HomeMy WebLinkAbout1998 WA State Scenic River AssessmentWashington
State
Scenic River
Assessment
September 1988
INIC
RIVE
WASHINGTON STATE PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION
Edward T. Luders, Chair
Queenie H. Allado
Dick Dixon
Glenna S. Hall
Moyes Lucas
John L. (Jack) Shreve
Melvin D. Wortman
Jan Tveten, Director
T. J. France, Assistant Director, Resources Development
Scenic Rivers Program
Steven A. Starlund, Manager
Committee of Participating Agencies:
Jim Scott, Department of Ecology
Lorinda Anderson, Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation
George Volker, Department of Wildlife
Sam Wright, Department of Fisheries
Jerry Probst, Department of Natural Resources
Don Lund, Department of Transportation
Doug Baker, Association of Washington Cities
Tom Niemann, Represents Washington Association of Counties
Melvin W. Oleson, Citizen
Donn Charnley, Citizen
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Washington. State Scenic River Assessment
September 1988
Prepared by the Washington State Scenic Rivers Program
Committee of Participating Agencies
with the
National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region
for the
Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
September 1988
Dear Citizen,
The rivers of Washington are among the state's outstanding resources. We enjoy them in many ways, from the pleasures of
their scenic beauty, natural quality, and evidence of history and prehistory to the more pragmatic benefits of their fisheries,
power supply capabilities, and potential to supply water for irrigation, consumption, and recreation. As the population of our
state grows, all of the emotional and physical demands we place on rivers will increase.
While there are many state programs which allow or encourage the development of rivers to meet the pragmatic goals of power
supply and irrigation, there were, until 1977, none that focussed solely on maintaining some of our rivers in their natural
condition. In that year, the Washington Legislature created the Washington State Scenic River Program to protect natural,
free - flowing rivers.
At the direction of the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, we have authorized an evaluation of outstanding
rivers in Washington State. This report documents the evaluation, and identifies 18 rivers which possess the natural, cultural,
and recreational values that would make them suitable additions to the Washington State Scenic Rivers System. We'd like to
thank the members of the Scenic Rivers Program Committee of Participating Agencies for their outstanding efforts on this
project.
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With the publication of this report, the initiative to protect these 18 rivers, and the many others in this state that are truly
outstanding, passes to you. The effort to protect our exceptional rivers must begin in the hearts and minds of the citizens of this
state. We can assure you that this agency stands ready to assist these efforts in any way possible, including, if local support
exists, assistance in adding rivers to the Scenic Rivers System.
Thank you for your continuing interest in the Washington State Scenic Rivers Program. Comments on this report and the
Program in general are welcome, and we invite you to express your support or concern to the Scenic Rivers Program staff at
(206)753 -1810.
Sincerely,
Steven Starlund
Manager, Washington State Scenic
Rivers Program
Jan Tveten
Director, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 1
Introduction
2
Study Process
5
Regional Overview of Washington Rivers
10
River Evaluations
16
Scenic River Management and Designation
54
Conservation Actions
58
An Afterword
69
Appendices 71
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Acknowledgements
This report is the product of a cooperative project of the Washington Scenic Rivers Program staff, the Committee of
Participating Agencies, and the National Park Service. Principal authors are Steven Starlund, manager of the Scenic Rivers
Program, and Dennis Canty, coordinator of technical assistance programs at the Pacific Northwest Region of the National Park
Service.
The authors would like to acknowledge the substantial contributions of Committee members: Jim Scott, Washington
Department of Ecology; Lorinda Anderson, Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation; George Volker, Washington
Department of Wildlife; Sam Wright, Washington Department of Fisheries; Jerry Probst, Washington Department of Natural
Resources; Don Lund, Washington Department of Transportation; Doug Baker, Association of Washington Cities; and Pat
Kubala, Washington Association of Counties. Thanks to Paul Agrimis for cartographic contributions.
The authors would also like to thank Jan Tveten and Tom France of the Washington Parks and Recreation Commission,
Wendy Brand and Chris Carlson of the National Park Service, Doug North of the Northwest Rivers Council, Mel Oleson of the
Washington Recreational River Runners, and the many local people who contributed greatly to this report.
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Introduction
In our intense and varied use of the rivers of Washington State today, it is easy to forget the vital link they form with the past
and the future. These rivers sustain us, providing power, transportation, food and drink. Few elements of our daily lives are
not enriched by the tremendous bounty of Washington rivers. Yet their present significance - the beauty and abundance we
now enjoy - may overshadow another profound role that rivers play as a link between our lives, those of the first residents of
this country, and those of the generations yet unborn.
The rivers of this country have been used and appreciated since long before there was a Washington State. For 10,000 years,
the Indians of the Northwest have sustained themselves on these rivers, eating and drinking from them, moving along them,
and migrating from one to another. The richness of the country's rivers contributed to the exceptional cultural richness of
Northwest Tribes. The first white settlers - and the waves of immigration to follow - gravitated to water as well, locating their
trading posts, their forts, and, ultimately, their towns and cities on Puget Sound and on the great rivers of the state.
Today, there are few rivers that do not bear evidence of the 10,000 year chain of use and settlement of Washington rivers that
has preceded us. The historic and archeologic artifacts that remain of this legacy are among the most prized resources along
rivers. Will the evidence that this era leaves behind on our rivers be as benign? Our generation enjoys an unprecedented
opportunity to modify the rivers of the state. We have dammed, diverted, harvested, channelized, and otherwise harnessed
Washington rivers in an unparalleled quest to capture their bounty and power. As we become more efficient in harnessing the
resources of our rivers, we risk ever more pervasive and permanent alterations of their scenic beauty and natural quality. What
will remain of Washington rivers for the next generations? Will some of the wild and free rivers we have inherited reach our
sucessors in their natural, undammed state? If our sole focus - our measure of progress - is the efficiency with which we expend
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the resources and wildness of our rivers, our grandchildren will not share the benefits of the wild and beautiful rivers that have
passed to us along the 10,000 year old chain.
The Washington State Scenic Rivers Program was created by an act of the State Legislature in 1977 for the purpose of
balancing the use and development of rivers with a concerted effort to protect a few of Washington's great rivers. The Scenic
Rivers Act (Chapter 79.72 RCW) seeks to establish a balance between those rivers that will be harnessed for our needs today,
and those we shall pass, unfettered and intact, to the next generation.
The regulatory elements of the Washington Scenic Rivers Program apply only to land already in public ownership. Private
landowners and local governments are encouraged to undertake voluntary projects to provide additional protection to
designated rivers.
One river and several tributaries form the Skykomish Scenic River system, the first designated Scenic River in the state. The
focus of this report is to present an additional 18 rivers which have outstanding characteristics that make them worthy of
consideration as additions to the Scenic Rivers System. The process for evaluating these rivers was conducted in 1987 by the
Committee of Participating Agencies at the direction of the Washington Parks and Recreation Commission, the agency
charged with administering the Scenic Rivers Program. This Committee is formed of representatives of the Washington
Departments of Ecology, Fisheries, Transportation, Wildlife, and Natural Resources, the Interagency Committee for Outdoor
Recreation, the Association of Washington Counties, the Washington Association of Counties, and two citizen representatives.
Additional help was provided by the National Park Service under the Rivers and Trails Assistance Program, which provides
advice and technical assistance to state and local agencies involved in river and trail conservation programs.
The report first describes the methods used to evaluate the rivers of Washington State and define those which are truly
outstanding. The 18 rivers selected with these methods are then identified and discussed. The report concludes with a
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discussion of techniques available to landowners, local governments, and state and federal agencies to protect the qualities of
these outstanding rivers.
It is important to note that, although this evaluation was conducted under the auspices of the Washington Scenic River
Program, the ultimate responsibility for protecting the outstanding rivers of Washington is shared by all of the state's citizens.
With the publication of this report, the initiative for protecting these 18 rivers passes to those citizens. Much of the power to
protect them will rest in local hands; no public action can replace the importance of wise use by the people who live along the
state's great rivers. If there is a local commitment, the state stands ready to assist communities to protect rivers through the
State Scenic River Program. Working together, the public and their agencies can see that the heritage of wild and beautiful
rivers we enjoy today is our legacy for generations to come.
El
Study Process
Criteria
As stated in the Introduction, this report will present 18 rivers that have the potential, by virtue of their outstanding
characteristics, for designation into the Washington State Scenic Rivers System. The process for selecting 18 rivers from the
hundreds in Washington State was complex, requiring both an objective analysis of previously- collected river information and a
more subjective evaluation of scenic, natural, and recreational values. The following discussion examines this selection process
in more detail.
The first obstacle in selecting candidate rivers was conceptual, not analytical. What constitutes an "outstanding" river? What
value or combination of values is important in a potential State Scenic River? The Washington State Scenic Rivers Act
establishes certain criteria for Scenic Rivers, stating that "ideally, a Scenic River:
1. Is free - flowing without diversions that hinder recreational use;
2. Has a streamway that is relatively unmodified by riprapping and other streambank protection;
3. Has water of sufficient quality and quantity to be deemed worthy of protection;
4. Has a relatively natural setting and adequate open space;
5. Requires some coordinated plan of management to enhance and preserve the river area; and
6. Has some lands along its length already in public ownership, or the possibility for purchase or dedication of public
access and /or scenic easements." (RCW 772.060)
These criteria serve as good indications of the combination of natural, recreational, and social values that the Legislature
considered in drafting the Scenic Rivers System Act, and serve well to determine whether specific candidates for designation
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meet Scenic River standards. However, there were two challenges in applying these criteria to a statewide study of potential
candidates. First, the ambiguity of some standards (ie. "relatively" unmodified, "relatively' natural) made it difficult to use
these factors to either select rivers for or discard them from consideration. Second, the criteria seem to discount the inherent
quality of natural, cultural, recreational, and scenic values along potential candidates. The Act elswhere indicates that these
resource values are of fundamental importance in Scenic River designation and management.
As a result, the Committee of Participating Agencies supplemented the criteria in the Act with additional factors they felt were
important to consider in defining candidates for State Scenic River status. They felt that scenic rivers should also:
1. Have a variety of exceptional natural, cultural, or recreational resources on and along them;
2. Have exceptional scenic quality; and
3. Have long, continous segments with exceptional values.
In addition, the Committee decided that the Scenic River System as a whole should have certain characteristics, stating that it
should:
4. Represent all of the geographic regions of Washington State; and
5. Represent the range of development in landscapes along rivers, from the most primitive to rural to urban/suburban.
The criteria, in sum, represent standards for an "outstanding" river and an ideal image of what a Scenic River ought to be.
There remained the task of applying these criteria to the hundreds of rivers in Washington State to determine those that
deserve further consideration for the State Scenic Rivers System.
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First Sort: Resource Quality
The first step in the actual study process was to determine which rivers had the variety of exceptional natural, cultural, and
recreational values required of Scenic River candidates. Several new river inventories have only recently made it possible to
do a statewide analysis of the quality of river resources. The most notable is the Pacific Northwest Rivers Study, funded by the
Bonneville Power Administration and conducted by state and federal agencies in the four Northwest states. This computerized
inventory contains information on fisheries, wildlife, other natural features, recreation, and historic and archeologic resources
along more than 2,000 river segments in Washington State. River segments are rated on a value scale from "outstanding" to
"limited" for each resource. Because of the emphasis on a variety of exceptional resources in the Scenic River criteria, the first
selection step was to identify all river segments in the Rivers Study data base with more than one resource with an
"outstanding" rating. This step resulted in the identification of 385 river segments.
The other sources of resource information used in the selection process were special fisheries studies compiled by the
Washington Departments of Wildlife and Fisheries, and the Nationwide Rivers Inventory. The fisheries studies identified 24
rivers with outstanding resident fisheries and 18 with oustanding anadromous fisheries. The Nationwide Rivers Inventory,
published by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1982, was developed to identify rivers which would, by virtue of their
exceptional natural, cultural, scenic, or recreation resources, qualify for further consideration for the National Wild and Scenic
River System. The Inventory identified 26 rivers in Washington State that meet these criteria.
Resource Mapping
The second step of the process was to map all of the segments and rivers identified as outstanding in the resource inventories:
the 385 reaches from the Pacific Northwest Rivers Study, the 24 resident fishery and 18 anadromous fishery rivers from the
fisheries studies, and the 26 rivers from the Nationwide Rivers Inventory. Mapping was done at the 1:500,000 scale on USGS
base sheets.
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After all resource information was mapped, public meetings were held throughout the state to introduce people to the Scenic
Rivers Program in general and the selection process specifically. While participation was less than hoped for, the response to
the presentations was enthusiastic.
Second Sort: Continuous Length of Segments
Because of the emphasis on long, continuous segments in the Scenic River criteria, the next step was to determine which rivers
had long reaches that had been identified as outstanding under one or more of the resource inventories. On the basis of a
visual examination of the resource inventory maps, 56 rivers were identified that met this criteria. While segments were not
actually measured, it is estimated that the minimum length of segments was approximately 25 miles. In a few cases, rivers
which had breaks in outstanding segments were included on the list of 56 rivers if they had been rated as outstanding over
much of their entire length.
Third Sort: Geographical Distribution, Expert Opinion
The 56 rivers defined after the first two sorts are all exceptional and deserving of protection. They have therefore been
described formally as 'Rivers Under Consideration" in the Scenic Rivers Program, and will receive study for potential
designation by the Program staff and Committee of Prticipating Agencies as time and budget allow. The "Rivers Under
Consideration" list is included in Appendix A. Because it was apparent that all 56 rivers could not be sufficiently evaluated in
this study process, additional sorts were developed to determine which would be appropriate for immediate Scenic River
consideration. The next step in this sequence was to choose the best candidate or candidates in each of the major geographic
areas of Washington State. The basis for these choices was the expert opinion of members of the Committee of Participating
Agencies and leaders of local river conservation groups. While this was a subjective evaluation, the breadth of experience
among the evaluators made this a credible basis for choosing rivers for immediate consideration. In two steps, the list of rivers
under study was reduced to 26 rivers.
Field Evaluations
Tours were conducted on the 26 rivers remaining in the study process. Where possible, the Committee and other evaluators
floated the study segments. Elsewhere, evaluations were conducted from parallel roads. The purposes of the field evaluation
were to familiarize the evaluators with the rivers and to photograph and conduct scenic evaluations of the rivers corridors.
Scenic values were recorded on a consistent Scenic Evaluation Worksheet. The 26 rivers evaluated in the field and the Scenic
Evaluation Worksheet are enclosed in Appendix B.
The field analysis also included small meetings with local river interests in communities along the river under consideration. In
some instances, local citizens accompanied the evaluators on field trips along the rivers. These local contacts provided a useful
introduction to issues and concerns in riverfront communities.
Fourth Sort: Geographical Distribution, Expert Opinion
Based on the goal of providing geographical diversity in the Scenic Rivers System, the Committee again reviewed the study
rivers in each geographical region of the state. Several areas, including the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound regions, had
many rivers on the list of 26 rivers. On the basis of expert opinion, this list was reduced to 18 rivers. Having passed through
sorts on natural, cultural, and recreational resource value, continuous length, geographical distribution, and scenic value, these
18 rivers are those described further in this report as initial candidates for the Washington State Scenic Rivers System.
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Regional Overview of Washington Rivers
There is no "typical" Washington river. The rivers of Washington share the great diversity of the State's geography. Each
distinct region- from the forested slopes of the Olympic Peninsula to the rolling grasslands of the Palouse - has a distinct
system of rivers and streams, unique in qualities and character. One of the primary purposes of the Washington State Scenic
Rivers Program is to capture this regional diversity in a unified, statewide system of protected rivers. The candidate rivers
discussed later in this chapter were chosen as the best representatives of the regions of Washington State.
Washington rivers flow directly into three major bodies of water: the Columbia River, the Puget Sound, and the Pacific Ocean.
Each of these bodies has a network of streams and rivers which feed directly into them. Collectively, these streams and rivers
and the land along them form a drainage basin or watershed. One of the most common systems for dividing Washington into
regions uses the three major drainage basins - Columbia River, Puget Sound, and Pacific Ocean - shown on the attached map
(Figure 1).
While drainage basins are a useful and accurate way to describe rivers in Washington, they do not fully describe the distinctions
that most affect the character of a river landscape. This character depends not only on the destination of a river's waters, but
also on the mosaic of landform, vegetation, and climate that defines a regional landscape like the Olympic Peninsula. These
characteristics define a system of bioregions of Washington State, illustrated in Figure 2. The candidate rivers discussed in
following pages were chosen as representatives of the six bioregions of the State. Each borrows unique features of the
bioregion it flows through.
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The westernmost region is the Olympic Peninsula, represented on the candidates list by the Wynoochee, Humptulips,
Soleduck, and Duckabush. This area is dominated by the looming presence of the Olympic Mountains. Rivers in this region
commonly have rocky, turbulent headwater reaches. On smaller streams, flow remains swift and channels rocky to their
confluence with the Ocean or the Sound; larger rivers have meandering segments within broader valleys downstream.
Anadromous fish and a great variety of wildlife inhabit these river valleys. Variations in rainfall account for substantial
differences in vegetation, as well as the difference in flow and size of rivers, on the east and west slopes of the Peninsula.
Isolation and lack of arable land have contributed to the sparse settlement of this region; tourism and recreation on National
Park and Forest lands and timber management on public and private lands remain the mainstays of local economies.
The next rivers discussed, the Nooksack, the Stillaguamish, the Carbon, and the Green, are part of the Western Cascade
Mountain region. As with the Olympic Peninsula, the dominant feature in this region is a mountain range. The Cascade Range
is characterized by steep volcanic peaks, dense fir and hemlock forests, and abundant rain and snow. Rivers undergo dramatic
physical transformations in their paths from mountainous headwaters to lower elevations. Alpine torrents raging through rocky
canyons become placid rivers meandering through wide valleys. Anadromous fish and wildlife thrive on these rivers. The lower
river valleys, with land predominantly in private ownership, support the cities and towns of western Washington. The upper
segments are commonly within National Forest or Park land.
Further east is the Eastern Cascade Mountain bioregion and the Wenatchee and Methow rivers. Although this region shares
the distinctive feature of the Cascade Mountains, the decline in precipitation on the eastern slope results in dramatic changes
in landform, vegetation, and wildlife. Eastside rivers are fewer, longer, and more sparsely vegetated than their western
counterparts. Canyons and swift, sinuous streamcourses replace the broad valleys and meanders of the westside. Although less
hospitable, the river corridors in this region support a distinctive variety of wildlife. Small towns, fruit orchards, and ranches dot
the lower segments of these rivers; upper reaches are mostly in National Forest land.
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The Lower Columbia region, in southwestern Washington, is represented on the candidates list by the Cispus, Lewis,
Washougal, and White Salmon rivers. Lacking the high elevations of the previous regions, the Lower Columbia landscape is
characterized by rolling hills, broad valleys, and a mixed coniferous /deciduous forest. Most of the rivers of the region have
short steep headwater reaches and long segments of lower gradient and less turbulent flow. Many of these rivers have dams on
their lower reaches which restrict the migration of anadromous fish, but retain good habitat for resident fish and diverse upland
and riparian wildlife. National Forest land dominates the upper segments of these rivers, while the level, arable land of the
lower valleys is heavily used for agriculture, small communities, and a few larger towns and cities.
East of the Cascades, the Columbia flows through the Middle Columbia /Snake River bioregion. The Hanford Reach of the
Columbia and the Grande Ronde rivers are the two candidates from this region. The landscape of the region is characteristic of
the and Columbia Basin of eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho: rolling hills, dry plains, and shrub
steppe vegetation. A few large rivers drain vast areas of this region; they are slow moving and low in gradient. Some have
incised deep canyons in the basaltic rock of the Basin. The Middle Columbia/Snake region continues to support tremendous
runs of anadromous fish despite the impacts of dams on the Columbia system; headwater streams and tributaries feature
abundant resident fish and wildlife habitat as well. This region is sparsely settled, with a few larger communities at the
confluences of major rivers and a dispersed pattern of irrigated and dryland farms.
The northeastern section of the State comprises the Upper Columbia region, represented by the Kettle and Little Spokane
rivers. Unlike much of eastern Washington, this region features hilly terrrain with some prominent mountains and conifer
forest. The rivers of the region tend to have somewhat steeper gradients and deeper canyons than others in the eastern part of
the state. Although the Chief Joseph and Grande Coulee Dams block all anadromous fisheries in the Upper Columbia region,
the area supports a great diversity and abundance of resident fish and wildlife habitat. This region is also sparsely populated.
Lack of arable land has restricted settlement to the small towns throughout the region.
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Six distinct regions, six special groups of rivers. Individually, the 18 rivers discussed on the following pages are outstanding
examples of the unique natural, cultural, and recreational resources of their regions of the State. Collectively, they constitute a
potential system of State Scenic Rivers that fully reflects the great diversity of the landscape of Washington State.
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15
River Evaluations
The following rivers are described in evaluations in this chapter:
Carbon
Little Spokane
Cispus
Methow
Columbia (Hanford Reach)
Nooksack
Duckabush
Soleduck
Grande Ronde
Stillaguamish
Green
Washougal
Humptulips
Wenatchee
Kettle
White Salmon
Lewis
Wynoochee
The descriptions are based on the following sources of information:
kpe of Information
W,
Pacific Northwest Rivers Study (natural, cultural, recreational) Bonneville Power Administration Washington State Energy
Office
Nationwide Rivers Inventory (natural, cultural, recreational) National Park Service
Fishery and hatchery information Washington Department of Fisheries
Washington Department of Wildlife
Rare plant /plant community information Washington Natural Heritage Data Base
16
Cultural site information
Recreation information
Scenic quality information
Washington State Office ofArcheology and Historic
Preservation
Guidebooks, National Park Service, local anglers and other user
groups
Field evaluations
1.7
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Reach:
Headwaters at Carbon Glacier, Mt. Rainier to confluence
with Puyallup River.
Outstanding Features:
Wild and free - flowing river from glacier beginning
through a wide forested valley and into a spectacular
gorge. Wildlife and salmon spawning habitat all along its
length. Backdrop of Mt. Rainier.
Access:
Most of the river is parallelled by road yet there is little
access to the river except along dikes along the lower
reaches. Access is available in the Mt. Rainier National
Park.
Use, Ownership and Management:
Ownership along the river is mixed federal, state and
private with a predominance of private ownership along
the lower reaches. Land use is forestry or agricultural in
the upper valley and dispersed residential and agricultural
along the lower portion. Land use issues would include
state logging practices within the designated corridor and
access to the river; visually and pedestrian.
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Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Originates on
the northwest slopes of Mt. Rainier and is fed by
glacier and snow melt. Upper reaches are
characterized by wide cascading boulder strewn
river, moves quickly into a broad forested
floodplain and then into a narrow and steep gorge.
Lower reaches are braided streambeds.
Historical coal mining is in evidence through the
Carbonado area.
Vegetation:
Bordered by dense conifer forest and
well - developed riparian zone.
Fish:
A protected wild steelhead river; open only for
catch and release fishing. Excellent spring
chinook spawning habitat.
Wildlife:
Excellent, heavily used deer and elk winter range
in upper ranges. Good riparian habitat through
segment.
Scenic:
Upper reaches have excellent vistas of Mt.
Rainier. Mid and lower segments are enclosed
and nearly inaccessible to public by road, trail or
boat. Historic coal mining towns offer distinctive
cultural view along the roadway following the river
course. Farmlands are characteristic in the lower
valley.
Historic and Archaeologic:
Coal mining towns including Carbonado are
recognized on the State Registry of Historic Places.
Recreation:
Expert white water kayaking is only a recent use of
the river for recreation. Public vistas are few and
are mostly shallow road pull -offs. Trails along the
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river exist on the dike in the lower valley, but
there is no public access developed. Camping and
trails of excellent quality exist in the National
Park. Pierce County has plans for a trail system
along the dik"p the river for approximately 15
miles.
CISPUS
Reach:
Headwaters to confluence with Cowlitz River.
Outstanding Features:
Scenic recreational river with minimal development. High
quality resident fish and wildlife habitat.
Access:
Most of the river is paralleled by road. Access to water at
several USFS sites.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Predominantly in Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Some
logging within river corridor. Scattered private lands in
lower corridor in dispersed residential use. Headwaters of
mainstream in Goat Rocks Wilderness.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Originates on
A: west slope of Cascade Mountains. Cascading
alpine stream in upper reaches, swiftwater with
numerous rapids in lower segments. Tower Rock
and Cispus Falls are prominent geologic
landmarks.
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011 K owl, P-1 a
A4,111
Vegetation:
Bordered by dense conifer forest and
well - developed riparian zone. one plant species on
State's Threatened Plant list.
Fish:
Blocked to anadromous fish by downstream dams.
Excellent habitat for rainbow and cutthroat trout,
supplemented by hatchery production.
Wildlife:
Excellent, heavily -used deer and elk winter range
in upper reaches. Some spotted owl habitat in old
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growth forest. Good riparian habitat throughout
segment.
Scenic:
Visual corridor enclosed by dense vegetation; few
intrusions visible. Some views into Cascade ranges.
Historic and Archeologic:
Important prehistoric fishing area, recognized in
State Registry of Historic Places.
Recreation:
Upper reaches are excellent for intermediate to
expert whitewater boating. Lower segments are
not as challenging. Camping and day use at Forest
Service campgrounds at Iron Creek and Tower
Rock.
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COLUMBIA
Reach:
"Hanford Reach;" Priest Rapids Dam to Richland city
limits.
Outstanding Features:
Excellent fish and wildlife habitat. Interesting flatwater
boating experience.,
Access:
No public roads parallel this segment. Access to water
limited to bridge crossings and public sites at Ringgold
and Richland.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Almost entirely in federal ownership. Bordered by
Hanford Nuclear Reservation on the western bank and
state and federal wildlife refuges on the eastern bank.
Resources:
* .1 Geology and Hydrology:
Although regulated by upstream dams, this is the
last major undammed and unimpounded segment
of the Columbia. Sinuous, low gradient channel
bordered by rolling hills and distinctive sandstone
cliffs. Potential National Natural Landmark at
Hanford Dunes.
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Mattawa
Sunnysid
5 Q
20 N
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Vegetation:
AA�River is bordered by sagebrush steppe
communities on uplands and well - developed
riparian area on riverbanks and islands. Several
plant species on State's Sensitive Plant list; one
candidate for federal list. Potential Arid Lands
National Natural Landmark.
Fish:
LMLast remaining major spawning area for fall
Chinook salmon ( "upriver brights "). Species has
high commercial and Tribal cultural significance.
Also used by steelhead trout and coho and sockeye
salmon.
asco
Wildlife:
Feeding and /or nesting habitat for bald eagles,
Swainson's hawks, white pelicans, and numerous
- -- - waterfowl and songbird species. Two endemic
aquatic species, a limpet and a spire snail, are
candidates for the Federal Rare and Endangered
Species list.
Scenic:
Sweeping vistas of rolling hills, white cliffs, and
islands. Some disturbance due to Nuclear
Reservation structures on western bank.
Historic and Archeologic:
Important prehistoric fishing and camping area.
Numerous sites on State and National Registers of
Historic Places.
Recreation:
Scenic multi -day flatwater float, restricted by
difficulties with access and shortage of public use
areas. Some boat fishing for chinook and steelhead.
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DUCKABUSH
Reach:
Entire length.
Outstanding Features:
Exceptionally scenic recreational corridor; excellent
wildlife habitat.
Access:
Lower quarter paralleled by road. Access on remainder
by trail only.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Upper half within Olympic National Park, with lower half
in Olympic National Forest except for lower 2 1/2 miles,
which is in private ownership and limited residential use.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Arises on the
west slopes of the Olympic Mountains.
Headwaters feature numerous cascades and falls
bordered by steep rock cliffs and canyons.
Corridor widens and decreases in gradient
downstream.
e
Vegetation:
Alpine meadows in upper headwaters change to
dense conifer forests (some old growth) in middle
and lower reaches. Well - developed riparian zones
and salt marsh in lower reaches.
Fish:
Falls prevent anadromous fish migration seven
miles above mouth. Good pink and chum salmon
spawning areas below; also used by sea -run
cutthroat and steelhead trout.
24
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Wildlife:
Good riparian and forest habitat supports deer and
elk, bald eagles, waterfowl, and forbearing
mammals.
Scenic:
Visual corridor, tightly enclosed by topography
and vegetation, is occasionally highlighted by
waterfalls, gorges, and views of Olympic peaks.
Virtually no intrusions above river mile three.
Historic and Archeologic:
Duckabush River Bridge on the National Register
of Historic Places.
Recreation:
Moderately heavy use by hikers, campers, and day
users. Some expert whitewater kayaking on lower
segments.
25
GRANDE RONDE
Reach:
Oregon - Washington border to confluence with Snake
River.
Outstanding Features:
Excellent multi -day boating trip. Popular area for
steelhead fishing. High quality fish and wildlife habitat.
Access:
Minor road parallels upper third of segment, with several
public access sites. Lower segments accessible only
through private ranches except at confluence with Snake.
Use, Ownership, and Management
Ownership predominantly private, in ranching and open
space uses. Some Bureau of Land Management land
intermixed.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Lower segment of a major Columbia Basin river
arising in the Blue Mountains of Eastern Oregon.
Flows slowly, with few rapids, through undulating
hills and prominent basalt canyons. Prominent
volcanic features, including many sills and feeder
dikes of basalt.
26
Vegetation:
Ag�Sagebrush steppe communities accompanied by
sparse pine forest border this segment. Riparian
areas limited due to topographic constraints and
grazing.
Fish:
Excellent summer steelhead trout run,
supplemented by hatchery production. Also used
by spring chinook salmon and resident rainbow
trout.
Wildlife:
Canyon uplands heavily used by bighorn sheep,
whitetail and mule deer, and nesting raptors
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27
(including golden eagles). Some bald eagle use of
lower reaches.
Scenic:
Natural qualities of the upper corridor landscape
disturbed by prominent parallel road and
numerous houses. Lower segments are very
primitive in appearance, with dramatic natural
features and few cultural intrusions.
Historic and Archeologic:
Lower river in Snake River Archeological District,
an important prehistoric fishing and camping area
listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Recreation:
Excellent multi -day boating trip, one of few in
Washington State. Not as heavily used as Oregon
segment, although increasingly popular for
steelhead fishing. Fishing access at two
Department of Game sites.
27
GREEN
Reach:
Kanasket - Palmer State Park to City of Kent.
Outstanding Features:
Excellent recreational river in close proximity to Seattle.
Good fisheries. Lower reaches offer excellent natural
areas in a rapidly urbanizing area.
Access:
Paralleled by roads, with some public access to water, in
lower reaches of segment. Access limited to state parks in
upper reaches of segment.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Upper reaches ( Kanasket- Palmer State Park to Flaming
Geyser State Park) in state ownership and management
as the Green River State Conservation Area. Lower
reaches predominantly private in agricultural, dispersed
residential, and suburban residential uses.
Resources:
"4� Geology and Hydrology:
Flow regulated by Army Corps of Engineers
Howard Hansen Dam. Swift turbulent stream
flows through steep gorge in upper reaches of
segment. Lower reaches meander through broad
floodplain.
Vegetation:
6MUpper segment bordered by dense conifers and
well - developed riparian zone. Natural vegetation
disturbed or replaced in lower segments, with
discontinuous riparian areas remaining.
Fish:
LALarge runs of fall chinook salmon and winter
steelhead trout. Also used by summer steelhead
and coho salmon. Washington Department of
Fisheries hatchery on Soos Creek.
28
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Wildlife:
Extensive development of lower reaches limits
habitat to discontinuous riparian areas used by
geese and other waterfowl. Osprey and other
raptors nest within the gorge reaches.
Scenic:
Gorge area is enclosed and very primitive in
appearance, with few cultural intrusions. Lower
segments of varying visual quality, alternating
between pastoral agricultural landscapes and less
compatible suburban scenes.
Historic and Archeologic:
Prehistoric petroglyphs in gorge area. Several
historic sites on State and National Registers of
Historic Places, including Georgetown Steam Plan
and Aaron Neely, Sr. Mansion.
Recreation:
Gorge segment is an excellent, highly- challenging
expert whitewater boating run. Use is substantial
during periods of suitable releases from the
upstream dam, which generally occur until May.
Heavily fished for fall chinook and steelhead. State
parks are actively used for day use and picnicking.
Camping is available at Kanasket - Palmer State
Park and the DNR's Green River Gorge
Campground.
29
HUMPTULIPS
Reach:
East and West Forks and mainstem to town of
Humptulips.
Outstanding Features:
Excellent fish and wildlife habitat. Diverse recreational
use. Little disturbance of natural features.
Access:
Paralleled by state, local, and forest roads for most of its
length. Easy access via numerous public and private sites.
Use, Ownership, and Managment:
Upper half of both forks within Olympic National Forest.
Private lands downstream mostly in timber production.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Originates on
southwestern slopes of Olympic Mountains. Steep
rocky segments in headwaters, including a gorge
on the West Fork, with meandering reaches within
a broad valley downstream.
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Vegetation:
Bordered by dense hemlock forest (some old
growth) and well- developed riparian zones.
Fish:
Major runs of steelhead and sea -run cutthroat
trout, and chinook, chum, and coho salmon.
Chinook and coho runs supplemented by
Washington Department of Fisheries hatchery on
Stevens Creek. West Fork supports good spawning
populations of rainbow and cutthroat trout.
Wildlife:
On lower segments, good riparian habitat supports
waterfowl and furbearing mammals. Heavy bald
30
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eagle use. Upper segments have excellent,
heavily -used deer and elk winter range in a mix of
old and second growth forest.
Scenic:
Visual corridor somewhat enclosed by bank
topography, forest, and mature riparian zones.
Aside from some evidence of timber harvesting on
upper reaches, few intrusions visible.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several significant historic sites, including log
shelters and Olympic National Forest guard
station.
Recreation:
Actively used by steelhead and sea -run cutthroat
anglers; fished from banks and driftboats.
Camping and day use on upper reaches.
Challenging expert whitewater boating run on East
Fork.
31
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Reach:
Entire U.S. segments to backwater at Lake Roosevelt.
Outstanding Features:
Exceptional, diverse wildlife. High quality float trip.
Harmonious development through river corridor.
Access:
Parallelled for entire length by state or local roads
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Almost entire reach in private ownership, with National
Forest land in upper sections of watershed.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Flows among
peaks and ranges of Okanogan Mountains. Low
gradient meandering stream. Two Triassic fossil
beds.
Vegetation:
Sparse grasses and Ponderosa pine on rolling
hillslopes. Lush willow - cottonwood riparian zones
along river.
32
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Fish:
Anadromous fish blocked by Lake Roosevelt
downstream. Excellent historic rainbow and
cutthroat habitat, with populations currently
depressed by fishing pressures.
Wildlife:
Excellent whitetail and mule deer habitat. Bald
eagle nesting throughout the segment, with golden
eagle nesting in upper reaches. Bighorn sheep and
cougar habitat.
Scenic:
Length of views vary, with corridor alternately
enclosed by steep hillsides and opening
expansively to surrounding hills. Signs of
development are infrequent and harmonious with
natural character.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several historic sites on National Register of
Historic Places, including the Curlew School, the
Curlew Bridge, and the Ansurge Hotel.
Recreation:
Good flatwater boating reaches in upper segment,
with good whitewater boating between Barstow
and Orient.
33
LEWIS
Reach:
From headwaters to backwater at Swift Reservoir.
Outstanding Features:
Very scenic, with numerous waterfalls and views of
Cascade ranges. Outstanding for a variety of recreational
activities, including hiking, boating, and fishing.
Access:
No roads parallelling the river. Access to water restricted
to secondary and Forest road crossings, and to pedestrian
use of parallel trail.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Almost entirely in Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
Heavily logged in lower segments.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by upstream dams or diversions.
Originates on west slopes of Mount Adams.
Several major falls on mainstem in upper reaches
and on tributaries on lower segments.
34
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Vegetation:
Bordered by dense conifers, including several
stands of old growth timber, and dense riparian
zones. One plant species on State Threatened
Plant list and one candidate for federal list. Lower
segment disturbed by logging.
Fish:
Blocked to anadromous fish by downstream dams.
Excellent habitat for rainbow and cutthroat trout.
Wildlife:
Excellent deer and elk winter range. Mixed old
growth - second growth forest supports spotted
owls and osprey.
Scenic:
Visual corridor enclosed by dense vegetation;
some views into Cascade ranges. Little disturbance
except in lower logged segments.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several historic homesites and prehistoric villages
are listed on the State Register of Historic Places.
Recreation:
Excellent beginner to intermediate whitewater
boating from Lower Falls to head of Swift
Reservoir. Very scenic trail, actively used by
anglers, parallels the river from Lower Falls to
Rush Creek.
35
LITTLE SPOKANE
Reach:
East of Highway 395 to Confluence with Spokane River.
Outstanding Features:
Undisturbed meandering river valley with a rich diversity
of wildlife, waterfowl, (a heron rookery); indian
pictographs and passive recreation opportunities.
Access:
The lower reaches of the river are within the Little
Spokane Natural Area administered by the Washington
State Parks and Recreation Commission. Several canoe
launches exist in addition to hiking trails. River can be
viewed by several county roadways.
Use, Ownership and Management:
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Outside of the State Parks lands, the dominate landowner
is small private land ownerships. River issues include
water quality, control of public access and public use of
the river; trespass and protection of the habitat and
wildlife within the valley. il
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
The river drains a 435,000 acre watershed
extending far to the north and east. Springs
36
contribute to a high summer flow and cold water.
The meandering river valley is bordered by steep
granite bluffs. A large freshwater marsh
environment exists within the Natural Area and is
unique to this area.
Vegetation:
Predominately bordered by Ponderosa pine
forests on the north slopes and mixed Douglas fir
forest communities on the south slopes of the
valley. The floodplain is a lush marsh
environment intermixed with thickets, grassy
pastures and dense colonies of tall yellow iris.
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Fish:
Trout and whitefish are prevalent throughout the
river; trout are normally caught 15 -18 inches. The
river is excellent habitat for trout with swift, cold
water, insects and deep pools.
Wildlife:
The wide diversity of habitat from freshwater
marsh to meadow land and forest cover provide a
rich abundance of waterfowl, birds of prey and
upland mammals. Deer range along the wooded
slopes and down to the river and coyote are
prevalent. A Great Blue Heron rookery is located
in a cottonwood stand in a secluded swamp.
Scenic:
The visual corridor of the river valley is
uninterrupted except for small roadway bridges
which are nearly hidden by the riparian vegetation.
The visual impression of the river is one of
seclusion and isolation from urban development.
Several rural homesteads appear along the valley
but are not intrusive. This is a very pristine area.
Historic and Archaeologic:
This entire valley is recognized as a prehistoric
fishing and camping area. The Indian Rock
Paintings site is recognized on the state registry of
Historic Places.
37
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Recreation:
The lower reaches of the river are noted for
canoeing and floating areas. Trails along the
banks of the river valley are used by hikers and
horse riders. Access to the river and developed
facilities is the only restriction to increased
recreational use.
METHOW
Reach:
Headwaters to the confluence with the Columbia River,
including the Chewack and Twisp Rivers.
Outstanding Features:
Scenic and ecologically diverse eastern Washington river
system. Heavily used for a variety of recreational
activities. High quality habitat for a variety of wildlife.
Access:
Entire maninstem parallelled by major road, with smaller
roads bordering the Chewack and Twisp Rivers.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Headwaters of mainstem and Chewack and most of Twisp
River within Okanogan National Forest. Remainder is
predominantly private, in residential, small community,
and agricultural uses.
Resources:
LIGeology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or major diversions.
Originates on eastern slopes of northern Cascade
Mountains. Tributaries are swift alpine streams;
mainstem winds in smaller rapids and swiftwater
segments though a broad canyon.
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Vegetation:
Pine forest dominates upper tributaries. One
species on State Threatened and several on State
Sensitive plant lists. Forest and shrub steppe
vegetation of downstream reaches is substantially
disturbed by residential and agricultural uses.
Discontinuous riparian zone.
Fish:
Good habitat for fall steelhead trout, summer and
spring chinook salmon, and rainbow and cutthroat
trout.
38
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Wildlife:
Golden eagles, spotted and grey owls, turkeys,
grouse, cougar, mountain goats, and moose
inhabit the mixed old growth- second growth
forests of the upper mainstem and tributaries.
Lower segments feature excellent mule deer
winter range and bald eagle habitat.
Scenic:
Visual corridors of the Chewack, Twisp, and
upper mainstem are enclosed by vegetation and
topography, and have distinct visual features.
Expansive eastern Washington landscape, with
generally compatible agricutural and small town
land uses, dominates the scene downstream.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several prehistoric camping and fishing sites and
historic burial sites on the State and National
Registers of Historic Places.
Recreation:
Upper mainstem, Chewack, and Twisp are
popular for camping and day use. Several National
Forest campgrounds. Excellent intermediate
whitewater boating on the Carlton to Pateros
segment.
39
NOOKSACK
Reach:
South Fork and North Fork/mainstem above confluence
with South Fork.
Outstanding Features:
Scenic alpine valley with diverse recreational use.
Exceptional habitat for fish and wildlife. Little corridor
development.
Access:
Entire reach paralleled by major roads. Easily accessed in
several public sites.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
North Fork headwaters in North Cascades National Park.
Much of upper segments of North and South Forks in Mt
Baker - Snoqualmie National Forest; some timber harvest
in upper reaches. Lower segments privately owned,
predominantly in agriculatural use.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Glacier -fed
stream arises on slopes of Mt. Baker and Mt.
Shuksan. Steep alpine headwaters form braided,
gravel -lined channels in lower reaches of this
Mount Baker
ing Mt Baker
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Mt Shuksan
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segment. Nooksack Falls is on the North Fork.
Vegetation:
Bordered by dense conifer stands and
well - developed riparian zone.
Fish:
Largest remaining spring Chinook run in Puget
Sound. Also used by pink, chum, and coho
salmon. Two Washington Department of
Fisheries hatcheries.
Wildlife:
Excellent, heavily -used elk and deer habitat on
upper forks. Heavy bald eagle use on North Fork.
40
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Scenic:
Large distinct features characteristic of young
glacial stream, with little cultural development in
this segment. Exceptional views to northern
Cascades.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several significant historic sites, including early
Forest Service cabins and the Hovander
homestead, currently maintained as a county park.
Recreation:
Very diverse recreational use; popular for scenic
driving, eagle watching, hiking and camping. North
Fork is an excellent long- season whitewater
boating reach, with some commercial rafting
activity.
41
SOLEDUCK
Reach:
Headwaters to Highway 101 crossing near Forks
Outstanding Features:
Diverse, high - quality area for recreational use. Excellent
fish and wildlife habitat.
Access:
Paralleled by Highway 101 and smaller roads for most of
its length, and by trail in uppermost reaches. Easy access
to water at numerous public sites.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Upper two - thirds of segment within Olympic National
Park and Olympic National Forest. Lower third is private
or state -owned land in limited timber production and
residential uses.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Originates on
the northwest slopes of Olympic Mountains.
Upper reaches feature confined rocky channels,
numerous falls, and Soleduck hot springs. Lower
reaches have lower gradient and less turbulent
flow.
42
Vegetation:
99�Dense rainforest vegetation with well- developed
riparian zones parallel the river.
Fish:
Used by chinook, coho, pink, sockeye, and chum
salmon and steelhead and sea -run cutthroat trout.
Washington Departments of Wildlife and
Fisheries hatchery programs supplement natural
chinook, coho, and steelhead production.
Wildlife:
Heavily used by bald eagles for feeding and
nesting. Excellent riparian and old growth /second
growth habitat for deer and elk, waterfowl,
furbearing mammals, and, in upper segments,
black bear.
Scenic:
Visual corridor tightly enclosed with dense
vegetation. Some views of Olympic peaks. Few
intrusions visible in upper reaches; some houses,
timber harvest, and other uses visible in lower
segments.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several significant prehistoric village sites and
historic homesteads in this segment.
Recreation:
Heavily used by campers and day users visiting the
Olympics and the hot springs resort, and by
steelhead anglers.
43
STILLAGUAMISH
Reach:
Headwaters of North and South Forks to Puget Sound
Outstanding Features:
Fisheries, particularily on the North Fork. Excellent
diverse recreation in close proximity to Seattle area.
Scenic farming landscape on lower segments.
Access:
Both Forks paralleled by roads; water easily accessible in
numerous public sites.
Use, ownership, and management:
Upper South Fork in Mt Baker - Snoqualmie National
Forest; some logging in headwater areas. Remaining
segments predominantly in private ownership and diverse
use, including agriculture, dispersed residential, and small
communities.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or major diversions. Flows
from west slope of Cascades. Swift, gravelly
headwaters flow into meandering channel in broad
floodplain approaching the Sound. Granite Falls
and fossil beds along the South Fork.
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44
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Vegetation:
Dense conifer forest with well - developed riparian
zone along upper river. Isolated freshwater
wetlands, with sphagnum bogs and cedar stands,
along South Fork. Well- developed riparian zone
and salt marsh along lower river, with forests
replaced by agricultural uses.
Fisheries:
Excellent spawning and rearing habitat for
genetically distinct summer steelhead trout runs
are currently depressed by logging in the
watershed. Also used by sea -run cutthroat trout,
rainbow trout, and chum, pink, and Chinook
salmon.
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Wildlife:
High quality riparian habitat on lower reaches
supports a a great diversity of waterfowl and
furbearing mammals. Wintering area for bald
eagles and other raptors, including peregrine
falcons. Upper segments are good deer winter
range. Some mountain goat habitat on upper
South Fork drainage.
Scenic:
Prominent alpine features of upper river are
rarely compromised by intrusions. Good views of
Cascade peaks. Lower river has distinctive
pastoral character, with placid river meandering
among well -kept farms.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several important historic sites on the State
Register of Historic Places, including the Hartford
to Monte Cristo Railroad Historic District.
Recreation:
6" Heavy use of several National Forest
campgrounds along the South Fork due to
proximity to Seattle area. Both forks are actively
fished, from banks in upstream segments and
boats in the lower mainstem. Minor whitewater
boating activity on both forks.
45
WASHOUGAL
Reach:
Headwaters to confluence with the Columbia River.
Outstanding Features:
Scenic falls on upper mainstem. Heavy and varied
recreational use throughout the system. High quality fish
habitat. Substantial local efforts to create a greenway
through towns of Washougal and Camas.
Access:
Lower segment parallelled by state road; local roads
along upper segments. Abundant access to water at
numerous public sites.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Headwater areas within Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
Substantial state ownership in upper reaches, with some
active timber harvesting. Lower segments almost entirely
in private ownership, with increasingly dense residential
development approaching Washougal and Camas.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams or diversions. Originates in
western Cascade foothills. Numerous falls on
upper mainstem. Skamania Volcanic and Rock
46
Creek fossil beds. Meanders through broad
floodplain on lower reaches.
Vegetation:
Upper reaches bordered by dense conifer forest.
Riparian zone well - developed except where
limited by steep topography. Natural vegetation
generally disturbed in downstream urbanizing
areas. Unusually well - preserved riparian
vegetation through Camas.
Fish:
Good spawning and rearing habitat for summer
and winter steelhead trout, chinook salmon, and
coho salmon. Fishing restricted in some areas to
improve salmon stocks. Two active hatcheries.
Wildlife:
Substantial disturbance in downstream reaches,
with localized intact, high- quality riparian areas
used by waterfowl and furbearing mammals.
Excellent blacktail deer habitat on West Fork.
Scenic:
Forested mountainous landscape in upper reaches,
with vivid visual features and few cultural
intrusions. Urbanization of lower reaches is
frequently visible from the water, but is buffered
by maintenance of riparian vegetation.
Historic and Archeologic:
Important prehistoric camps along corridor.
Recreation:
Heavily fished in lower mainstem from riverbanks.
Waterfalls on upper segments attract sightseers,
swimmers, and other day users. Some camping
available. Some whitewater boating on segment
between the Little Washougal River and Canyon
Creek.
47
WENATCHEE
Reach:
Lake Wenatchee to confluence with the Columbia.
Outstanding Features:
Regionally reknowned for recreational use, particularily
steelhead fishing and whitewater boating.
Access:
Parallelled by major road for almost entire segment.
Access to water somewhat limited due to land ownership
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Headwaters to town of Leavenworth within Wenatchee
National Forest. Within and below Leavenworth, most
land is private in dispersed residential, small community,
and some industrial uses.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Originates on east slope of Cascade Mountains.
Upper segment has continuous rapids and flows
within a tight canyon. Below Tumwater Canyon,
rapids decrease in number and intensity and
canyon widens.
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Vegetation:
Discontinuous pine forest and shrub steppe
vegetation disturbed by residential development
and other land uses.
Fish:
Exceptional habitat for summer steelhead trout
and sockeye salmon. Also used by summer and
spring chinnok salmon and resident rainbow and
cutthroat trout. Major US Fish and Wildlife
Service hatchery on Icicle Creek.
Wildlife:
Canyons provide nesting habitat for bald eagles,
osprey, and prairie and peregrine falcons. Mule
48
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deer and some mountain goats in upper system
49
drainages.
Scenic:
Expansive eastern Washington landscape
bordered by Cascade foothills. Substantial
disturbance due to residential and industrial
development.
Historic and Archeologic:
Many prehistoric sites, including petroglyphs,
arrowhead chipping stations, and camps in
corridor.
Recreation:
Considerable camping and day use above
Tumwater Canyon. Expert whitewater boating
through Tumwater Canyon, with extremely
popular intermediate whitewater boating run
•
between Leavenworth and Monitor. Numerous
commercial rafting operators.
49
WHITE SALMON
Reach:
Trout Lake Creek to Northwestern Lake.
Outstanding Features:
Exceptional whitewater run through scenic canyon.
Excellent, diverse wildlife habitat.
Access:
Road parallels river, but topography and land ownership
severely limit public access.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Almost entirely in private ownership, with occasional
dispersed residential use along the river. Segment
between BZ Corner and Northwestern Lake recently
designated into the National Wild and Scenic Rivers
System; US Forest Service will begin management
planning shortly. Remainder of this segment authorized
for Wild and Scenic study.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Unregulated by dams and diversions. Originates
on south slope of Mount Adams. Swift stream with
numerous large rapids flowing through tight
steeply - sloping canyon.
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Vegetation:
Transitional ecological area, with a mix of west
and east slope vegetation. Conifers and oaks
predominate. Riparian zone limited by topography.
Fish:
Blocked to anadromous fish by downstream dam.
Good habitat for rainbow and cutthroat trout,
supplemented by hatchery production. Salmon
may be transported around Condit Dam and
reestablished in this reach in the future.
Wildlife:
Mixed old growth- second growth forest supports
blacktail deer, raptors (including osprey and bald
50
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M M M M Sa w as i" MW "� 4 �" M was
eagles), turkeys, and spotted owls. Well- developed
riparian zones used by river otters and other
furbearing mammals.
Scenic:
Visual corridor completely enclosed by vegetation
and topography. Few intrusions aside from
occasional houses and timber harvest activities.
Historic and Archeologic:
Several prehistoric petroglyphs in corridor.
Recreation:
Expert whitewater boating run from BZ Corner to
Northwestern Lake. Some commercial boating.
51
WYNOOCHEE
Reach:
Entire river below Wynoochee Dam.
Outstanding Features:
Side variety of recreational activities. High quality fish
and wildlife habitat.
Access:
Paralleled by secondary roads for almost entire segment.
Numerous public and private access points.
Use, Ownership, and Management:
Aside from small upper segment within Olympic National
Forest, almost entirely in private ownership. Timber
management dominates upper watershed, with
agriculture and residential development below.
Resources:
Geology and Hydrology:
Regulated by releases from Wynoochee Dam.
Originates on the southern slopes of the Olympic
Mountains. Rocky alpine headwaters in upper
reaches, with looped meanders amid gravel bars
on lower river.
NTT M_
$01
Illy
}
Chehalis River
0 10
o
Vegetation:
Bordered by dense conifer forest and
well - developed riparian zones, except where
locally disturbed by development.
Fish:
Used by chinook, chum, and coho salmon and
winter steelhead trout. Steelhead supplemented by
hatchery production.
Wildlife:
Heavy bald eagle use and good riparian habitat on
lower reaches. Extensive, high - quality deer and
elk winter range, excellent riparian zones, and
raptor nesting areas on upper segments.
52
Go m m M M M M M M" M "" +o + M " Mae
Scenic:
Visual corridor enclosed by dense bordering
vegetation. Some visible evidence of timber
harvest, but few other intrusions.
Historic and Archeologic:
Recreation:
Upper reaches are challenging whitewater boating
runs, and are actively used for camping and day
use. Lower reaches are heavily fished for steelhead.
53
Scenic River Management and Designation
One of the options for protecting the exceptional characteristics of the 18 rivers discussed in this report is designation and
management under the Washington State Scenic Rivers Program. The following discussion describes the roles of public
agencies and private landowners in managing Scenic Rivers, and the process for designating rivers into the Scenic River System.
Washington State Scenic River Management Goals
The following goals for Scenic River management have been established by the Committee of Participating Agencies:
To protect the free - flowing character of Scenic Rivers by restricting dams and inappropriate impoundments.
To protect corridor scenic values, wildlife habitat, unique ecological areas, and historic and archeologic sites on Scenic
Rivers.
To provide for public access to and enjoyment of recreation on Scenic Rivers where it does not detract from protection
of natural values.
To encourage management of public lands that enhances the river environment, and discourage that which detracts
from the exceptional qualities of the Scenic River.
To encourage actions by riverfront landowners and other private citizens which would further protect the values of the
Scenic River.
The Washington State Scenic River Program addresses these goals through two distinct programs. The first is the coordination
of state and local government management activities on publicly owned lands along designated rivers. The second is the
encouragement of voluntary protection actions by private citizens on Scenic Rivers.
54
M � M m m on
Public Land Management
Direct state management of activities along designated Washington State Scenic Rivers is limited to publicly owned lands:
private lands are specifically excluded from additional regulations under the Scenic Rivers Program. The focus of state
involvement in public land management on designated rivers is to coordinate the actions of the many state and local agencies
with jurisdiction over the river and the corridor, and encourage them to take actions that enhance the exceptional
characteristics of the Scenic River. While federally owned lands are exempt from state management, Scenic River designation
may influence federal agencies to manage their lands along designated rivers in a manner consistent with Scenic River goals.
There are two public responsibilities that begin as soon as a river is designated into the State Scenic Rivers System. The first is
increased scrutiny of development projects proposed along the river. Under state and federal law, the state agencies involved
in the Scenic River Program have the responsibility to review and comment on public and private proposals to harvest timber,
construct dams and diversion structures, and conduct many other activities. By giving increased attention to proposals on
designated rivers, program managers and reviewers from participating agencies can ensure that these activites are consistent
with the management goals for State Scenic Rivers.
The second public responsibility on designated rivers is the development of a management strategy for public land along the
designated river segment. Under the Scenic River Act (Chapter 79.72 RCW), the Washington State Parks and Recreation
Commission and the Committee of Participating Agencies are directed to develop management policies for publicly owned
land along designated Scenic Rivers. The process for developing these policies has been designed to encourage the
involvement of private citizens and local and state agencies. The process begins with the establishment of a river management
committee composed of representatives from these public and private interests. The committee defines the issues and
concerns to address, establishes common management goals, develops and reviews alternatives, and defines a common strategy
for future public land management along the designated Scenic River. The committee meetings are open to the public, and
55
local citizens are encouraged to participate in the planning process through their representatives on the committee. The State
Parks and Recreation Commission role is to form the committee, provide participants with information and assistance in the
planning process, ensure that alternatives and strategies developed are consistent with the broader goals of the Scenic Rivers
Program, and publish and distribute the strategic plan. Ultimately, the Commission may also adopt policies for public
management in compliance with the plan.
The result of this management planning process is a strategy for public land management along the Scenic River that is
uniquely suited to the demands of the local community.
Private Land Conservation
The second aspect of the Scenic River Program is the encouragement of voluntary private actions that are consistent with
public goals and policies to protect the qualities and character of designated scenic rivers. As noted previously, the land
management functions of the Program are restricted by law to publicly owned lands; no additional regulations of private land
use are imposed by Scenic River designation.
Many local landowners and other private citizens along the state's great rivers have a genuine appreciation of the character of
"their river" and a profound commitment to maintain its exceptional qualities. By virtue of their day -to -day involvement in
riverfront communities, these local people are in an ideal position to have an immediate and lasting affect on river
management and protection. The focus of the private land conservation aspect of the Scenic Rivers Program is to provide
these concerned landowners and other citizens with advice and assistance on river protection.
56
M M M M M VM M r man M M+ M M M 4M M�
Initially, state assistance to landowners is limited to expert advice and consultation from the Scenic River Program staff and the
Committee of Participating Agencies on options for private river protection efforts. Some of the options, which range from
developing a local land trust or watershed association to hosting a river clean -up day, are examined briefly in the following
chapter. Ultimately, this aspect of the Scenic River Program could expand to include new technical and financial assistance
initiatives such as a program to provide property tax incentives for landowners along designated rivers. Direction for the
private land conservation aspect of the Scenic Rivers program will be defined by the needs of the communities along
designated rivers.
Designation
Rivers are designated into the Washington State Scenic Rivers System by action of the Washington Legislature. A Legislator
or group of Legislators must introduce a bill to amend the Scenic Rivers Act (Chapter 79.72 RCW) to include the segment
proposed for designation. The designation bill must undergo the same review and hearing process as any bill in the
Legislature. The bill may arise from the independent action of a Legislator or may be introduced at the request of the
Washington Parks and Recreation Commission as a result of a formal State Scenic River study.
A State Scenic River study may be initiated by the public or by the Committee of Participating Agencies. Public nominations
should be directed to the manager of the State Scenic Rivers Program at the Washington Parks and Recreation Commission.
After a nomination is received, Program staff and the Committee evaluate the river for its suitability for designation. The study
process includes an analysis of natural, cultural, and recreational features, a field evaluation of the river and corridor, an
assessment of local and statewide public opinion on designation, and a preliminary analysis of mangement goals and needs
should the river be designated. On the basis of the study, the Committee of Participating Agencies will make a
recommendation to designate the river or withdraw it from consideration, which is then reviewed by the Washington Parks and
Recreation Commission and forwarded for action to the State Legislature.
57
Conservation Actions
A State of Change
The very features that make the rivers of Washington State attractive in their natural condition - the steep alpine headwaters,
the dense riparian and upland forests, the broad, fertile floodplains - make them especially useful for a variety of human
activities. Since the initial settlement of this region, rivers have been hearths of Northwest civilization. Their resources have
provided water for power, timber for shelter and fuel, and land for agriculture and housing. In a century of increasing
population and demand for raw materials, the rivers of Washington have repeatedly been harnessed to popular demands. Some
of the harnesses - the major dams on the Columbia River, the spread of Everett along the Snohomish - are permanent and
irretrievable. Some, including the slow spread of suburbia and the harvest of old growth timber, are less visible but no less
substantial in their capacity to change the character of the State's rivers.
The primary intent of the Washington State Scenic Rivers Program, expressed in the opening paragraphs of the Scenic Rivers
Act of 1977, is to complement this continuing use and development of Washington's rivers with a policy to conserve the
outstanding features of those that remain free - flowing and predominantly natural in character. The term "conserve" bears
further explanation. The American College Dictionary defines the term as "to keep in a safe or sound state; preserve from loss,
decay, waste, or injury; keep unimpaired." In the context of river conservation, the concept embraces not only the protection of
outstanding resources, but also their appropriate use. It is this balance of protection and wise use that is the goal of the
Washington State Scenic Rivers Program.
r� M MM + M w MM M" r M MM mom r
The other remarkable aspect of "conservation" as a goal is that the responsibility for conserving rivers falls to a broad spectrum
of users and protectors of Washington rivers. Successful conservation will require the cooperation of timber companies,
environmental groups, anglers, and other vested interests. The State has, with the creation of the State Scenic Rivers Program
and the publication of this report, initiated this process, but the ultimate responsibility for achieving their protection will fall to
landowners, government agencies, and economic interests throughout the State.
The following discussion focusses on activities that local, state, and national interests may take to conserve Washington rivers.
River Conservation at the Local Level
Some of the most successful river conservation programs in the country have been intitiated and accomplished at the local
level. The foundation of this success is the concern that many local residents and riverfront landowners feel about "their" river.
People tend to live along rivers by choice. Over time, many form a special attachment to the unique qualities of the backyard or
neighborhood stream. The transition from this emotional attachment to a sense of investment and, further, to activism may be
fueled by a threat - the large dam just downstream - or simply a desire to maintain things as they are; in either case, a powerful
force for river conservation is born.
In previous river conservation successes, this power of local people generally manifests itself in three ways: through the
independant action of riverfront landowners, through direct action by a group of private citizens, or through actions by local
governments.
59
Landowner Actions
As with many conservation issues, the responsibility for conserving rivers falls largely on the individuals with most direct
control over the resource. The actions of riverfront landowners frequently have the most visible and durable effects on rivers
and river corridors. In most cases, the landowners along Washington rivers have demonstrated a concern and care for the
condition of their riverfront. All too often, however, the thoughtless actions of a few -- excavating or filling riverbanks,
harvesting riparian vegetation, or dumping debris into the river -- have impacts far beyond the single property where they occur.
Although many flow through private lands, the outstanding rivers of Washington are a public resource. Owning land along a
river creates an opportunity to demonstrate careful stewardship of this shared and irreplaceable resource. It is an opportunity
to:
Protect existing riverside vegetation, critically important ashabitat for wildlife and protection from streambank erosion.
Protect upland vegetation to maintain water quality, slow runoff, and preserve the visual quality of river corridors.
Promote appropriate construction techniques, including use of setbacks and compatible materials, in homes and other
structures.
Protect and enhance habitat for fish.
Provide for permanent protection of river values by establishment of conservation easements or other covenants on
riverfront property.
There are many sources of assistance available to landowners who want to pursue the above actions. Among private
organizations, the Nature Conservancy and Trust for Public Land can assist in establishment of easements and quidelines for
management of riverfront vegetation. The Adopt -A- Stream Foundation was recently established in Washington to help
landowners and other citizens protect habitat for fish. State agencies such as the Departments of Fisheries, Wildlife, and
.1
M M= r M+ r +rte M +ter M M� M M M +ter M r
Ecology can provide guidance on vegetation, fisheries, and appropriate construction techniques. For further information,
contact the Scenic Rivers Program staff at (206)753 -1810.
Private Organization Actions
The core of a private river conservation organization is a group of people united to take action to conserve a river. The focus of
these groups varies considerably. Many form in response to a single major threat such as a dam or major timber harvest. Others
concentrate on long term effects of land use change along rivers. By uniting on an issue, members of such groups can increase
their power and influence over decisions relating to the river, as well as divide the unavoidable mundane tasks in organizing a
conservation effort.
Citizen river conservation groups fall into two categories. River clubs or associations are generally educational or political in
focus, while river trusts and foundations are established to acquire property or interests in property along rivers. Because most
are classified as non - profit organizations, citizen groups can attract foundation sponsorship and encourage private donations to
a river conservation effort.
There are thirteen active trusts in Washington State, but few focus their efforts on rivers. The Yakima River Greenway
Foundation is a good example of what a citizens trust can do to conserve a river and adjacent lands. Founded in 1.980 in
response to a cooperative state /local study of a segment of the Yakima River, the Foundation was established to develop a
recreation/conservation greenway through the City of Yakima. Through an active fundraising campaign, a substantial network
of volunteers, and excellent cooperation with state and local government agencies, the Foundation is well on its way to the
creation of a 3600 acre corridor of parks, recreation trails, and fish and wildlife habitat along the Yakima River. For more
61
information on the Yakima River Greenway, contact the Yakima Greenway Foundation at 103 S. 3rd St., Suite 201, Yakima,
WA 98901 or (509)453 -8280.
The Northwest Rivers Council, formerly Friends of Whitewater, is an example of a river conservation association. Founded in
1984 for the purpose of protecting whitewater boating reaches from dams or other major development, the organization has
recently expanded its attention to include protection of all free - flowing northwestern rivers, including those used for
whitewater and flatwater boating, fishing, and other recreational uses along rivers. The Council is currently concentrating on
review of planning and development proposals, including National Forest plans and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
hydropower permits, and intitiation of a campaign to add rivers to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. For more
information on the Northwest Rivers Council, write to P.O. Box 88, Seattle, WA 98111 or call (206)547 -7886.
Local Government Actions
The final avenue for river conservation action at the local level is through the activities of local government agencies. Local
agencies have a considerable array of tools to apply to river conservation efforts, including land acquisition authority, shoreline
master programs, planning and zoning powers, and health and building regulations. These tools are combined with an
accessiblity and responsiveness to local concerns that may be missing at higher levels of the government.
The major deterrent to local government river conservation actions is that rivers are rarely confined to a single local
jurisdiction. A river such as the Yakima may pass through many towns and counties between its headwaters and the Columbia
River. Each probably has a unique approach to managing their segment of the river. The result on many rivers is a confusing
and sometimes contradictory mix of policies, one that effectively limits the local capability to manage the entire river.
62
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The key to successful local government action on larger rivers is to get local agencies working together on common goals and
management policies. By presenting individual goals, negotiating common policies, and cooperating on ongoing management,
local governments can develop strong river conservation strategies.
The recently - completed Nisqually River Management Plan, produced in cooperation with the Washington Department of
Ecology, demonstrates one way that local agencies can have a direct influence on a river conservation project. Initiated by an
act of the Legislature in 1985, the management planning process focussed on exploring the river - related goals and concerns of
area citizens, organizations, and government agencies. Through a public process of negotiation and cooperation, these interests
developed a locally -based plan for the ongoing management of the Nisqually River. The implementation of the plan will
emphasize actions at the local government level, by those that have the most direct stake in the effects of the plan.
The three avenues of landowner, private organization, and local agency actions have been discussed as distinct options for
locally -based river conservation, and all have been demonstrated to work well individually. The most successful projects,
however, arise from efforts in which all three interests are merged into a single cooperative strategy. By combining the
interests, enthusiasms, and energies of all of the actors at the local level, the conservation of many of Washington's best rivers is
not only possible, but assured.
River Conservation at the State Level
One of the most effective provisions in the Washington Scenic Rivers Act (Chapter 79.72 RCW) reads:
"All state government agencies ... are hereby directed to pursue policies with regard to their respective activities,
functions, powers, and duties ... to conserve and enhance the conditions of rivers which have been included in the
system..." (79.72.050)
63
The intent of this passage is clear: to marshal the many protection and management programs at the state level into a single,
coordinated effort to maintain the exceptional qualities of a designated Washington State Scenic River. The following state
programs may have prominent roles in river protection efforts.
Shorelines Management
The focus of the Shorelines Management Program, administered by the Washington Department of Ecology, is to promote
proper land use development along coastal waters, lakes, and rivers. The foundation of the program is the shoreline master
program, developed by each waterfront local government with the assistance of local citizens and the DOE staff. The master
program establishes management policies for land use development within 200 feet of the water feature. After these policies
are reviewed by DOE, the day -to -day management of the program, which includes review of most new construction along
rivers, is undertaken by the local agency. For more information on this program, contact Joe Williams at DOE at
(206)459 -6785.
Floodplain Management
The Floodplain Management Program is also administered by the DOE. The focus of this program is to assist local
governments to develop land use plans and policies to reduce hazards related to flooding. DOE offers financial and technical
assistance to local agencies to develop these plans and policies. DOE also works with the Federal Emergency Management
Agency on management of the National Flood Insurance Program, which provides insurance against flood - related losses. For
more information, contact Jerry Louthain at DOE at (206)459 -6785.
RE,
M= r M r M r M M w r� r M M M M M M
Wetlands Management and Acquisition
Technical assistance on the identification and protection of saltwater and freshwater wetlands is available from DOE. Under
provisions of the Puget Sound Water Quality Management Plan, DOE and the Department of Natural Resources have recently
begun a program to identify, eveluate, and acquire critical wetland areas throughout the Puget Sound basin. For more
information, contact Bill Alkire at (206)459 -6785.
Watershed Planning
The Puget Sound Water Quality Management Plan, through its Non -Point Program, authorizes the DOE to provide technical
and financial assistance to local governments in the the Puget Sound basin to develop comprehensive watershed plans. The
focus of these plans is to improve water quality in rivers and estuaries through management of non -point sources of pollution.
Eleven watersheds in the Puget Sound basin have been identified for priority attention. For more information, contact Naki
Stevens or Roz Glasser at the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority at (206)464 -7320.
Instream Flow Management
The focus of the Instream Flow Management Program, administered by DOE, is to establish river flow levels necessary to
maintain fisheries, wildlife, and other resources. Established instream flows are regarded as a water right, junior to existing
rights, which may assure that critical flow levels are maintained. Instream flow standards have been established for 17 of the 62
subbasins in Washington State. For more information, contact Kenneth Slattery at DOE at (206)459 -6000.
65
Also:
Aquatic Lands Enhancement Fund
fishery enhancement programs
401 water quality certifications (DOE)
Timber- Fish - Wildlife
LWCF and other grant programs (IAC)
River Conservation at the Federal Level
A common first impression, in considering federal conservation actions, is to think of the traditional systems of national
protected areas: the national parks, wildernesses, wild and scenic rivers, wildlife refuges, and others. The National Wild and
Scenic Rivers System, in particular, is an excellent tool for protection of outstanding rivers. Authorized by Congress in 1968,
the System currently comprises 72 rivers in the United States, including segments of the Skagit, White Salmon, and Klickitat in
Washington. Rivers in the System are permanently protected from large dams and other inappropriate types of development.
For more information on the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, contact the National Park Service, 83 S. King St.,
Seattle, WA 98104 or (206)442 -5366.
Designation into the Wild and Scenic Rivers System or another formal federal system may be an effective tool to conserve
some of Washington's rivers, but there will always be many others that depend on local and state action for their protection.
How can federal agencies assist these actions?
M
Because of the substantial number of National Forests and National Parks in Washington, many of the State's rivers flow
through a combination of private, state, and federal lands. Federal land managers commonly develop plans and administer
programs for recreation and resource management on the federal portions of these rivers. There are two ways that local
citizens can take advantage of these efforts to encourage river conservation.
The first is to get involved in the development of federal plans and programs to ensure that Washington's outstanding rivers get
the protection they deserve. All federal planning programs include formal public involvement processes that are the best
opportunity for local people to influence river plans. The Forest Service, in their current forest planning program, is
distributing drafts of all Forest Management Plans to the public for review and comment. Local response can have a real
impact on management of river segments within federal lands.
The second is to seek federal assistance in planning and management of segments of jointly owned rivers that are outside of
federal lands. Federal land managers understand that rivers don't end at National Park or National Forest boundaries. Many
have shown a willingness to work with local citizens, local agencies, and the states in developing common goals and policies for
river management. There may be a great opportunity, on rivers in mixed federal and private ownership, to cooperate on the
management and conservation of the entire river system.
Lack of federal land or a willing federal land manager does not mean that no federal assistance is available. Several agencies
offer programs specifically developed to encourage local and state conservation efforts. Owners of private forest land are
eligible for advice and assistance from the U.S. Forest Service. Farmers have traditionally received assistance in soil and water
conservation techniques from the Agricultural Extension Service and the Soil Conservation Service. The National Park Service
offers assistance in protection of historic and archeological resources through programs related to the National Register of
Historic Places. All of these programs may be useful in a broad -based river conservation effort. For more information about
these and other programs, contact the state or regional offices of the agencies.
67
The National Park Service's River Conservation Assistance Program, authorized in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, is
directed particularily at river conservation. The focus of this program is to assist state and local agencies and private
organizations develop plans for conserving rivers. Cooperative projects vary in scale from small riverfront planning projects to
statewide river assessments. This report is the result of cooperation between Washington State and the National Park Service
through this program. For more information, contact the National Park Service, 83 S. King St., Seattle, WA 98104 or
(206)442 -5366.
Nj
An Afterword
The 18 rivers discussed in this report, and the many other great rivers of Washington, are an invaluable part of our heritage.
Their utility - to provide food and drink, transportation, and power - has sustained and enriched countless generations of
people. Just as our present rivers link mountainous headwaters to broad valleys and ultimately to the sea, rivers flow from our
primeval past, into our lives in the present, and beyond us into the future.
We were not the first to live along these rivers; nor will we be the last. We owe a debt of gratitude to our predecessors, who
have left us rivers of great character and quality. We repay that debt by passing these rivers on to our successors in an equal or
better state.
This - the care of the state's fine rivers - is a great responsibility. It is a shared responsibility. Just as we all take advantage of
the bounty of these rivers, we must share in the duties of caring for, managing, and maintaining them.
In his treatise The Tragedy of the Commons, author Garrett Hardin discussed the frequent fate of commonly -held resources:
belonging to everyone, they are cared -for by no one. Isolated and incremental acts of carelessness or selfishness, of little
significance individually, begin to compromise the quality and integrity of the commons. Without collective action by the
owners of the commons, the character of these areas is lost.
The great rivers of Washington are our commons. We do not need to look far to see evidence of yesterday's tragedies, of
once -great rivers, streams, and estuaries. They are more frequently the result of many isolated and incremental events,
69
undertaken in innocence of their consequences, than the single deliberate action. They are constant reminders of the need for
change in the way we treat our heritage of rivers.
The tragedy of the commons is neither inevitable or irreversible. Protection of the commons requires only that we, as a
community, take responsibility for them. The protection of the state's great rivers is not someone else's job. It does not belong
to a few local organizations or the handful of government agencies with river - related programs. It is a job that belongs to all of
the state's people. Together, we can - we must - protect the great rivers of Washington State.
70
Scenic Evaluation Worksheet
River Name
Reach Description
Evaluator Name
Evaluation Perspective (road, water, trail) _
Natural Features
1) Valley Landform
Date
Flat (broad floodplain)
Undulating (broad valley)
Hilly (narrow valley)
Mountainous (canyon, steep valley)
2)
River Alignment and Channel
Straight
Fixed
Sinuous
Braided
Meandering
3)
Flow Character
Continuous rapids, cascades
Flatwater
Rapids, large riffled
Class (if known)
Swift water, some riffles
4)
Water Clarity
Turbid
Cloudy
Clear
5)
Corridor Vegetation
Dense conifer (spruce /fir /hemlock)
Other conifer (pine /larch)
Deciduous (alder /ash /maple)
Shrub and grassland
Other
6)
Riparian Zone
Lush
Continuous
Sparse
Discontinuous
Nonexistent
7)
Length of Views
Enclosed, foreground visible only
Somewhat enclosed, foreground - middleground
visible
Expansive, foreground - middleground- background
visible
8) Evidence of Wildlife
Wildlife sighted:
No sightings, abundant evidence:
Little or no evidence
9) Unusual Landscape Features
Waterfalls or other flow features:
Gorges, islands, cliffs or other geologic features:
Other features (vegetation, wildlife)
Cultural Features
10) Corridor Land Uses (% of visible land in land use)
Agricultural (crops and livestock)
Dispersed residential
Concentrated residential /commercial /industrial
Active forestry (visible logging)
No visible land uses
11) Special Cultural Features
Historic sites:
Archaeological sites:
Other features:
12) Intrusions
Highways, road cuts
Bridges
Dams, diversion
Rip rap
Dikes
Other
Large signs, billboards
Clearcuts
Mining
Powerlines
13) Quality of Natural Features (circle number that best applies)
Outstanding Moderate Limited
1 2 3 4 5
14) List questions that influenced this evaluation:
15) Quality of Cultural Features (circle the number that best applies)
Enhancing Neutral Detracting
1 2 3 4 5
16) List questions that influenced this evaluation:
17) Likely Management Classification:
WKSHT.EVL
B1 ack
Bogachiel
Carbon
Cedar
Chiwawa
Cispus
Clearwater
Columbia (Hanford
Reach)
Colville
Cowlitz
Dickey
Dosewallips
Duckabush
Dungeness
Elochamen
Elwah
Entiat
Grande Ronde
Grays
Graywolf
APPENDIX A
SCENIC RIVERS PROGRAM
RIVERS UNDER CONSIDERATION
Green
Hamma Hamma
Hoh
Humptulips
Kalama
Kettle
Klickitat
Lewis
Little Spokane
Little White Salmon
Methow
Naches System -
Rattlesnake
Naselle
Nisqually
Nooksack
North Fork Toutle
North
Okanogan
Palouse
Rocky Ford Creek
Satsop
Similkameen
Skagit
Skokomish
Skykomish
Snoqualmie
Soleduck
Stillaguamish
Tilton
Touchet
Tuchannon
Washougal
Wenatchee
White
White
White Salmon
Wind
Wiskah
Wynoochee
Yakima