................................................................. 11-63 11.10.5.6—Overall and Compound Stability .............................................................................................. 11-63 11.10.6—Safety against Structural Failure (Internal Stability) .......................................................................... 11-65 11.10.6.1—General ..................................................................................................................................... 11-65 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 SECTION 11: WALLS, ABUTMENTS, AND PIERS 11-iii 11.10.6.2—Loading (Internal Stability) ..................................................................................................... 11-65 11.10.6.2.1—Maximum Reinforcement Loads ................................................................................... 11-66 11.10.6.2.1a—Special Loading Conditions .................................................................................. 11-68 11.10.6.2.1b—Reinforcement Spacing for Calculation of Tmax ................................................... 11-69 11.10.6.2.1c—Calculation of Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients for Determination of Tmax ..... 11-70 11.10.6.2.1d—Coherent Gravity Method ..................................................................................... 11-71 11.10.6.2.1e—Stiffness Method ................................................................................................... 11-73 11.10.6.2.2—Reinforcement Loads at Connection to Wall Face ........................................................ 11-76 11.10.6.3—Reinforcement Pullout ............................................................................................................. 11-76 11.10.6.3.1—Boundary between Active and Resistant Zones ............................................................. 11-76 11.10.6.3.2—Reinforcement Pullout Design ....................................................................................... 11-78 11.10.6.4—Reinforcement Strength ........................................................................................................... 11-81 11.10.6.4.1—General .......................................................................................................................... 11-81 11.10.6.4.2—Design Life Considerations ........................................................................................... 11-85 11.10.6.4.2a—Steel Reinforcements ............................................................................................ 11-85 11.10.6.4.2b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements ............................................................................... 11-87 11.10.6.4.3—Design Tensile Resistance ............................................................................................. 11-90 11.10.6.4.3a—Steel Reinforcements ............................................................................................ 11-90 11.10.6.4.3b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements ............................................................................... 11-91 11.10.6.4.4—Reinforcement/Facing Connection Design Strength ...................................................... 11-91 11.10.6.4.4a—Steel Reinforcements ............................................................................................ 11-91 11.10.6.4.4b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements ............................................................................... 11-92 11.10.7—Seismic Design of MSE Walls ........................................................................................................... 11-94 11.10.7.1—External Stability ..................................................................................................................... 11-94 11.10.7.2—Internal Stability ...................................................................................................................... 11-96 11.10.7.3—Facing Reinforcement Connections ......................................................................................... 11-99 11.10.7.4—Wall Details for Improved Seismic Performance .................................................................. 11-101 11.10.8—Drainage ........................................................................................................................................... 11-103 11.10.9—Subsurface Erosion .......................................................................................................................... 11-103 11.10.10—Special Loading Conditions ........................................................................................................... 11-103 11.10.10.1—Concentrated Dead Loads .................................................................................................... 11-103 11.10.10.2—Traffic Loads and Barriers ................................................................................................... 11-106 11.10.10.3—Hydrostatic Pressures ........................................................................................................... 11-107 11.10.10.4—Obstructions in the Reinforced Soil Zone ............................................................................ 11-107 11.10.11—MSE Abutments ............................................................................................................................. 11-109 11.11—PREFABRICATED MODULAR WALLS ............................................................................................... 11-110 11.11.1—General ............................................................................................................................................. 11-110 11.11.2—Loading ............................................................................................................................................ 11-111 11.11.3—Movement at the Service Limit State ............................................................................................... 11-111 11.11.4—Safety against Soil Failure ............................................................................................................... 11-112 11.11.4.1—General ................................................................................................................................... 11-112 11.11.4.2—Sliding .................................................................................................................................... 11-112 11.11.4.3—Bearing Resistance ................................................................................................................. 11-112 11.11.4.4—Overturning ............................................................................................................................ 11-112 11.11.4.5—Subsurface Erosion ................................................................................................................ 11-113 11.11.4.6—Overall Stability ..................................................................................................................... 11-113 11.11.4.7—Passive Resistance and Sliding .............................................................................................. 11-113 11.11.5—Safety against Structural Failure ...................................................................................................... 11-113 11.11.5.1—Module Members ................................................................................................................... 11-113 11.11.6—Seismic Design for Prefabricated Modular Walls ............................................................................ 11-114 11.11.7—Abutments ........................................................................................................................................ 11-114 11.11.8—Drainage ........................................................................................................................................... 11-115 11.12—SOIL NAIL WALLS ................................................................................................................................. 11-115 11.12.1—General Considerations .................................................................................................................... 11-115 11.12.2—Loading ............................................................................................................................................ 11-117 11.12.3—Movement at the Service Limit State ............................................................................................... 11-119 11.12.4—Safety against Soil Failure (External and Overall Stability—Strength Limit State) ........................ 11-119 11.12.4.1—Sliding .................................................................................................................................... 11-119 11.12.4.2—Overall Stability ..................................................................................................................... 11-119 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39 11-iv AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, TENTH EDITION, 2024 11.12.5—Safety against Soil Failure (Internal and Compound Stability—Strength Limit State) .................... 11-120 11.12.5.1—Soil Shear Strength................................................................................................................. 11-120 11.12.5.2—Soil Nail Pullout ..................................................................................................................... 11-120 11.12.6—Safety against Structural Failure (Internal and Compound Stability—Strength Limit State) .......... 11-122 11.12.6.1—Soil Nail in Tension ............................................................................................................... 11-122 11.12.6.2—Soil Nail Wall Facing—Strength Limit State......................................................................... 11-123 11.12.6.2.1—General ......................................................................................................................... 11-123 11.12.6.2.2—Facing Flexure ............................................................................................................. 11-124 11.12.6.2.3—Facing Punching Shear Resistance .............................................................................. 11-127 11.12.6.2.4—Headed Stud in Tension ............................................................................................... 11-129 11.12.7—Seismic Design of Soil Nail Walls ................................................................................................... 11-130 11.12.7.1—External and Global Stability ................................................................................................. 11-130 11.12.7.2—Internal Stability ..................................................................................................................... 11-131 11.12.8—Corrosion Protection ........................................................................................................................ 11-131 11.12.9—Soil Nail Testing .............................................................................................................................. 11-132 11.12.10—Drainage ......................................................................................................................................... 11-133 11.13—REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 11-134 APPENDIX A11—SEISMIC DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURES ........................................................... 11-140 A11.1—GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 11-140 A11.2—PERFORMANCE OF WALLS IN PAST EARTHQUAKES................................................................... 11-140 A11.3—CALCULATION OF SEISMIC ACTIVE PRESSURE ............................................................................ 11-141 A11.3.1—M–O Method ................................................................................................................................... 11-141 A11.3.2—Modification of M–O Method to Consider Cohesion ..................................................................... 11-143 A11.3.3—GLE Method .................................................................................................................................... 11-146 A11.4—SEISMIC PASSIVE PRESSURE ............................................................................................................. 11-146 A11.5—ESTIMATING WALL SEISMIC ACCELERATION CONSIDERING WAVE SCATTERING AND WALL DISPLACEMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 11-151 A11.5.1—Kavazanjian et al. (1997) ................................................................................................................. 11-152 A11.5.2—NCHRP Report 611—Anderson et al. (2008) ................................................................................. 11-152 A11.5.3—Bray et al. (2010) and Bray and Travasarou (2009) ........................................................................ 11-155 A11.6—APPENDIX REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 11-155 APPENDIX B11—DETERMINATION OF TMAX FOR MSE WALLS USING THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD ... 11-158 B11.1—GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 11-158 B11.2—DETERMINATION OF TMAX .................................................................................................................... 11-158 B11.3—APPENDIX REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................ 11-159 © 2024 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. RR-39 - CA received 8/22/25, Exhibit 39