HomeMy WebLinkAbout1991 Water Quality in the Quilcene/Dabob WatershedA • i I-'.
FINAL REPORT
WATER QUALITY
IN THE
QUILCENEIDABOB WATERSHED
1991
Prepared by Glenn Gately
Jefferson County Planning and Building Department
Part Townsend, Washington 98368
for
.Washington State Department of Ecology
June 1992
-
WASHINGTON- STATE
0 E P A R T M E N 0r
E C O L O G Y
This project w2s Funded in part by
Washington State Department of Ecotogy
FINAL REPORT
WATER QUALITY
IN THE
QUILCENE /DABOB WATERSHED
1991
Prepared by Glenn Gately
Jefferson County Planning and Building Department
Port Townsend, Washington 98368
for
Washington State Department of Ecology
June 1992
WASHINGTON'
STATE
D E
P A
A T
M E
N
T. O F
E
C
O
L
O
G Y
This project was funded in part by
Wasbina on State Department of Ecology
INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the freshwater monitoring conducted in the Quilcene /Dabob
Watershed during 1991. This work was conducted by Jefferson County Water
Quality staff in partial fulfillment, of Washington State Department of Ecology Grant_
TAX90094, a Centennial Clean Water Fund Grant.
2
BACKGROUND
The Quilcene /Dabob Watershed, located in eastern Jefferson County, is comprised
of several drainages, which flow, into Quilcene Bay and Dabob Bay (Figure 1). These
drainages and the pollutants contaminating them are summarized in the
Quilcene /Dabob Bays Watershed Action Plan (1) as follows:
A predominantly rural watershed with over 250 miles of stream and
Hood Canal shoreline, Quilcene /Dabob land use is roughly 60 percent
timberland, 30 percent clearcut, 5 percent urban /residential /commercial,
and 5 percent farm /pasture.
There are no major point sources of pollution such as sewage treatment
plants or major industrial outfalls in the watershed.
Water quality in the freshwater streams and saltwater bays of
Quilcene /Dabob Bays Watershed is classified as "AA" or "Extraordinary"
by the Washington State Department of Ecology.
Three major streams discharge into the head of Quilcene Bay. During
periods of moderate to high precipitation the combined discharge of the
Big Quilcene River, the Little Quilcene River, and Donovan Creek can
exceed 1,000 cfs. Numerous small or intermittent streams also
discharge into the bay.
One major stream, Tarboo Creek, discharges into Dabob Bay. Numerous
small or intermittent streams also discharge into this bay.
Both Quilcene and Dabob Bays support commercial shellfish operations.
Much of the State's shellfish industry relies on the two bays' natural
production of oyster seed for culture operations. Manila clams are also
harvested by oyster growers in Dabob Bay.
Though water quality tended to degrade during a storm event, primarily
due to pollutants being flushed into stream bodies by surface water
runoff, water quality monitoring initiated by the Jefferson County
Planning and Building Department's Water Quality Program generally
confirmed a high level of water quality, with the following exceptions:
In 1985, Washington State Department of Health initiated a
decertification (closure) for commercial growing /harvest of shellfish in
the north portion of Quilcene Bay owing to fecal coliform bacterial
contamination attributed to the freshwater inputs of the Little Quilcene
River and Donovan Creek (2, 3).
K
,•` Tarb a
C,eek
Litt le puilcen,e Urai age -
}Oo v
C eek
Town of
Big puilcene Drainage puilcene
c1
lil
`c
�O co
rq
KEY MAP Q
7o�'ns`e <�L
P RCJ 3c- I� .
;.A?A
7 e::a: soa Ca.
�
�isa:;le
kood Canil� _ .-?�� «�
Figure 1. Map of major drainages in the Quilcene /Dabob Watershed.
4
Water quality monitoring conducted by Jefferson County Planning and
Building Department from February 1986 to December 1988 found that
fecal coliform levels violate State standards for Class AA waters at the
north end of Quilcene Bay intermittently and are occasionally high,
although not in violations of State standarA, at the north end of Dabob
Bay (Tarboo Bay). Water quality generally tested as excellent at
stations throughout the remainder of both bays (4, 5).
Fecal . coliform levels violate State standards at various freshwater
stations along Donovan, Jakeway and Tarboo Creeks, and Cemetery
Drain. Violations in these stream segments were generally attributed
to adjacent agricultural properties, particularly where animals had
unrestricted access to the stream, and to malfunctioning on -site septic
systems (4, 5, 6, 7).
5
METHODS
Ambient water quality monitoring was conducted at sampling sites established in
previous water quality studies (Figure 2). The parameters measured were: flow,
fecal coliform, total suspended solids, conductivity, pH, temperature and dissolved
oxygen. However, pH and dissolved oxygen results are not reported because
variations in replicate samples made their accuracy suspect. Sampling procedures
and laboratory methods are ._ described in the Quilcene /Dabob Watershed
Monitoring /Stream Survey Plan and Quality Assurance Management Plan (8).
Additional site - specific sampling was conducted in December 1991 at the request
of the Conservation District Technician. Replicate samples were taken upstream and
downstream of two agricultural areas, one on Tarboo Creek and one on Jakeway
Creek. The upstream site on Tarboo Creek (TB2 in the ambient monitoring) was at
the Dabob -Coyle Road in Section 28; the downstream site, about 0.9 miles from the
upstream site, was at a dirt road right -of -way which follows the common boundary
of Sections 28 and 33. The upstream site on Jakeway Creek was at the boundary
of the Jakeway and Pope and Talbot properties; the downstream site was at a
conservation easement fence on the Shaw property. To test for significant
differences between the sites, fecal coliform data were transformed to logarithms
and these values tested by the Student -t test (9).
To help interpret the water quality results, rainfall data obtained from the Quilcene
National Fish Hatchery is provided in Table 1. Sample sites are located within 8
miles of this location.
n
Table 1. Daily rainfall recorded at the Quilcene National Fish
Hatchery in relationship to sampling times. Rain guage measurements
were taken at 1600 hours.
Rain guage
Date Sampling time measurement
(inches)
1991
February 1.7 0.24
18 0.18
19 0.68
20 0945 -1057 0.00
March 17
18
19
20 0830 -1418
December 27
28
29
30 1045 -1215
7
0.00
0.00
0.36
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
LEGEND
80t — nIC OUILCENE
L — LITTLE OUILCENE
LL— LELAND _
DV— DONOVAN
TB— TARBOO
CY— COYLE
CO— CEMETERY DRAIN
E."i'iwt_7 -�
i ROJ =CT
Jc!!tr3on Co.
Hood Caaal"�
Figure 2. Map showing sample sites in the Quilcene /Dabob Watershed.
RESULTS
Ambient Sampling
Fecal coliform levels exceeded the 50 fc /100 ml State standard at sites TB2 and
T133 on Tarboo Creek (Table 2). GMVs for these two sites were 108 and 88 fc /100
ml respectively. The second part of the State standard that not more than 10
percent of the samples should exceed 100 fc /100 mi was also violated at both these
sites from which one of the two samples exceeded this limit. The fecal coliform
concentration was excessively high (1,700 fc /100 ml) at site DV2 on Donovan
Creek, but because this stream was sampled only once, no GMV could be calculated
and compared to the State standard. In contrast, concentrations were lower at
upstream sites on Tarboo and Donovan Creeks. Site TB1 had a GMV of only 5
fc /100 ml and the single reading taken at site DV1 was 8 fc /100 ml.
In a similar manner, levels of total suspended solids were less at upstream sites on
Tarboo and Donovan Creeks than at downstream sites (Table 2). Levels at upstream
site TB1 on Tarboo Creek ranged from 2 to 4 mg /I compared to a range of 5.6 to
6.7 mg /I at sites TB2 and TB3. Upstream site DV1 on Donovan Creek had a level
of 1.7 mg /I compared to 6.7 mg /I at downstream site DV2.
Conductivity ranged from 65 to 113 ,umho /cm at all sample sites except at the
mouth of Donovan Creek (DV2) in March. Conductivity at this site was 710
umho /cm. One hour later it was 575 /,imho /cm. This high level, compared to 89
Nmho /cm at upstream site DV1, was probably due to tidal influence.
Upstream /Downstream Samolina
No noticeable difference in fecal coliform, total suspended solids, or turbidity
occurred in samples taken upstream and downstream of a cattle pasture on Jakeway
Creek (Table 3). Fecal coliform levels were low in both upstream (GMV = 7fc /100
ml) and downstream (GMV = 6fc /100 ml) samples. Mean levels of total suspended
solids were 2.4 and 2.1 mg /I for upstream and downstream samples respectively and
mean turbidity values were 7.0 and 7.1 NTUs.
No substantial difference occurred between fecal coliform levels measured upstream
and downstream of a cattle grazing area on Tarboo Creek (Table 4). Although the
GMV was higher at the upstream site (17 fc /100 ml) than at the downstream site
(6 fc /100 ml), this difference was not statistically significant (P< .05).
Differences between upstream and downstream samples did occur for total
suspended solids and turbidity. Total suspended solids was higher upstream (10.7
mg /1) than downstream (3.7 mg /I). Similarly, turbidity was higher upstream (11.3
NTU) than downstream (6.5 NTU).
9
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1
DISCUSSION
Ambient water quality data collected in 1991 is limited to one or two months. Thus
no strong conclusions can be made on the basis of this data alone. However, after
comparing this data to that collected from June 1986 to February 1989 (6), one can
conclude that problems with fecal coliform contamination still exist in some streams.
Big Quilcene River
The low fecal coliform concentration of 3 fc /100 ml measured in March is consistent
with the 3.6 fc /100 ml GMV for 35 samples taken from 1986 to 1989 (6). The
predominantly forested and undeveloped nature of the drainage is one explanation
for the low fecal coliform levels. - In 1989, less than one percent was classified as
residential and less than one percent as agricultural (4). Also, the average flow for
the Big Quilcene River is relatively high (173 cfs), about twice that from all other
streams in the watershed combined (4). Thus, dilution may also be a factor
contributing to the low fecal coliform levels.
Cemetery Drain
Cemetery Drain is a major drainage network in the town of Quilcene. It was built
by the WPA to drain the swampy area southeast of the cemetery. The drain flows
only during the wet winter months except in the lowest section where it flows all
year. A sanitary survey identified pollution sources as malfunctioning septic
systems, livestock access, stormwater, and small amounts of industrial waste (4).
Fecal coliform concentrations in samples collected from 1986 to 1989 exceeded
State standards at all three sites, but the worst conditions occurred at CD3, the
farthest downstream site. ' The GMV for this site was 674 fc /100 ml, compared to
GMVs of 65 fc /100 ml at site CD2 and 59 fc /100 ml at site CD1. Concentrations
in the March 1991 samples collected at sites CD1 and CD2 were 11 and 19 fc /100
ml respectively, well below the 1986 -89 GMVs and the 50 fc /100 ml State
standard. However, the data is too limited to conclude that an improvement has
occurred. Data used in calculating the 1986 -89 GMVs also showed low ' fecal
coliform concentrations (<10 fc /100 ml) on some dates. Also, site CD3 was not
sampled in 1991, and thus no comparison can be made with this worst -case site.
Little Quilcene River
The Little Quilcene River drains about 16,400 acres of mostly forested land. In
1989 about 3 percent was reported to be in agricultural use and one percent in
residential use (4). This small percentage of land in agricultural and residential use
probably contributes to the low fecal coliform concentrations in the 1991 samples
and in those collected from 1986 to 1989. Concentrations in March 1991 were 8
and 1 fc /100 ml at sites LQ2 and LQ3 respectively, compared to 1986 -89 GMVs of
7.1 and 18 fc /100 ml for the same sites (6).
13
Leland Creek
Leland Creek enters the Little Quilcene River just downstream of Little Quilcene River
site LQ2. Most of the development in the Leland Creek drainage occurs in the upper
part of the drainage around Lake Leland. Fecal coliform concentrations in March
1991 samples were low as were GMVs.in samples collected from 1986 to 1989 (6).
Concentrations at the three-sites. ranged from 0 to 17 fc /100 ml in March, compared
to GMVs of 13 to 19 fc /100 ml for 1986 to 1989 samples.
Donovan Creek
Donovan Creek drains an area of 2,747 acres; 14 percent was reported to be in
agricultural use and 4 percent in residential use (4). Fecal coliform concentrations
which exceed State standards are well documented for this drainage (4, 6, 7).
Livestock pasturing is reported to be the major problem and- to a lesser extent failing
septic systems. Tidal flooding on lower Donovan Creek exacerbates the problem.
Conditions improved in 1988 when a Conservation Easement eliminated 25 acres of
pastureland (subject to tidal flooding) from livestock grazing (7).
Fecal coliform concentrations collected in March 1991 followed the pattern of low
levels upstream and high levels downstream established in previous sampling. March
upstream (DV1) and downstream (DV2) levels were 8 and 1,700 fc /100 ml, which
are comparable to the 1986 -89 GMVs of 17 and 188 fc /100 ml (6). Thus, the
State standard of 50 fc /100 ml continues to be exceeded on Donovan Creek.
Jakeway Creek
Jakeway Creek is a tributary of Donovan Creek and enters Donovan Creek
immediately upstream of site DV1. The lower part of Jakeway Creek is included in
the Conservation Easement, which prohibits livestock grazing. The Conservation
Easement fence was the downstream sampling site. In the December 1991
sampling, the GMV of the two replicates at this site (6 fc /100 ml) was almost
identical to the upstream site (7 fc /100 ml). Thus, this pasture did not appear to be
a source of contamination on the date sampled. It should be mentioned that the
cattle were not present at the time of sampling and may have been removed from
this pasture weeks before; .cattle feces were present throughout the pasture.. Also,
it was not raining during sampling and stream flow was not excessive. The last
rainfall recorded in the area occurred three days before sampling when 0.27 inches
were recorded (Table 1). Samples taken at the easement fence in 1988 -89 had a
GMV of 380 fc /100 ml (7). Concentrations at this site ranged from 0 fc /100 ml to
15,000 fc /100 ml; the lowest concentrations occurred during the winter. Additional
sampling at different times of the year when cattle are present and during rainstorms
would be necessary in order to fully evaluate this pasture as a source of
contamination. In any event, fencing the cattle from the stream would be an
improvement.
14
Tarboo Creek
Tarboo Creek drains an area of 7,245 acres of mostly forested land. About 321
acres (4.4 percent) were reported to be in residential use and 575 acres (7.3
percent) in agricultural use (4). Residences are found primarily in the uplands and
agricultural areas occupy the bottomlands. _
Fecal coliform levels were somewhat lower in ambient samples collected in 1991,
but followed the same pattern as those collected previously. In 1986 -89, sites T131,
TB2, and T133 had GMVs of 35, 174, and 115 fc /100 ml respectively (6). GMVs
for these sites in 1991 were 5, 108, and 88 fc /100 ml. Thus the highest level is
at midstream (TB2), next highest downstream (TB3), and lowest upstream (T131).
As happened in 1986 -89, State standards were exceeded at sites TB2 and TB3 in
1991. The single sample taken from a ditch which flows into Tarboo Creek at site
T132 indicated that it was not a substantial contributor of fecal coliform on the date
sampled.
The December upstream /downstream sampling bracketing about 0.9 miles of
pastureland along Tarboo Creek did not signify any "problem ". The upstream site
was actually a little higher (GMV =17 fc /100 ml) than the downstream site (GMV = 6
fc /100 ml). These values follow the pattern previously mentioned in which the
upstream site had a higher concentration than the downstream site. Fecal coliform
at the upstream site (TB2 in the ambient monitoring program) in December was
considerably lower than the averages previously mentioned for this site. This could
be due to low rainfall. The last rainfall recorded in the area occurred three days
before sampling when 0.27 inches were recorded (Table 1).
Coyle Creek
Coyle Creek flows into Tarboo creek just downstream of site TB3, which is about
0.5 miles from Dabob Bay. Residential and agricultural land use occurs in the lower
0.5 mile section of this creek.
Fecal coliform levels measured in 1991 were- even lower than the low levels
observed from 1986 -1989. The GMV was 4 fc /100 ml for the two months
measured in 1991 compared to a GMV of 23 fc /100 ml for the period from 1986
to 1989 (6). Thus the Coyle drainage appears to have minimal problems.
15
V*
v .
CONCLUSIONS
Fecal coliform concentrations are known to fluctuate greatly, and thus.the limited
data from this study is insufficient to base any strong, conclusions on.-.For- those
streams in which fecal coliform concentrations were low (Big Quilcene River' 7Little
Quilcene River, Leland Creek, Coyle Creek, and Jakeway Creek) one cannot conclude
with certainty that problems- do not exist.. Conversely, however, for those streams
having high concentrations (Donovan Creek and Tarboo. Creek) in 1991 and in
previous years (6, 7), one can reasonably conclude that problems still exist and
remedial actions including Conservation Plans, Best Management Practices, and
septic repairs are still needed.
16
REFERENCES
1. Quilcene /Dabob Bays Watershed Management Committee, 1991.
Quilcene /Dabob Bays Watershed Action Plan. Jefferson County Planning and
Building Department, Port Townsend, Washington.
2. Cook, K.V. '1984. Water quality study of Quilcene Bay, Jefferson County,
Washington, June 4 -7, 1984, October 22 -31, 1984. Department of Social
and Health Services, Office of Environmental Health Programs, Shellfish
Program.
3. Cook, K.V. 1985. Sanitary survey of Quilcene Bay, Jefferson County,
Washington, November 1984 - December 1985. Department of Social and
Health Services, Office of Environmental Health Programs, Shellfish Program.
4. Welch, J.L. and B. Banks 1987. The Quilcene /Dabob Bays Water Quality
Project. Final Report. Jefferson County Planning and Building Department,
Port Townsend, Washington.
5. Banks, B., J.L. Welch, and M.D. Purser 1987. Quilcene /Dabob Water Quality
Project. Technical Report. Jefferson County Planning and Building
Department and Jefferson County Conservation District, Port Townsend,
Washington.
6. Rubida, P. and J. Calambokidis 1990. Factors affecting nonpoint source fecal
coliform levels in Quilcene and Dabob watersheds, Jefferson County,
Washington. Final Report. Jefferson County Planning Department, Port
Townsend, Washington and Cascadia Research, Olympia, Washington.
7. Welch, J. and P. Rubida 1989. Fecal coliform contamination in Donovan
Creek, Quilcene, Washington. Final Report. Jefferson County Planning and
Building Department, Port Townsend, Washington.
8. Jefferson County Planning and Building Department, Port Townsend,
Washington, 1991. Quilcene /Dabob Watershed Monitoring /Stream survey Plan
and Quality Assurance Management Plan.
9. Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatisticai Analysis, Second Edition, Prentice -Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 718 pp.
17