HomeMy WebLinkAbout_Oct2008_Final SRP_102008JEFFERSON COUNTY
SHORELINE MASTER PROGRAM UPDATE PROJECT
ECOLOGY GRANT #G0600343
Final Shoreline Restoration Plan
October 2008
Prepared by:
ESA Adolfson in association with
Searun Consulting
LaRoche+Associates
Coastal Geologic Services
Prepared for:
Jefferson County Department of Community Development
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Cover Photo: Chimacum Beach Restoration, by
Al Latham.
October 2008 Page i
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
ACRONYMS
ALEA Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account
BMPs best management practices
Cfs cubic feet per second
CD Conservation District
DNR Wahington Department of Natural Resources
Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology
ESA Endangered Species Act
ESU Evolutionary Significant Unit
FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
GIS Geographic Information Systems
LWD large woody debris
MHHW Mean Higher High Water
MHT Mean High Tide
MRC Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee
NGO Non-governmenta1organization
NOCS North Olympic Salmon Commission
NRC Nodal Riparian Corridor
NRCA Natural Resource Conservation Area
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
OHWM Ordinary High Water Mark
ONF Olympic National Forest
ONP Olympic National Park
PNPTC Point No Point Treaty Council
PSAT Puget Sound Action Team
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PSNERP Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project
PSP Puget Sound Partnership
PUD Public Utility District
RCW Revised Code of Washington
RM river mile
SASSI Salmon and Steelhead Inventory
SCSCI Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative
SSHEAR Salmonid Screening, Habitat Enhancement and Restoration Section
SMA Washington State Shoreline Management Act (RCW 90.58)
SMP Shoreline Master Program
SWS Society of Wetland Scientists
SPAC Shoreline Policy Advisory Committee
STAC Shoreline Technical Advisory Committee
SICR Shoreline Inventory and Characterization Report
TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load
USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
USFS U.S. Forest Service
USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
WAC Washington Administrative Code
WDFW Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
WDOH Washington Department of Health
WRIA Water Resource Inventory Area
WSU Washington State University
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Restoration Plan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared with guidance from a Shoreline Technical Advisory Committee
(STAC) and Shoreline Policy Advisory Committee (SPAC). The County gratefully
acknowledges the committee members for contributing to this effort.
STAC Members: SPAC Members:
Hans Daubenberger
Hugh Shipman,
Jeffree Stewart
Jill Silver
Jim Brennan
John Cambalik
Marty Ereth
Michael Adams (alt. Anne Murphy)
Peter Bahls (Jude Rubin)
Peter Best
Randi Thurston (alt. Jeff Davis)
Richard Brocksmith (alt. Scott Brewer)
Stephen Stanley (alt. Susan Grigsby)
Steve Allison
Steve Todd
Yvonne Dettlaff
Al Bergstein (alt. Cyrilla Cook)
Al Latham
Aleta Erickson (alt. Randy Johnson)
Bill Mahler (alt. Bill Brock)
Bill Miller
Connie Muggli
David Roberts (alt. Hugo Flores)
Dick Broders
Eveleen Muehlethaler (alt. Frank Espy/Alice
McConaughy)
Hans Daubenberger (alt. Steve Todd)
Jeffree Stewart
Jerry Gorsline
John Cambalik
Johnathon Ciesla
Judy Surber
Karen Best (alt. Kevin Tuuri)
Keith Dublanica
Larry Crockett (alt Eric Toewes)
Margie Shirato (alt. Randi Thurston/Jeff Davis)
Marty Ereth
Mike McHenry
Peter Downey
Ross Goodwin
Sarah Krueger (alt. Reed Waite)
Scott Brewer (alt Richard Brocksmith)
Steve Allison (alt. Bob Howell/Tim Snowden)
The County also gratefully acknowledges the following staff from Ecology and the Battelle
Marine Science Laboratory for their contributions to this effort:
• Battelle’s Marine Sciences Laboratory - Heida Diefenderfer and her colleagues for
providing detailed information on the ecology of the nearshore environment as part of
their effort to rank and prioritize nearshore restoration opportunities.
• Ecology - Stephen Stanley, Susan Grigsby for contributing information, maps, and data
and providing technical guidance in assessing and characterizing watershed conditions in
eastern Jefferson County.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Plan Purpose and Scope.............................................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Format and Content – How to Use this Plan......................................................................................1-2
1.2 Defining Restoration..................................................................................................................1-3
1.2.1 Difference between Restoration and Protection.................................................................................1-3
1.2.2 No Net Loss and Restoration.............................................................................................................1-5
1.3 Need for Additional Study and Feasibility Assessment.............................................................1-6
1.3.1 Role of the Marine Resources Committee (MRC).............................................................................1-6
1.3.2 Data Gaps..........................................................................................................................................1-6
2.0 RESTORATION VISION AND GOALS.....................................................................................2-1
2.1 Restoration Vision......................................................................................................................2-2
2.2 Restoration Goals.......................................................................................................................2-2
3.0 WATERSHED OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................3-1
3.1 Watershed Descriptions..............................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 WRIA 16 (Skokomish-Dosewallips).................................................................................................3-8
3.1.2 WRIA 17 (Quilcene-Snow).............................................................................................................3-10
3.1.3 WRIA 18 (Elwha-Dungeness).........................................................................................................3-12
3.1.4 WRIA 20 (Sol Duc-Hoh).................................................................................................................3-12
3.1.5 WRIA 21 (Queets-Quinault)............................................................................................................3-13
4.0 OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION PRIOIRITIES.....................................................................4-1
4.1 Freshwater Restoration Potential................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Nearshore Restoration Potential.................................................................................................4-6
5.0 RECOMMENDED RESTORATION ACTIONS........................................................................5-1
5.1 Programmatic Actions................................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Restoration Recomendations - WRIA 16...................................................................................5-2
5.3 Restoration Recomendations - WRIA 17.................................................................................5-13
5.4 Restoration Recomendations - WRIA 18.................................................................................5-50
5.5 Restoration Recomendations - WRIA 20 and WRIA 21..........................................................5-50
6.0 EXISTING RESTORTION PROGRAMS AND PARTNERS...................................................6-1
7.0 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING..............................................................................7-1
7.1 Implementation Process.............................................................................................................7-1
7.2 Timelines and Benchmarks........................................................................................................7-1
7.3 Potential Funding.......................................................................................................................7-3
7.4 Obstacles and Challenges.........................................................................................................7-11
7.5 Monitoring and Adaptive Management Strategies...................................................................7-12
8.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8-1
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A – Watershed Characterization for Eastern Jefferson County
Appendix B – Appendix B Battelle Marine Science Laboratory Multi-Scale Restoration
Prioritization for Local and Regional Shoreline Master Programs: A Case Study from Jefferson
County, Washington
Appendix C – Summary of Existing Restoration Programs
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1. Jefferson County, Washington, and WRIA Boundaries..........................................3-1
Figure 3-2. WRIA 16 in Southeast Jefferson County.................................................................3-9
Figure 3-3. WRIA 17 (north) in Northeast Jefferson County...................................................3-10
Figure 3-4. WRIA 17 (south) in Northeast Jefferson County...................................................3-11
Figure 3-5. WRIA 20 in Northwest Jefferson County..............................................................3-13
Figure 3-6. WRIA 21 in Southwest Jefferson County..............................................................3-14
Figure 4-1. Determining restoration, protection and development categories for hydrologic
processes...............................................................................................................................4-2
Figure 4-2. Freshwater Priority Areas for Restoration & Protection (Ecology 2007)................4-5
Figure 4-3. Nearshore Drift Cell Stressor and Function Scores.................................................4-7
Figure 4-4 Drift Cell and Shorezone Reach Polygons used in Battelle Study, Northeastern
Jefferson County...................................................................................................................4-8
Figure 4-5 Drift Cell and Shorezone Reach Polygons used in Battelle Study, Southeastern
Jefferson County...................................................................................................................4-9
Figure 4-6 Battelle Drift Cell Stressor and Function Scores at the Reach (Top) and Watershed
(Bottom) Scales..................................................................................................................4-15
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1. Examples of Typical Protection and Restoration Actions.........................................1-4
Table 1-2. Typical Restoration Phases and Actions...................................................................1-5
Table 2-1. Jefferson County Restoration Goals, Objectives, Actions, and Success Measures...2-3
Table 3-1. SMP Waterbodies and Reaches by WRIA................................................................3-2
Table 4-1. Nearshore Restoration Priorities Based on Battelle Study........................................4-6
Table 4-2. Nearshore Reaches (Drift Cells) with High Function and Low Stress Ratings Based
on Battelle Study................................................................................................................4-10
Table 5-1. Recommended Freshwater Restoration Actions - WRIA 16....................................5-3
Table 5-2. Recommended Nearshore Restoration Actions - WRIA 16......................................5-7
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Table 5-3. Recommended Freshwater Restoration Actions - WRIA 17..................................5-14
Table 5-4. Recommended Nearshore Restoration Actions - WRIA 17...................................5-29
Table 6-1. Potential Restoration Partner Organizations and their Role in Future Restoration...6-3
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This plan was prepared as part of Jefferson County’s Shoreline Master Program (SMP)
Comprehensive Update project 1 . The County is currently in the process of updating the SMP
(known as Chapter 18.25 of the Jefferson County Code [JCC]) to comply with the Washington
State Shoreline Management Act -2 (SMA or the Act) requirements, enacted in 1972 and the
state’s shoreline guidelines 3 , (the guidelines) which were adopted in 2003.
The County’s SMP contains policies and regulations that govern the use and development of the
County’s freshwater rivers, lakes and marine shorelines 4 . The SMP is designed to protect
shoreline ecological functions, provide for public access to public shorelines, and accommodate
reasonable and appropriate uses of the shoreline. The SMP also must include a “real and
meaningful” strategy to restore shoreline ecological functions where such functions are impaired.
This restoration plan is a key element of the County’s shoreline restoration strategy. It
supplements the County’s Shoreline Inventory and Characterization Report (SICR; ESA
Adolfson et al., 2008), which documents general shoreline conditions throughout the County.
1.1 PLAN PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This plan, in conjunction with the SMP policies and regulations, is designed to satisfy the
shoreline guideline requirements for shoreline restoration planning. It provides a planning-level
framework for understanding how and where shoreline ecological functions can be restored in
Jefferson County. The plan also describes how future restoration activities can be integrated with
existing and ongoing restoration efforts including: the region-wide effort to restore Puget Sound
(which the Puget Sound Partnership is spearheading); the work of the Jefferson County Marine
Resources Committee, the regional recovery efforts for threatened Hood Canal summer chum,
Puget Sound Chinook, bull trout, and endangered southern resident killer whales (orca); and the
diversity of other restoration efforts being implemented by agencies, tribes, the City of Port
Townsend, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private citizens.
This plan differs from the previous Shoreline Restoration Plans prepared in October 2007 and
June 2008 in several ways. This document consolidates and summarizes much of the information
presented previously, and contains more details on timeline and benchmarks. It also highlights
the main steps needed to implement the recommended actions and attempts to more clearly
indicate the roles that restoration partners can play in helping to implement this plan. These
1 The project is funded in part through a grant from the Washington State Department of Ecology (Grant #
G0600343).
2 Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 90.58
3 Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173-26, Part III
4 In this document, the term ‘shoreline’ is synonymous with ‘shorelines of the state.’ These are defined in RCW
90.58 and generally include all streams with a mean annual flow of 20 cubic feet per second or more, all marine
shores, and lakes greater than 20 acres as well as the adjacent ‘shorelands’ that accompany these waters. Shorelands
means the lands extending 200 feet from the ordinary high water mark, floodways and contiguous floodplains 200
feet from the floodway, and all associated wetlands. For a list of all of the shorelines of the state in Jefferson
County, refer to the Shoreline Inventory and Characterization Report (SICR; ESA Adolfson et al., 2008).
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changes were made in response to comments from technical reviewers and Washington
Department of Ecology (Ecology) staff.
1.1.1 Format and Content – How to Use this Plan
The format and content of this plan are designed to:
• Describe an overarching vision that guides future restoration efforts;
• Summarize the County’s shoreline restoration goals and objectives;
• Identify the freshwater and nearshore areas that are high priorities for restoration;
• Describe specific restoration opportunities and recommended actions for each
watershed and waterbody;
• Identify potential partners and existing/ongoing restoration activities and describe
opportunities to integrate this plan with those existing efforts; and
• Explain how future restoration efforts can be implemented in a way that maximizes
effectiveness and achieves the greatest overall benefits.
To understand and effectively implement this plan, restoration planners and practitioners are
encouraged to review the vision, goals, and objects in Chapter 2 to understand the desired
restoration outcomes. Planners and practitioners should then consider the information in Chapter
3 identifying general areas of the County that have been identified as top priorities for
restoration. Specific opportunities and actions in those areas and elsewhere in Jefferson County
can be found in Chapter 5. Restoration projects can then be fully developed in cooperation with
the partners and programs identified in Chapter 6 to maximize restoration benefits.
Most of the restoration opportunities noted in this plan affect private property. It is not the
County’s intention to require restoration on private property or to commit privately owned land
for restoration purposes without the willing cooperation and participation of the affected
landowners. However, the County is eager to support and foster restoration actions on public and
private lands and strongly encourages private landowners to help implement this plan. In
addition, private landowners who are required to provide mitigation for development related
impacts may wish to implement actions noted in this plan to meet their mitigation obligations.
With the understanding that alterations anywhere within a watershed can affect the entire
ecosystem, this plan identifies areas where restoration could or should occur whether or not those
areas are located within shoreline (SMA) jurisdiction. This plan emphasizes restoration
opportunities in eastern Jefferson County, which is where the majority of the county-regulated
shorelines occur 5 and where most of the County’s citizens reside. Information on ecological
conditions and alterations is generally more readily available and comprehensive for eastern
Jefferson County compared to the western part of the County. That said, both areas are equally
important in terms of the resources, habitats, and features that would benefit from restoration and
5 The marine coast along the western edge of Jefferson County is under federal or tribal jurisdiction and not subject to the state’s
Shoreline Management Act. Much of the upper watershed draining to the western marine shore is also in Federal or Tribal
ownership.
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there is no provision in the SMA to exempt sparsely populated areas from the SMP policies and
regulations nor from the requirement to plan for the restoration of degraded habitats.
1.2 DEFINING RESTORATION
Restoration can be defined generally as returning an area to a previous condition by improving
ecological structure and function. Restoration creates a net increase in the amount, size, and/or
functions of an ecosystem or components of an ecosystem compared to a baseline condition
(Thom et al. 2005a). The shoreline guidelines define restoration more specifically as follows:
“The reestablishment or upgrading of impaired ecological shoreline processes or
functions. This may be accomplished through measures including but not limited
to re-vegetation, removal of intrusive shoreline structures and removal or
treatment of toxic materials. Restoration does not imply a requirement for
returning the shoreline area to aboriginal or pre-European settlement
conditions.” 6 (Emphasis added)
The guidelines require that restoration goals, policies and actions “be designed to achieve overall
improvements in shoreline ecological functions over time, when compared to the status upon
adoption of the master program.”7 Inherent in these definitions is the concept of repairing past
damage to natural resources and habitats, but not necessarily re-creating pristine or historic
conditions.
Many researchers have cautioned that simply recreating the form or structure of a particular
habitat without also addressing the ecosystem processes and their interaction with ecological
functions may not fully achieve restoration goals or objectives (Stanley et al., 2005, Montgomery
et al. 2003; Gersib 2001). As a result, this plan emphasizes the need to restore ecosystem
processes so that restoration strategies are sustainable and successful in the long-term.
1.2.1 Difference between Restoration and Protection
Restoration is different from protection. For shorelines, the latter is achieved primarily through
the SMP policies and regulations (as well as other County, state, and federal regulations) that
safeguard resources from damage caused by use and development. Protection requires that
development be prohibited in some areas and that when allowed, development occur in a way
that mitigates adverse effects on the natural environment such that the net result of the
development activity is no worse than the pre-development condition. Protection also requires
that deliberate measures be taken to ensure that natural ecosystem processes (such as net shore-
drift, channel migration, large woody debris recruitment, for example) continue with minimal
impairment 8 .
6 WAC 173-26-020
7 WAC 173-26-201(2)(f)
8 Readers are encouraged to read the County’s SMP for more information on the specific shoreline protection
strategies and requirements.
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Restoration, on the other hand, involves more than simply following and enforcing existing rules
or maintaining existing conditions. It requires taking active steps to improve the condition of
existing resources and replace resources that have been lost. Restoration measures are intended
to supplement shoreline protection efforts such that environmental conditions improve over time.
Table 1-1 identifies and differentiates typical shoreline protection and restoration actions. The
protection measures are addressed in the SMP (and/or required by other regulatory programs
such as critical areas regulations and stormwater regulations). The restoration actions reflect a
range of activities that are applicable to Jefferson County. This plan is built around this list or
menu of common restoration actions as indicated in the subsequent chapters.
Table 1-1. Examples of Typical Protection and Restoration Actions
Examples of Protection Actions Examples of Restoration Actions 9
• Treating stormwater runoff using best
management or low impact development
practices
• Maintaining existing wetlands
• Preventing development on feeder bluffs
• Maintaining/repairing on-site septic systems
• Observing buffer and setback requirements
• Protecting/preserving existing trees/vegetation
• Protecting water quality by limiting
pesticide/fertilizer use
• Regulating groundwater withdrawals
• Limiting construction of new docks, bulkheads,
and staircases
• Clustering residential development
• Preserving property through easement or
acquisition
• Removing dikes and setting levees back
• Replacing bulkheads with soft shore
stabilization (bio-stabilization)
• Replanting/enhancing riparian/nearshore
vegetation
• Planting/transplanting eelgrass, kelps and
other aquatic macrophytes
• Replacing or enlarging blocked or
undersized culverts
• Removing fill from wetlands, intertidal
habitats and floodplains
• Removing invasive species
• Reconnecting intertidal wetlands
• Replacing existing dock/pier decking with
open grating material to allow light
penetration
• Replacing treated wood docks/piers with
concrete, steel and other materials
• Retrofitting existing impervious surfaces to
include stormwater treatment and flow
control
• Removing derelict vessels, fishing gear,
creosote pilings and other in-water apparatus
• Decommissioning underused forest roads
• Adding large woody debris or engineered
log jams to streams
• Replacing pavement with pervious pavement
(such as parks/ boat launches)
• Relocating public infrastructure outside of
floodplains and other sensitive habitats
Restoration typically occurs in phases with each phase composed of one or more actions (Table
1-2). The progression from planning to reporting can take weeks, months, or even years
depending on the complexity and scope of the restoration effort. In general, the phases and tasks
build on and inform one another. Yet in some cases, the progression of phases and actions is not
linear but iterative, meaning that it may be necessary to go back and revisit goals or priorities
9 In some circumstances, these actins may already be required by law.
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during the implementation phase or do more construction in response to performance monitoring
information. This is an adaptive management approach.
This plan addresses and accomplishes most of the actions required in the restoration planning
phase. Additional effort will be required to implement, monitor, manage, and report on the
outcomes of this planning effort.
Table 1-2. Typical Restoration Phases and Actions
Phase Actions Timeline
Beginning → →→ Completion
Planning Visioning
Collecting background data
Setting goals
Defining objectives
Identifying priority areas
Identifying potential restoration measures
in priority areas
Identifying partners and collaborators
Identifying funding sources
Integrating plans with other efforts
Implementation Selecting projects/sites
Developing conceptual designs/ plans
Preparing detailed design plans
Constructing project/site
Performance Assessment
/ Monitoring
Defining success criteria
Comparing to reference sites
Designing monitoring program
Collecting performance monitoring data
Adaptive Management Adjusting design
Correcting problems (barriers to success)
Implementing contingency measures
Reporting Publishing reports documenting project
effectiveness
1.2.2 No Net Loss and Restoration
The concept of no net loss of shoreline ecological functions is rooted in the Shoreline
Management Act and in the goals, policies, and governing principles of the state’s shoreline
guidelines. The Act states: “permitted uses in the shoreline shall be designed and conducted in a
manner that minimizes insofar as practical, any resultant damage to the ecology and environment
of the shoreline area.” The guidelines suggest that no net loss is achieved primarily through
regulatory mechanisms including mitigation requirements but that restoration incentives and
voluntary actions are also critical to achieving no net loss.
The SMP requires that proponents of shoreline development fully mitigate impacts caused by
their proposed development and although they are not required to improve conditions over and
above the impacts of their development action, they may elect to implement elements of this plan
as mitigation for shoreline development if appropriate. Citizens, agencies, and other groups may
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also elect to implement portions of this plan irrespective of any proposed development activity or
requirement to mitigate impacts. Components of this plan can also be implemented as part of
future capitol or resource management endeavors. As an example, a park improvement project
could be designed to include removal of intertidal fill and restoration of nearshore habitat. All of
these actions would have the effect of improving conditions over time, which is necessary for
achieving no net loss.
1.3 NEED FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY AND FEASIBILITY
ASSESSMENT
Preparing a detailed plan for restoring shoreline resources throughout Jefferson County is a
difficult undertaking that cannot be easily summarized in one document. All of the restoration
opportunities mentioned herein will require further investigation and analysis to fully assess
feasibility and determine actual benefits and costs. In some cases, restoration actions are
recommended that involve private properties. This plan makes no claims as to the ownership
or availability of any parcel of land for restoration purposes and does not recommend
takings of any private land. Considerable additional study, collaboration, and public discourse
will be required to ensure consensus on the restoration priorities; acquire permission, easements
or ownership of private property; and develop detailed implementation plans, budgets, schedules,
and monitoring programs. Considerable additional effort will also be required to better identify
and plan restoration projects in western Jefferson County.
1.3.1 Role of the Marine Resources Committee (MRC)
The Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee (MRC) is charged with “achieving the
protection and restoration of the marine resources of Jefferson County and to do so in
furtherance of the benchmarks for performance as identified in the August 20, 1998, report to the
conveners by the Murray-Metcalf Northwest Straits Citizens Advisory Commission.” The
MRC’s Strategic Plan calls for adoption of this restoration plan, which will become the Action
Plan for future MRC restoration efforts. As such, the MRC will have a primary role in
overseeing the implementation of the restoration actions included herein. As an advisory group
to the County’s Board of Commissioners, the MRC does not have funding to fully implement
this plan nor do they have the regulatory responsibility for achieving the no net loss standard.
That responsibility resides with County government. Nevertheless, the MRC will, at a minimum,
convene an annual meeting of interested and responsible restoration partners to identify and
discuss strategies for plan implementation based on funding availability and regional needs. To
the degree feasible given their staff and funding resource, the MRC will also provide additional
logistical support to the County and other entities seeking to complete identified restoration
efforts. Additional information on implementation is provided in Section 7.
1.3.2 Data Gaps
Due to data limitations (including data that were not available, not adaptable to a database, or of
poor quality) many important ecological processes, features, and conditions could not be fully
described in this plan. Specifically, surface water quantity and quality are critical components of
the riparian ecosystem largely missing from existing watershed and riparian analyses. These
components are typically measured as in-stream flow and surface water chemistry. Although
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surface water studies have been conducted in Jefferson County, available data were focused on
specific conditions at a few locations. For example, in-stream flows are a primary controlling
factor for salmon spawning, egg incubation, juvenile rearing, and migration; however, this
restoration plan did not include a full analysis of in-stream flows or hydrograph data in
relationship to in-stream habitat. Furthermore, it is not clear if this data is available for analysis.
Water quality characterization is also limited almost exclusively to periodic seasonal
measurement of fecal coliform concentrations at shellfish harvesting areas, but the tests are not
designed to identify year-round concentrations, trends, or sources. These data gaps should be
considered when evaluating the restoration priorities discussed in this report. Efforts to address
these gaps through acquisition of new/additional pertinent data are encouraged.
Important habitat features or processes that were not fully assessed due to a lack of applicable
quantitative data include:
• High/peak in-stream flow
• Low summer flow
• Dissolved oxygen concentrations, nutrient and fecal coliform loading
• Sediment grain size, distribution, and quantities
• Channel complexity (i.e., length and area of side channels; numbers, size, and ratios of
in-stream features such as pools, riffles, logjams, etc.)
• Channel stability (e.g., shifts in substrate, scouring, sedimentation)
• Acres of lost or filled side channels and floodplain
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2.0 RESTORATION VISION AND GOALS
This plan seeks to establish a basic framework for improving the quality and sustainability of
Jefferson County’s shoreline resources over time in a collaborative and cohesive manner. This
overarching goal is consistent with the Shoreline Management Act and with the newly
developing regional strategy for restoring Puget Sound, which is embodied in Engrossed
Substitute Senate Bill (ESSB) 5372 signed by the State Legislature in May 2007. In ESSB 5372,
the Legislature declared that:
“Puget Sound, including Hood Canal and the waters that flow to it are a national
treasure and a unique resource. Residents enjoy a way of life centered around
these waters that depends upon clean and healthy marine and freshwater
resources. Puget Sound is in serious decline, and Hood Canal is in a serious
crisis. This decline is indicated by loss of and damage to critical habit, rapid
decline in species populations, increases in aquatic nuisance species, numerous
toxics contaminated sites, urbanization and attendant storm water drainage,
closure of beaches to shellfish harvest due to disease risks, low-dissolved oxygen
levels causing death of marine life, and other phenomena. If left unchecked, these
conditions will worsen. Puget Sound must be restored and protected in a more
coherent and effective manner. The current system is highly fragmented.
Immediate and concerted action is necessary by all levels of government working
with the public, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to ensure
a thriving natural system that exists in harmony with a vibrant economy.”
The Legislature directed the Puget Sound Partnership (the Partnership) to coordinate and lead the
regional restoration effort. The Partnership is developing an ‘Action Agenda’ that will describe
the steps needed to restore the Sound by 2020. In identifying specific restoration goals and
objectives that the Action Agenda must achieve, the Legislature described the characteristics of a
healthy and restored Puget Sound as follows:
• A healthy human population supported by a healthy Puget Sound that is not
threatened by changes in the ecosystem;
• A quality of human life that is sustained by a functioning Puget Sound ecosystem;
• Healthy and sustaining populations of native species in Puget Sound, including a
robust food web;
• A healthy Puget Sound where freshwater, estuary, nearshore, marine, and upland
habitats are protected, restored, and sustained;
• An ecosystem that is supported by ground water levels as well as river and stream
flow levels sufficient to sustain people, fish, and wildlife, and the natural functions of
the environment; and
• Fresh and marine waters and sediments of a sufficient quality so that the waters in the
region are safe for drinking, swimming shellfish harvest and consumption, and other
human uses and enjoyment, and are not harmful to the native marine mammals, fish,
birds, and shellfish of the region.
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This plan seeks to achieve those same goals by contributing to the Puget Sound restoration effort
and to the specific strategies being developed by the Partnership as part of the 2020 Action
Agenda. This plan is also intended to be compatible with the restoration goals already developed
by other restoration planning entities in the region including, but not limited to: the Jefferson
County Marine Resources Committee, the Hood Canal Coordinating Council, the City of Port
Townsend, and area tribes.
2.1 RESTORATION VISION
The restoration vision for Jefferson County is similar to the vision adopted by the City of Port
Townsend as part of the Port Townsend SMP Update in 2007. The vision can be described as
follows:
Ecological processes, functions, and habitats damaged by past or unregulated
future development are improved over time through a combination of public and
private actions. Where appropriate, restoration actions are included as part of
future shoreline development in a way that enhances the environment and is
compatible with planned shoreline uses. Restoration efforts, when combined with
protection of existing resources, create a net improvement in the shoreline
ecosystem to benefit native fish and wildlife and the people of Jefferson County.
2.2 RESTORATION GOALS
Jefferson County has the following restoration goals:
• To improve shoreline processes, functions, and values over time through regulatory
and voluntary and incentive-based public and private programs and actions that are
consistent with the SMP and other agency/ locally adopted restoration plans.
• To increase the availability, viability and sustainability of shoreline habitats for
salmon, shellfish, forage fish, shorebirds and marine seabirds, and other species;
• To improve habitat quality for sensitive and/or locally important species, and support
the biological recovery goals for federally protected species;
• To encourage cooperative restoration actions involving local, state, and federal public
agencies, tribes, NGOs, and private landowners.
• To integrate restoration efforts with capitol projects and other resource management
efforts including, but not limited to, shellfish closure response plans and water
cleanup plans.
Page 2-2 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Table 2-1. Jefferson County Restoration Goals, Objectives, Actions, and Success
Measures
Goal Objective Potential Restoration 10
Actions
Potential Measures of
Success
To improve ecosystem
processes, functions and
values over time.
Restore natural sediment
transport and littoral drift.
Restore native riparian and
nearshore vegetation.
Improve natural hydrologic
pathways.
Remove/set back levees,
dikes and other structures.
Replace bulkheads with
soft shore stabilization.
Replant/enhance
riparian/nearshore
vegetation.
Remove fill from wetlands,
floodplains and intertidal
habitats.
Decommission forest
roads.
Acres of riparian
enhancement.
Linear feet of bulkhead
removed.
Acres of reconnected
floodplain.
Linear feet of road
decommissioned.
Acres of wetland restored.
Acres of native vegetation
planted.
To increase habitat quality
and availability for salmon,
shellfish, forage fish, and
other sensitive and/or
locally important species,
and support biological
recovery goals for federally
listed species.
Reduce nearshore shading
of kelp/eelgrass.
Restore stream channels,
channel migration zones,
side channels, and
floodplains.
Enhance disturbed
tidelands and riparian
zones and support the
essential ecological
functions those areas
provide.
Restore wetland and salt
marsh habitats.
Improve water quality to
provide safe water for
drinking, swimming, and
producing/consuming fish
and shellfish.
Replace decking on
overwater structures with
open grating.
Replace or enlarge
blocked or undersized
culverts.
Replant/enhance
riparian/nearshore
vegetation.
Remove invasive species.
Add large woody debris to
stream channels.
Remove abandoned or
decrepit overwater and in-
water structures and
derelict vessels.
Replace treated wood
docks/piers with concrete,
steel and other materials.
Retrofit existing impervious
surfaces to include
stormwater treatment and
flow control.
Number of culverts
replaced or number of
miles of stream open to
migration.
Number of creosote
structures/ pilings
removed.
Acres of riparian/nearshore
enhancement
Water quality
measurements.
Area of retrofit.
Reduced shellfish
closures.
10 These actions would supplement existing regulatory requirements and other protection actions related to
stormwater management/low impact development, critical areas, septic system maintenance, etc. See Table 1-1.
October 2008 Page 2-3
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Potential Restoration 10 Goal Objective Potential Measures of
Actions Success
Table 2-1. Jefferson County Restoration Goals (continued)
Integrate restoration efforts
with capitol projects and
resource management
efforts.
Evaluate restoration
opportunities when
planning for parks,
transportation, and other
capitol projects.
Replace paved parking
areas with pervious
pavement at parks/ boat
launches.
Relocate public
infrastructure outside of
floodplains, migration
zones and other sensitive
areas.
Retrofit existing impervious
surfaces to include
stormwater treatment and
flow control.
Number of restoration
actions implemented in
conjunction with other
projects.
Encourage cooperative
restoration actions
involving local, state, and
federal public agencies,
tribes, NGOs, and
landowners.
Engage in coordinated
planning to identify and
scope restoration projects.
Provide incentive to
landowners to restore
private properties.
Establish local
improvement districts to
facilitate and fund
restoration
Provide bonus points to
landowners who restore
shorelines through an
open space taxation
program.
Sponsor an annual
restoration planning
workshop with other
partners.
Work with restoration
partners to establish a
database and tracking
program for restoration
projects.
Fund or otherwise facilitate
a restoration
demonstration project such
as a soft shore armoring
project.
Create stewardship
programs and/or work with
existing stewardship
programs to educate
private landowners on
appropriate restoration
actions.
Number of collaborative
projects implemented.
Number of projects tracked
via database.
Number of landowners
participating in stewardship
workshops.
Number of partners
participating in joint efforts.
Page 2-4 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 3-1
Parts of five Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs) occur within Jefferson County: WRIA
16 (Skokomish-Dosewallips), WRIA 17 (Quilcene-Snow), WRIA 18 (Elwha-Dungeness),
WRIA 20 (Sol Duc-Hoh), and WRIA 21 (Queets-Quinault) (Figure 3-1). A brief description of
each of these WRIAs and their respective shorelines follows (Table 3-1).
3.1 WATERSHED DESCRIPTIONS
This section provides an overview of watersheds that comprise Jefferson County. This is
background information that helps set the context for the discussion in the subsequent chapters of
this plan.
3.0 WATERSHED OVERVIEW
Figure 3-1. Jefferson County, Washington, and WRIA Boundaries
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1
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
3.1.1 WRIA 16 (Skokomish-Dosewallips) 1
2
3
WRIA 16 extends from the Turner Creek watershed in southeast Jefferson County southward to,
a
Page 3-8 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
nd including, the Skokomish watershed in northwest Mason County (Figure 3-2). The four
principal watersheds within this WRIA—the Dosewallips, the Duckabush, the Hamma Hamma
and the Skokomish—originate in the rugged terrain of the Olympic Mountains and terminate
along the western shore of Hood Canal. The Dosewallips and Duckabush basins lie entirely
within Jefferson County. Although portions of the Hamma Hamma and Skokomish basins are in
Jefferson County, they do not include shorelines of the state. Some portions are federal lands
and therefore not under Jefferson County jurisdiction (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008).
Fulton Creek and the Dosewallips and Duckabush rivers were evaluated as part of WRIA 16
freshwater drainages within SMP jurisdiction. Walker, McDonald, and Turner creeks, as well as
an unnamed creek south of Fulton Creek, were too small to fall within SMP jurisdiction, but their
estuaries were evaluated as part of the marine shoreline. No specific information was available
to describe riparian conditions in these small creeks, but surrounding land use and watershed
hydrologic processes and conditions were evaluated by Ecology. The Dosewallips and
Duckabush rivers are considered Habitat Core Areas by Jefferson County.
Reaches A-C, the Fulton Creek Estuary, McDaniel Cove, the Duckabush River Estuary, Reaches
F-I, the Dosewallips River Estuary, Reach J, and an unnamed creek estuary were evaluated as
WRIA 16 nearshore areas within SMP jurisdiction.
Figure 3-2. WRIA 16 in Southeast Jefferson County
October 2008 Page 3-9
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
3.1.2 WRIA 17 (Quilcene-Snow)
WRIA 17 includes portions of Jefferson and Clallam Counties, extending from the
Marple/Jackson watershed in southeast Jefferson County northward and westward to, and
including, the Contractors Creek watershed along the west side of Discovery Bay (Figures 3-3
and 3-4). WRIA 17 is bordered to the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the east by
Admiralty Inlet, northern Puget Sound and Hood Canal, and to the south and west by the
Olympic Mountains and associated foothills and floodplains. Major basins within this watershed
include the Big Quilcene River, Little Quilcene River, Hood Canal West, Admiralty Inlet, and
Discovery Bay. Over 70 percent of the WRIA is privately owned (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008).
Figure 3-3. WRIA 17 (north) in Northeast Jefferson County
Page 3-10 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 3-4. WRIA 17 (south) in Northeast Jefferson County
Although all watersheds within WRIA 17 are addressed in this report, only the streams that fall
under SMP jurisdiction are addressed in detail. Several other non-jurisdictional streams for
which limited information was available were also included to better understand watershed
estuarine effects.
Freshwater systems under SMP jurisdiction that were evaluated are: the Big and Little Quilcene
Rivers, Leland Lake, Lords Lake, Tarboo Lake, Sandy Shore Lake, Wahl Lake, Chimacum
Creek, Anderson Lake, Gibbs and Peterson Lake, Snow Creek, Salmon Creek, and Crocker
Lake. Other drainages (not under SMP jurisdiction) evaluated include: Spencer/Maple Creek,
Devils Lake, Indian George Creek, Donovan Creek, Tarboo Creek, Thorndyke Creek, and Shine
Creek Basin.
Nearshore systems under SMP jurisdiction that were evaluated are: Jackson/Marple Creek
Estuary, Spencer Creek Estuary, Reaches L-O, Bolton Peninsula, Taboo Bay/Estuary, Fisherman
Harbor, Thorndyke Estuary, Reaches U-V, South Point Spit and Salt Marsh, Squamish Harbor,
Shine Creek Estuary, Reach W, Port Ludlow, Mats Mats Bay, Oak Bay, Marrowstone Island,
Kilisut Harbor, Port Townsend Bay, Chimacum Creek Estuary, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Snow
Creek, Salmon Creek, Discovery Bay, Reaches X-Z, Reach AA, Bywater Bay, and Hood Head.
October 2008 Page 3-11
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
3.1.3 WRIA 18 (Elwha-Dungeness)
WRIA 18 includes two large river systems (Dungeness and Elwha Rivers); one medium sized
river system (Morse Creek); and 14 smaller independent drainages, all of which drain to the
Strait of Juan de Fuca. The headwaters of the Upper Dungeness, Grey Wolf, and Elwha River
Upper basins fall within Jefferson County. Thirty percent of the Dungeness River watershed and
83 percent of the Elwha River watershed are within the federal lands of the Olympic National
Park (ONP) (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008).
WRIA 18 has no SMA-regulated shorelines in Jefferson County.
3.1.4 WRIA 20 (Sol Duc-Hoh)
The largest drainage basin in WRIA 20 is the Quillayute, with its four major subbasins: the
Dickey, Calawah, Bogachiel, and Sol Duc (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008) (Figure 3-5). Only a
small fraction of this basin (i.e., parts of the Bogachiel and lower Quillayutes subbasins) is
within Jefferson County. The second largest drainage basin is the Hoh, which lies almost
entirely within Jefferson County.
WRIA 20 river and stream channels within the Jefferson County SMP jurisdictional area include
the Upper, Middle, and Lower Hoh, the Hoh South Fork, Goodman, Mosquito, and Steamboat,
and parts of the Bogachiel (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008). The Bogachiel River within the SMP
boundary includes just five miles, from RM 17 to RM 22. Goodman, Mosquito, and Steamboat
creeks are almost entirely within the SMP jurisdiction, except for short (i.e., one-mile long)
downstream reaches that flow through the coastal ONP. WRIA 20 has no nearshore reaches
under the jurisdiction of Jefferson County.
Page 3-12 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 3-5. WRIA 20 in Northwest Jefferson County
3.1.5 WRIA 21 (Queets-Quinault)
WRIA 21 extends from Kalaloch Creek in Jefferson County in the north to Conner Creek in
Grays Harbor County in the south (Figure 3-6). The largest basins within the WRIA are the
Queets and Quinault. The Queets Upper, Middle, Lower, Matheny, and Salmon River subbasins,
along with the Quinault Upper, North Fork, Clearwater, and Quinault Lake Frontal subbasins lie
within Jefferson County.
The Clearwater subbasin lies almost entirely within Jefferson County SMP jurisdiction. This
subbasin is large and contains numerous significant tributaries, including Shale, Miller,
Christmas, Stequaleho, and Hurst creeks, and Snahapish and Sollecks rivers. Other streams
within the Jefferson County SMP jurisdiction include about two miles of the Kalaloch Creek,
about four miles of Matheny Creek (a tributary of the middle Queets), about two miles of the
Salmon River (a tributary of the lower Queets) (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008), and about five miles
of the Quinault River.
October 2008 Page 3-13
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 3-6. WRIA 21 in Southwest Jefferson County
The part of the Quinault basin within Jefferson County lies on Federal land (both ONP and
NFS). Along the 4.9-mile-section of the Quinault River within Jefferson County, the north bank
is ONP and the south bank is NFS riparian reserve, rural residential, and wilderness, with a
handful of private timber holdings within the reserve. The upper watershed is largely protected
by the ONP and considered to be in good condition. Although lower reaches of the Queets River
are in Jefferson County, these do not fall within SMP jurisdiction, as they are on federal land.
Page 3-14 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
4.0 OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION PRIOIRITIES
This section provides a broad overview of the individual watersheds and nearshore reaches that
are considered high priorities for restoration. The following chapter (Chapter 5) provides
information on specific restoration opportunities within these watersheds/reaches.
The relative restoration potential and restoration priorities summarized below were determined
by Ecology (2007) and Battelle Marine Science Laboratory (Diefenderfer et al., 2006a, b) in
separate but related studies pertaining to the freshwater and nearshore environments,
respectively. This section addresses only eastern Jefferson County as the Ecology and Battelle
studies did not include the western part of the County. The assessment methods and the
assumptions underlying the Ecology and Battelle analyses are provided in Appendices A and B,
respectively. Readers are strongly encouraged to review these appendices as this plan only
summarizes their results.
4.1 FRESHWATER RESTORATION POTENTIAL
The Draft Ecology Watershed Characterization for Eastern Jefferson County (2007) analyzed
individual watersheds in WRIAs 16 and 17 to determine relative restoration potential and
priority13 . Ecology rated each watershed in terms of its level of importance in performing
freshwater water flow processes and evaluated the extent to which each watershed was altered.
The ‘importance rating’ was then compared to the ‘alteration rating’ so that each watershed
could be assigned to a category based on its relative suitability for restoration, protection, or
development (Figure 4-1).
This approach assumes that, in general:
• Areas of high importance (for water processes) are higher priorities for restoration than
areas of low importance, and
• Areas of low alteration are higher priorities for preservation than highly altered areas, and
• Highly altered (i.e., urbanized or developed) areas should generally not be high priorities
for restoration.
13 WRIAs 18, 20 and 21 were not evaluated as part of Ecology’s study.
October 2008 Page 4-1
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 4-1. Determining restoration, protection and development categories for
hydrologic processes
(Ecology 2007)
For each category (restoration, protection, and development), there are two tiers—tier 1
represents the highest priority areas for that category and tier 2 represents the secondary priority
areas for the category and shown below:
Protection Restoration Development
Tier 1 (Highest
Priority)
Tier 2 (Secondary
Priority)
Page 4-2 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
When using Ecology’s watershed characterization for ecosystem restoration planning, it is
important to note that the goal of the study was to describe hydrologic processes. It does not
characterize all ecosystem processes and it does not directly assess biological functions. The
watershed characterization focuses on groundwater and surface water movement because the
way that water flows through a watershed has a major impact on other key ecosystem processes
(related to water quality, sediment generation and transport, and the movement of organic
materials such as large woody debris) and therefore influences habitat structure and biological
function. Hydrologic processes drive other important functions; therefore the former can serve
as an indicator of the latter. Other assumptions should be considered when evaluating this
model:
• The ratings are coarse-scale. Analysis was at the watershed scale, not at the reach scale.
As an example, it is possible that there are some restoration opportunities in watersheds
categorized as ‘development ‘and some development opportunities in areas categorized
as ‘restoration’.
• Rating categories are not absolute. A rating of ‘development’ or ‘restoration’ applies
generally to the sub-basin as a whole. It does not exclude or devalue the need to protect
existing resources in those watersheds. All areas in the watershed are protected under
existing regulations and management policies.
• Categories suggest types of policies that should be emphasized. For areas in the
‘protection’ category, strengthening regulations and policies is emphasized. For areas in
the ‘restoration’ category, strengthening restoration efforts, programs and projects is
emphasized.
The results of this analysis should be evaluated again in light of community goals and
information on locally significant habitats so that site-specific priorities for restoration and
protection within each area of the watershed are fully understood.
Ecology rated the following watersheds as areas where freshwater restoration should be
emphasized:
• Tier 1 Restoration - Lower Big Quilcene, Donovan Creek and middle Chimacum Creek.
• Tier 2 Restoration - Upper and lower Chimacum Creek, McDonald Creek, Walker Creek
(including Pleasant Harbor), Discovery Bay-East Shore, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and
Marrowstone Island.
These areas are priorities for restoration due to moderate to high levels of alteration and
relatively high hydrologic importance. Restoration in these priority watersheds could also help
offset impacts of development occurring in areas prioritized for development.
Ecology rated the following watersheds as areas where protection of existing freshwater
resources should be emphasized:
• Tier 1 Protection- Fulton Creek, Dosewallips, Rocky Brook, Spencer/Marple Creeks,
Devils Lake and Big Quilcene River, Toandos and Bolton Peninsulas, Tarboo Creek,
October 2008 Page 4-3
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Thorndyke Creek, Port Ludlow, Snow Creek, and Squamish Harbor, Bywater Bay, Hood
Head, and Tala Point.
• Tier 2 Protection- Southern Discovery Bay - West Shore, Little Quilcene River, Upper
Salmon Creek, and Oak Bay.
Protection is the priority in these areas due to their importance for sustaining intact water flow
processes (precipitation and snow-driven events, surface and groundwater processes) and their
relatively low level of alteration. Low-impact developments that would allow critical landscape
processes to be sustained may be preferred for these priority protection areas.
The Port Townsend Bay watershed was considered to be ‘processes altered’ and was not
recommended as a priority for freshwater restoration efforts. Ecology also identified the Leland
Creek sub basin as a ‘development’ area, but information provided by the Pacific Ecological
Institute (PEI) notes that unmapped tributaries and wetlands in the headwaters provide vital
habitat for spawning salmon including coho, summer chum, and trout (cutthroat and steelhead)
making protection of these resources very important (Larson and Hunter, 2008).
The results of Ecology’s analysis are depicted in Figure 4-2 and described in detail in Appendix
A.
Page 4-4 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Hood Head
is a
Protection
area (color
not shown
on map)
Figure 4-2. Freshwater Priority Areas for Restoration & Protection (Ecology 2007).
October 2008 Page 4-5
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
4.2 NEARSHORE RESTORATION POTENTIAL
Battelle (Diefenderfer et al., 2006a, b) evaluated the marine nearshore conditions of 13 drainages
with direct nearshore input and their estuaries to assess the potential for long-term, self-
sustaining shoreline restoration, considering the importance of watershed condition, function,
and presence of biological resources to estuarine and marine riparian areas of eastern Jefferson
County. Over 50 nearshore drift cells were evaluated for the presence and significance of a
series of stressors and a series of functions to identify nearshore areas with the greatest potential
for restoration success. Not all nearshore functions or sources of stressors were assessed.
Readers are encouraged to read Appendix B for a complete description of the methods.
Stress and function scores were calculated for each drift cell and watershed in eastern Jefferson
County. Results were presented in a matrix comparing drift cell stress versus function and drift
cell stress versus watershed stress. A reach with a combination of low stress and high function
was indicative of the best ecosystem conditions. Conversely, a reach with high stress and low
function was indicative of the poorest ecosystem conditions (Diefenderfer et al., 2006a, b).
Battelle interpreted the results of their model based on the following tenet: that restoration is
increasingly contraindicated by high levels of disturbance on small (i.e., drift cell unit), large
(i.e., watershed), or combined scales. If disturbance is high on the drift cell and watershed
scales, then landscape-scale restoration is required to achieve restoration success. Low
disturbance on both small and large scales indicates the need for preservation and/or
conservation. Sites with moderate disturbances have a greater choice of options, depending on
the outcome of specific evaluation criteria.
Watersheds with low stress scores indicate that landscape processes are sufficiently intact to
make them suitable for restoration. Five of 13 watersheds with low stress scores had stressed
drift cell units, suggesting these watersheds are priorities for nearshore restoration (Table 4-1). A
summary of stressor and function scores for drift cell units is presented in Figure 4-3 and Table
4-2. Figures 4-4 and 4-5 show the reach (drift cell) and shorezone unit identifiers. Figure 4-6
shows the scatter plot results for stressors and functions at the drift cell and watershed scales.
Table 4-1. Nearshore Restoration Priorities Based on Battelle Study
Reaches/Drift Cells with High Stress Watersheds with Low Stress
Reach A Fulton Creek
Reach J Dosewallips River
Reach O Big Quilcene, Little Quilcene, and Donovan Creek
Reach R Tarboo Creek
Reach III Salmon, Snow, Trapper, and Andrews Creeks
Page 4-6 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 4-3. Nearshore Drift Cell Stressor and Function Scores
(Diefenderfer et al., 2006b)
Dark red areas with the highest Stressor scores (left panel) are the most
altered reaches of the marine shoreline according to Battelle’s analysis.
Likewise, dark green areas with the highest Function scores (right panel)
are the most valuable in terms of the nearshore functions assessed in the
Battelle analysis.
October 2008 Page 4-7
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 4-4 Drift Cell and Shorezone Reach Polygons used in Battelle Study, Northeastern
Jefferson County
Page 4-8 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 4-5 Drift Cell and Shorezone Reach Polygons used in Battelle Study, Southeastern
Jefferson County
October 2008 Page 4-9
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Table 4-2. Nearshore Reaches (Drift Cells) with High Function and Low Stress Ratings
Based on Battelle Study
Reach/Drift
Cell
Waterbody High
Function 14 Low
Stress 15 Notes
x=YES x=YES
A Fulton Creek
and
Associated
Nearshore
B Fulton Creek
and
Associated
Nearshore
C Fulton Creek
and
Associated
Nearshore
Fill and alterations in the Fulton Creek estuary and along drift
cells leading to this area warranted a high to moderately high
stressor score and low function score.
D Duckabush
River and
Black Point
E Duckabush
River and
Black Point
X X
Duckabush River estuary was rated as having low stress on a
watershed scale. For the Duckabush estuary drift cell stress
was moderately low and function was moderate. Stressors
affecting the estuary may come from degradation within the
estuary itself, rather than from upland sources. Small areas of
high stress and low function deep within the estuary
(measured on the ShoreZone Unit scale) indicate localized
degradation.
F Duckabush
River and
Black Point
G Duckabush
River and
Black Point
H Duckabush
River and
Black Point
I Dosewallips
River and
Brinnon
Shoreline
Reaches F-I were not evaluated on a watershed scale. Drift
cell stressors for Reaches F, G, H, and I were moderate,
moderately low, moderately high, and high, respectively.
Reach F received a moderate function rating, while Reaches
G, H, and I received low function ratings.
The Dosewallips estuary drift cell was rated as maintaining
moderately low functions under moderately high stressors. .
J Dosewallips
River and
Brinnon
Shoreline
Reach J received a low watershed stress rating. The drift cell
stressors along Reach J were rated as moderately high to high
and the drift cell function was moderate to moderately low.
K Jackson
Shoreline
X The drift cell stressors along Reach K were rated as
moderately high to high and the drift cell function was
moderate to moderately low.
14 These are reaches (drift cells) that received an ecological function that was higher than the mean. Functions
considered are: herring spawning, herring holding, surf smelt spawning, sand lance spawning, geoduck, rare plants,
wetlands, eelgrass, bull kelp, and intertidal macroalgae (See Appendix B).
15 These are reaches (drift cells) that received a stressor score that was higher than the mean. Stressors that were
considered are: roads, fish passage barriers, shoreline armoring (e.g., bulkheads, rip rap) high risk septic systems,
marinas, shoreline modifications (launch ramps, rail launches, docks, stairs, jetties/groins), shellfish closure areas,
WDOE facilities of interest, fill, dredge, and diking (See Appendix B).
Page 4-10 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Reach/Drift Waterbody High Low Notes
Cell Function 14 Stress 15
x=YES x=YES
Table 4-2. Nearshore Reaches etc. (continued)
L Jackson
Shoreline
The Spencer/Marple Creek watershed stress score was rated
as moderate. Drift cell stressors for the Jackson/Marple Creek
Estuary (included in Reach L) were rated as moderately
stressed, with moderate function.
M Quilcene Bay X
N Quilcene Bay X X
The Devil’s Lake watershed was rated as moderately stressed
based in part on road density and the number of road
crossings. These stressors may be due to a generalized
Devil’s Lake watershed boundary, which includes numerous
short, unnamed drainages that flow directly into Dabob Bay
and Jackson Cove. The small drainages have dozens of roads
and road crossings within their riparian corridors, but the roads
and culverts do not directly affect (for the most part) the Devil’s
Creek or Indian George drainage basins, unless the data are
grouped together and analyzed as a single watershed. Reach
N, which includes the Herb Beck Marina, was given a
moderate watershed stress score. Drift cell scores for Reach
N were rated low for stress and moderately high for function.
O Quilcene Bay X Reach O, including Indian George and Donovan Creek
estuaries, was given a moderately low watershed stress score.
Drift cell scores for Reach O were rated high for stress and
moderately low for function.
P Quilcene Bay X X
Q Dabob Bay X X
A watershed stress score was not evaluated for Bolton
Peninsula. East Bolton Peninsula (Reach Q) was given a low
drift cell stress rating and a moderate function rating. West
Bolton Peninsula (Reach P) was given a moderate drift cell
stress rating and a high function rating.
R Dabob Bay The Tarboo Creek watershed was rated as having a
moderately low watershed stress score. Reach R associated
with Tarboo Bay and Estuary was given a high drift cell stress
rating and a moderately low function rating.
S Dabob Bay This reach on the west shore of the Toandos Peninsula was
rated as having moderately low function and low stress.
T Southern
Toandos
Peninsula,
Thorndyke
Bay, and
Squamish
Harbor
X X
U Southern
Toandos
Peninsula,
Thorndyke
Bay, and
Squamish
Harbor
X
Fisherman Harbor, located at the south end of Toandos
Peninsula (Reach T) was rated as having low drift cell stress
and medium drift cell function. Reach U, also located at the
south end of the peninsula was rated as having moderately low
stress and moderate function. A watershed stress score was
not assessed.
The Thorndyke Creek Estuary was given a low watershed
stress score. Despite extensive shoreline alterations in a few
areas along Reach V (associated with the Thorndyke Creek
watershed), drift cell scores for the Thorndyke Estuary were
rated as moderately stressed and moderately functioning. The
north shoreline of Squamish Harbor exhibited high stress and
moderately high function. The south shore of Squamish Harbor
(Reach W, Lower Shine Creek Estuary) exhibited moderately
low stress and moderate function. A watershed stress score for
Squamish Harbor was not evaluated.
October 2008 Page 4-11
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Reach/Drift Waterbody High Low Notes
Cell Function 14 Stress 15
x=YES x=YES
Table 4-2. Nearshore Reaches etc. (continued)
V Southern
Toandos
Peninsula,
Thorndyke
Bay, and
Squamish
Harbor
X X
W Southern
Toandos
Peninsula,
Thorndyke
Bay, and
Squamish
Harbor
X
X Hood Canal
Bridge to Tala
Point
X X
Y Hood Canal
Bridge to Tala
Point
Z Hood Canal
Bridge to Tala
Point
X X
AA Hood Canal
Bridge to Tala
Point
X X
These reaches have moderately high to high function and low
stress.
BB Port Ludlow
CC Port Ludlow
DD Port Ludlow X
The Port Ludlow watershed was rated as moderately stressed.
Drift cell scores for the inner harbor and estuary (Reach CC)
were rated as highly stressed, having low function. The reach
along Tala Point (Reach BB) was rated as exhibiting moderate
stress and moderately low function. The shoreline between
Port Ludlow and Mats Mats Bay (Reach DD) was rated as
exhibiting moderately high stress and moderate function.
EE Mats Mats Bay
FF Oak Bay
GG Oak Bay
HH Oak Bay
II Oak Bay
JJ South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
No watershed stress score was calculated for Oak/Mats Mats
Bay. The Piddling Creek shoreline (located in Mats Mats Bay)
exhibits moderately high stress and low function.
Drift cell stress ratings (Reaches HH, II, and JJ) were
moderately low and function ratings ranged from low to
medium low on the west side of Oak Bay. Drift cell stress
ratings were moderate and function ratings were moderately
high for the east shore along Indian Island. No watershed
stress score was calculated for Oak Bay/Indian Island.
KK South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
X
LL South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
The east shore of Marrowstone Island was rated having low
stress and the north shore as moderately stressed. The east
shore was rated as exhibiting low function, while the north
shore was rated as exhibiting moderately high function. The
west shore of Marrowstone was rated low to moderately low
for function and moderate to highly stressed.
Page 4-12 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Reach/Drift Waterbody High Low Notes
Cell Function 14 Stress 15
x=YES x=YES
Table 4-2. Nearshore Reaches etc. (continued)
MM South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
X
NN South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
OO South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
PP South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
X
QQ South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
RR South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
X
SS South Indian
Island and
Marrowstone
Island
X
TT South Indian
Island (US
Navy)
X X No County jurisdiction.
UU Indian Island
(US Navy)
X X No County jurisdiction.
VV Indian Island
(Rat Island)
x X No County jurisdiction. The Indian Island shoreline within
Kilisut Harbor exhibited moderately low stress and moderate
function. Rat Island (Reach VV), along the northern tip of
Indian Island exhibited low stress and high function. Scow Bay
exhibits high stress and moderately high function.
WW Indian Island
(Navy)
X X No County jurisdiction.
XX Indian Island
(Navy)
X No County jurisdiction.
YY Port
Townsend Bay
ZZ Port
Townsend Bay
This area exhibited moderately high stress and low function.
AAA Port
Townsend Bay
Port Hadlock exhibited moderately high stress and low
function. The shoreline reaches between the Portage Canal
and Port Hadlock exhibited high stress and moderately low
function. The Irondale to Chimacum Creek Estuary Drift Cell
(Reach AAA) was rated as being moderately high stressed and
moderately low function.
October 2008 Page 4-13
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Reach/Drift Waterbody High Low Notes
Cell Function 14 Stress 15
x=YES x=YES
Table 4-2. Nearshore Reaches etc. (continued)
BBB Port
Townsend Bay
X X
CCC Port
Townsend Bay
(portion
outside of
City)
Reach CCC (including Glen Cove and the City of Port
Townsend) was rated as highly stressed and exhibiting
moderate function.
DDD City of PT
shoreline
X X No County jurisdiction.
EEE City of PT
shoreline
X X
FFF Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X
The shoreline along the Strait of Juan de Fuca exhibited
moderately low stress and moderately high function.
GGG Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X
HHH Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X
These reaches were rated as having high function and
moderately high stress.
III Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X The Salmon/Snow Creek watersheds were rated as having
moderately low stress. The inner Salmon/Snow Creek Estuary
was rated as having moderate function and high stress, and
the south part of the bay along this estuary as moderately high
function and high stress.
JJJ Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X
KKK Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X X
LLL Strait of Juan
de Fuca and
Discovery Bay
X
The Discovery Bay East Shore was moderately stressed
(except Cape George, which was highly stressed), and
exhibiting moderately high function. The Discovery Bay West
Shore was given a moderate watershed stress score. Drift cell
scores along the western shore (Reaches JJJ-LLL) range from
low to moderate stress and high function. Contractor’s Point
was experiencing moderately high stress, but exhibiting
moderately high functions.
Island X Strait of Juan
de Fuca
Not rated.
Island XI Strait of Juan
de Fuca
Not rated.
Page 4-14 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Figure 4-6 Battelle Drift Cell Stressor and Function Scores at the Reach (Top) and
Watershed (Bottom) Scales
(Diefenderfer et al., 2006b)
October 2008 Page 4-15
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
5.0 RECOMMENDED RESTORATION ACTIONS
The restoration opportunities and recommended actions presented here were derived from
technical studies done in support of the SMP or other published reports or are based on input
provided by knowledgeable experts from Jefferson County, state and federal agencies, area
tribes, the Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee, NGOs, and the general public 16 . In
compiling the lists of recommended actions for each watershed, the County identified some of
the most apparent and significant causes of shoreline degradation and impairment and matched
them with the restoration actions (from the menu of restoration actions in Tables 1-1 and 2-1)
that would have the greatest opportunity for achieving the goals in Chapter 2. So, if replacing
bulkheads with bio-stabilization is listed in the table, it is because the bulkheads are extensive,
appear to be unnecessary (i.e., expanding lawns rather than protecting residences), are noted as
being directly related to an impairment (blocking shallow water habitat or interfering with
natural drift cell functions), or are otherwise believed to be high priority issues that need
corrective action in that specific area. Similarly, replacing decking material on docks and other
in-water structures is mentioned in locations where it is a priority because there is a proliferation
of docks and other structures that are interrupting long-shore drift or shading out eelgrass habitat,
even though that action would be applicable anywhere there is a dock. For each recommended
action there is general list of the implementation steps that would likely be required before the
action could be implemented and a qualitative estimate of the relative cost, required time, and
technical and logistical difficulty or complexity (rated as High, Medium or Low).
Additional restoration opportunities may be present in Jefferson County that are not identified in
the tables and some of the actions identified here may prove to be infeasible or impractical based
on further analysis. This list should be used as a starting point for future collaboration and
planning.
Programmatic restoration/conservation actions that are applicable to all areas of the County are
also identified in this Chapter. Implementing the programmatic actions will also help to improve
ecological conditions over time.
5.1 PROGRAMMATIC ACTIONS
Where compiling information on ecological degradation and impairment in Jefferson County, it
is common to encounter management recommendations related to conservation practices,
education and outreach efforts, and enforcement of existing regulations—all of which would
potentially have beneficial outcomes that improve ecological conditions over time. These actions
16 Jefferson County conducted an inventory of shoreline conditions in 2006 - 2007 as part of the SMP update
process. The inventory identifies areas of the shoreline that have been damaged or impaired by past actions and
areas that are relatively unaltered or undisturbed. The inventory results are presented in a technical report referred to
as the Shoreline Inventory and Characterization Report (SICR, or I&C report) (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008 available
at http://www.co.jefferson.wa.us/commdevelopment/ShorelineInventory.htm). A summary of that information is
provided in Appendix C.
October 2008 Page 5-1
Jefferson Count
Restoration Plan
y SMP Update
Page 5-2 October 2008
should be broadly and comprehensively implemented on a programmatic basis to help achieve
restoration goals. The following programmatic actions are recommended for Jefferson County:
• Managing water withdrawals to address in-stream flows, especially in water-limited
basins;
• Implementing best management practices to control runoff from agricultural lands;
• Encouraging low impact development practices for shoreline property owners;
• Inspecting, maintaining and fixing leaking or unauthorized septic systems to prevent
nutrient and bacteria loading in streams and bays. Where possible, public sewer
systems should be installed to replace on-site septic systems;
• Educating property owners about proper vegetation/landscape maintenance (including
preservation of native vegetation along stream/nearshore riparian corridors) to
promote shore stabilization and protect water quality;
• Reforesting commercial forest lands and repairing/abandoning forest roads;
• Educating property owners about the negative impacts of shore armoring and over-
water structures and encouraging soft shore protection where shore protection is
unavoidable.
• Continuing to survey and monitor invasive species, including noxious weeds and
nonnative invertebrates (e.g., tunicates), and initiating eradication programs as
needed; and
• Educating boaters about proper waste disposal methods, anchoring techniques, and
other best boating practices to minimize habitat damage and prevent water quality
contamination.
5.2 RESTORATION RECOMENDATIONS - WRIA 16
Restoration recommendations for freshwater and nearshore areas of WRIA 16 are summarized in
Table 5-1 and Table 5-2, respectively. The recommendations are described relative to the
benefits they would help to achieve. Implementing these recommendations would complement
the protection efforts encompassed in the SMP. Both protection and restoration efforts are
necessary to offset impacts of existing and future development, repair past damages, and
improve the ecological baseline.
Jefferson County SMP Update Restoration Plan
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17
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Increase rearing habitat for salmonids. Improve natural sediment supply and transport processes.
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Jefferson County SMP Update Restoration Plan
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October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update Restoration Plan
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Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 5-13
5.3 RESTORATION RECOMENDATIONS - WRIA 17
Restoration recommendations for freshwater and nearshore areas of WRIA 17 are summarized in
Table 5-3 and Table 5-4, respectively. Implementing these recommendations would complement
the protection efforts encompassed in the SMP. Both protection and restoration efforts are
necessary to offset impacts of existing and future development, repair past damages, and
improve the ecological baseline.
WRIA 17 includes a very large portion of eastern Jefferson County and there are likely
thousands of potential restoration measures that could be implemented to improve ecological
conditions. Many projects are currently in the works, including, but not limited to:
• Grant funded projects such as the Little Quilcene River (Acquisition-McClanahan),
the Quilcene Estuarine Wetlands Restoration (Schinke), and the Skokomish Tribe
Quilcene Floodplain Acquisition.
• Efforts by the Jefferson County Conservation District to work with property owners
to restrict livestock access to streams in the Little Quilcene, Dabob-Thorndyke,
Salmon-Snow, and Chimacum sub-basins.
• Grant funded partnership efforts led by NGOs like North Olympic Salmon Coalition
to restore tidal marsh and channel habitat at the Salmon and Snow Creek Estuary on
Discovery Bay.
• Acquisition by the state of conservation easements on 285 acres as the first phase of
an effort to preserve key riparian shoreline and salt marsh along inner Tarboo Bay,
between the Dabob Natural Area Preserve (WDNR) and Lower Tarboo Creek
Preserve (WDFW).
• Washington Department of Ecology’s proposal to permanently protect and restore
wetlands and salmon runs on approximately 124 acres on the east side of Tarboo Bay,
adjacent to the Dabob Natural Area Preserve. This represents the last 90% of
unprotected wetlands in the lower Tarboo Creek floodplain joining the Tarboo-Dabob
Bay.
• Conservation easements obtained by the Jefferson Land Trust on nine acres of Tarboo
Creek estuary including the eventual removal of a bulkhead, trailers, outbuildings,
and one house.
• Wild Fish Conservancy’s plans to remove the blocking culvert at Oak Bay Road and
restore coho salmon to Piddling Creek.
• In Port Townsend Bay, WDFW purchased the old log dump area south of the mouth
of Chimacum Creek in 2003 and removed the fill from approximately 6 acres to
restore the beach and shoreline; riparian vegetation is also being restored (Todd,
personal communication, 2006; Davis, personal communication, 2006).
Some of the potential future opportunities are listed below. These measures would supplement
the past/ongoing restoration efforts, the recommended programmatic actions listed in section 5.1,
and the protection efforts encompassed in the SMP to improve the ecological baseline over time.
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8
Page 5-15
Je
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.
Pa
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5
-
1
6
October 2008
Je
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C
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S
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5
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October 2008
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.
Pa
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5
-
2
0
October 2008
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Page 5-31
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Pa
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5
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3
8
October 2008
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Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
5.4 RESTORATION RECOMENDATIONS - WRIA 18
The Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams are scheduled to be removed beginning in 2009.
Salmon and other habitat restoration activities will be implemented after dam removal.
Specific information regarding restoration opportunities and recommendations was not
available. Other freshwater restoration opportunities may be available. Nearshore habitat
in this WRIA is outside Jefferson County.
5.5 RESTORATION RECOMENDATIONS - WRIA 20 AND
WRIA 21
Impairments in WRIA 20 include channel erosion (both lateral bank failure and vertical
incising, channel migration, construction, and excessive sedimentation caused by forest
roads and SR 101 within and across the Hoh River channel. Other impairments include
water quality degradation (especially high temperatures) and reduction of channel habitat
(riffle-pool complex) caused by clearcutting in the surrounding watershed and timber
removal from the adjacent riparian areas and within the river channel. High flows and
erosive surface water runoff exacerbated by logging practices are reported as causes of
significant water quality and shoreline degradation along the rivers and creeks within this
WRIA. Stretches of the lower Hoh River are mined for gravel. Road density is evaluated
as high within the four-mile stretch of Bogachiel River, within the Goodman Creek
basin, within the Hoh River basin, and along Steamboat Creek. High road density often
coincides with culverts that block stream flow, sediment and wood transport, and fish
passage. At least 10 road crossings obstruct fish passage on Hoh River tributaries. At
least eight culverts block fish passage on Goodman Creek. Several blocking culverts were
also noted on Mosquito Creek.
Because the Hoh River headwaters are protected within the ONP, hydrologic conditions of
the upper watershed would be considered highly functional and contributing to
downstream watershed health and stability. The absence of typical hydrologic
impairments caused by agricultural and urban development, surface and groundwater
withdrawals, dams and levees, and filling of wetlands, indicates low to moderate
impairment (apart from logging impacts) with low levels of alteration. Other ecosystem
qualities, including strong populations of wild anadromous fish, including tributaries
outside the ONP with documented bull trout use, and other rare species such as spotted
owl, marbled murrelet, Olympic mudminnow, and Roosevelt elk, indicate both high
ecosystem value and high potential for restoration success.
Restoration opportunities in this WRIA are linked to the dominant land use, which is
forestry. Rural residential is a secondary, but significant, land use that also provides
opportunities for restoration. Restoration opportunities within forest land center on
alleviating the potentially harmful effects of roads constructed within riparian corridors.
Restoration recommendations include road removal; improved road surfacing; removal of
excess sediment from channels; decommissioning sidecast roads; replacing culverts that
block fish passage, bedload transport, and channel migration; and revegetating riparian
areas. Although replanting large coniferous trees would restore LWD recruitment
Page 5-50 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
potential, the beneficial effects on channel complexity and water temperature would not be
realized for decades, so several restoration proposals have advocated the placement of
large downed trees along stream banks for near-term recruitment.
In areas of commercial forestry, acquisition and protection of riparian corridors is
recommended. Restoration opportunities in rural residential areas include road removal;
improved road surfacing; removal of excess sediment from channels; replacing culverts
that block fish passage, bedload transport, and channel migration; and revegetating
riparian areas. The benefits of restoration could be enhanced by coordinating new actions
with restoration actions that have already been completed, such as revegetating stream
banks where fish passage has been restored.
Impairments in WRIA 21 are similar to WRIA 20. Little is known about the conditions of
the Kalaloch basin and the status of the salmon and trout populations that spawn in this
river system, except that a population of chum salmon has been eliminated, presumably as
a result of high sediment loads from logging in the mid-1900s. Despite moderately high
road density, the watershed hydrology and riparian conditions are reported as fair to good.
A series of channel constrictions due to road fill and blocking culverts along Highway 101
are noted as impairments, along with high temperatures and salvaging of LWD from
stream channels.
The Clearwater River basin is under intensive old-growth timber management by the
WDNR, which manages over 80 percent of the drainage basin. As of 1980, the basin was
40 percent clearcut (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008). The majority of large tributaries to the
Clearwater are managed as commercial forest. The lower Clearwater is dominated by
forestry, with a large component (41 percent) of rural residential and agriculture. Overall
hydrologic conditions are considered poor. Extensive logging and associated road
construction in the tributaries and upper watershed have caused numerous impacts typical
to forestry lands, including elimination of LWD, surface erosion, debris flows and
landslides, altered peak flows, increased channel erosion, channel confinement caused by
road construction, blocking culverts, high sedimentation rates, and loss of off-channel
habitat. The WDNR is currently working to decommission side-cast roads in the upper
tributaries to reduce habitat degradation from logging road failures; some roads have
already been removed in the Miller and Christmas Creek drainages. Because the upper
watersheds of all the tributaries of the Clearwater River are at relatively low elevations
(desirable for timber production) and lack protection from park or wilderness land
designations, the entire Clearwater subbasin has low ecosystem-wide restoration potential.
However, there are numerous opportunities for small-scale restoration efforts that could
address blocking culverts, sidecast roads, landslides and associated erosion, and channel
constrictions. In addition, improved riparian management practices that eliminate logging
and road-building activities from the riparian corridor may help balance the aggressive
clearing practices in the watershed.
The Salmon River subbasin is generally considered to have intact, well-functioning
ecosystem features and processes, although a few problems have been noted. Fluvial
sediment deposition from erosion related to logging practices and road construction was
identified as a significant impairment. High sediment loads may be the cause of the
October 2008 Page 5-51
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
depressed chinook salmon population in the Salmon River. Few other degraded processes
were identified, and the most common impairments (roads constricting stream channels
and floodplain area, blocking culverts) were not present. Other than sediment loads within
gravel reaches, the only other problem was the absence of large conifers in riparian
corridors, although large hardwood species were present.
In contrast to the Salmon River, the adjacent Matheny River subbasin exhibits significant
impairment from the effects of logging and road construction. The headwaters lie within
the ONF, which do not appear to provide protection from intensive logging and road
construction. There is an extensive road network across the upper subbasin, along
virtually every tributary. The negative effects are apparent in overall poor hydrologic
function, degraded riparian habitat, and altered (or lost) stream channel form and function
in the lower subbasin.
The Quinault River headwaters are protected within the ONP. The steep topography and
shallow soils of the upper watershed generate both a quick hydrologic response and a high
susceptibility to mass wasting events (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008). Lake Quinault controls
both the hydrologic response and sediment loads for the downstream reaches, damping
negative impacts on the lower reaches. It also limits LWD transport downstream. The vast
majority of the river’s watershed within this reach is protected either in ONP or in
National Forest riparian reserve and wilderness (ESA Adolfson et al., 2008).
Page 5-52 October 2008
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
6.0 EXISTING RESTORTION PROGRAMS AND
PARTNERS
Numerous agencies and organizations are planning and implementing restoration efforts in
Jefferson County (see Appendix D for a summary description of some of the
organizations/programs). Most restoration efforts are implemented because citizens, tribes,
NGOs and local, state and federal resource agencies collaborate to solve problems and
achieve shared goals. Continued collaboration at all levels is needed if the goals of this
plan are to be achieved.
The Puget Sound Partnership (Partnership) is likely to play a major role in future
restoration efforts in Jefferson County. This new state agency proposed by Governor
Christine Gregoire and formed by the Washington State Legislature in 2007, is unique in
state government in that it is a community effort of citizens, governments, tribes, scientists
and businesses working together to restore and protect Puget Sound (see Engrossed
Substitute Senate Bill 5372 and 90.71 RCW).
One of the most important responsibilities given to the Partnership by the Governor and
the Legislature is to create an Action Agenda that will be a living, adaptable roadmap to
health for Puget Sound. The Action Agenda will prioritize cleanup, restoration and
protection efforts, coordinate federal, state, local, tribal and private resources, and ensure a
cooperative working environment through the year 2020. The Partnership, through the
2020 Action Agenda, will base decisions on science, focus on actions that have the biggest
impact, and hold people, governments and organizations accountable for results.
As enacted by the Legislature, the goals of the 2020 Action Agenda are:
• A healthy human population supported by a healthy Puget Sound that is not
threatened by changes in the ecosystem;
• A quality of human life that is sustained by a functioning Puget Sound
ecosystem;
• Healthy and sustaining populations of native species in Puget Sound, including
a robust food web;
• A healthy Puget Sound where freshwater, estuary, near shore, marine, and
upland habitats are protected, restored, and sustained;
• An ecosystem that is supported by ground water levels as well as river and
stream flow levels sufficient to sustain people, fish, and wildlife, and the
natural functions of the environment;
• Fresh and marine waters and sediments of a sufficient quality so that the waters
in the region are safe for drinking, swimming, shellfish harvest and
consumption, and other human uses and enjoyment, and are not harmful to the
native marine mammals, fish, birds, and shellfish of the region.
October 2008 Page 6-1
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 6-2 October 2008
Given that this plan embraces these same goals and seeks to achieve them, it is anticipated
that the Partnership, through the Action Agenda, will help to implement this restoration
plan and the SMP as a whole.
Other organizations that are likely to play a major role in carrying out the restoration
efforts include the described in this plan are identified in Table 6-1. These are some of the
key organizations with a primary focus on ecological restoration who are actively involved
in restoration and stewardship of the County’s marine and freshwater resources. The list,
which is not exhaustive, describes the key partners, their mission or area of focus, the role
they can likely play in future restoration activities, and some of their past projects.
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Pa
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6
-
4
October 2008
Je
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Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-1
7.0 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
As a long-range planning effort without dedicated funding, it is difficult to articulate a firm strategy
for accomplishing the goals of this plan. Under the Shoreline Management Act, the County is
required to review, and amend if necessary, its SMP once every seven years (RCW 90.58.080(4)).
At the time of the update, the County is required to report progress toward meeting its restoration
goals, but there is no requirement or timeframe for specifically implementing the Restoration Plan.
That said, the County has developed a process to help ensure that this plan is implemented over
time.
7.1 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
As noted in Section 1.3.1, the MRC will have a lead role as conveners of an annual restoration
planning summit involving County government, federal, state, and local resource agencies, tribes,
NGOs and other restoration partners to review and discuss options for implementing the
recommended actions in this plan. The goal of the annual summit will be to match and align priority
restoration actions with available resources and funding, ongoing capitol improvement projects, and
community needs and interests in a systematic and objective way. Projects and actions that are in
watersheds/areas that are noted as having the best potential for restoration (highest priority) would
be emphasized. Ideally, the meeting participants would agree on one or more projects/actions to
target for implementation in the coming year and assign responsibility for the implementation steps
as appropriate. Progress toward fulfilling this plan would be tracked and recorded on an annual
basis and Jefferson County would provide a written status report to Ecology by December of each
year. The status report would document progress made based on the benchmarks offered in sections
7.2.
7.2 TIMELINES AND BENCHMARKS
Specific timelines should be developed according to the general priorities described herein and
emphasis should be given to areas with the greatest restoration potential. A suggested timeline for
initiating implementation of this plan is as follows:
Within 1 year of adoption of this plan:
• Identify at least 2 potential bulkhead removal/ bio-stabilization projects on high priority
shorelines, apply for funding and initiate steps toward implementation.
• Identify at least 2 potential riparian enhancement projects on high priority shorelines, apply
for funding and initiate steps toward implementation.
• Initiate conversations with at least one public agency regarding an intertidal fill removal or
culvert removal project on a high priority shoreline.
Within 5 years of adoption of this plan (assuming funding is available):
• Complete at least 2 bulkhead removal/ bio-stabilization projects.
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 7-2 October 2008
• Complete at least 2 riparian enhancement projects.
• Initiate technical work to support at least 1 large-scale intertidal fill removal or culvert
removal on a high priority shoreline on public lands.
Within 7 years of adoption of this plan:
• Complete at least 2 additional bulkhead removal/ bio-stabilization projects.
• Complete at least 2 additional riparian enhancement projects.
• Identify at least 2 new potential riparian enhancement projects on high priority shorelines,
secure funding and initiate steps toward implementation.
• Identify at least 2 new potential bulkhead removal/bio-stabilization projects on high priority
shorelines, secure funding and initiate steps toward implementation
• Complete technical work to support at least 1 potential large-scale intertidal fill removal or
culvert removal on a high priority shoreline on public lands.
Overtime restoration efforts must be evaluated against a set of benchmarks to determine if adequate
progress is being made. One way to assess progress will be to track and report on the following
general benchmarks:
• Acres of riparian enhancement
• Linear feet of bulkhead removed
• Acres of reconnected floodplain
• Linear feet of road decommissioned
• Acres of wetland restored
• Acres of native vegetation planted
• Number of culverts replaced or number of miles of stream open to migration
• Number of creosote structures/ pilings removed
• Acres of riparian/nearshore enhancement
• Fewer exceedances of water quality criteria as measured in the state water quality
assessment
• Reduced shellfish closures and downgrades
• Number of restoration actions implemented in conjunction with other projects
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-3
• Number of collaborative projects implemented
• Number of projects tracked via database
• Number of landowners participating in stewardship workshops
• Number of partners participating in joint efforts
More specific benchmarks should be developed for specific projects. For example, a project that
involves fill removal and salt marsh restoration might be evaluated based on the number of acres of
upper intertidal habitat, the number of different plant species present or the degree of use by
shorebirds. Restoration of estuarine habitat might be evaluated based on the number of fish present
or the development of habitat conditions over time.
7.3 POTENTIAL FUNDING
Implementing this restoration plan will be challenge given that there is currently no dedicated
funding source. At present, shoreline restoration is almost entirely dependent on grant funding,
which is unpredictable and variable from year to year. The County’s ability to devote any general
funds to the implementation of this plan is doubtful, but potential internal funding sources do exist.
One potential funding mechanism would be the establishment of a shoreline restoration program
organized like or integrated with a capital improvement program (CIP). Similar to an infrastructure
CIP, a shoreline restoration CIP would be evaluated and updated regularly. A restoration CIP could
be focused on site-specific projects and could be funded through grants or County general funds.
For example, funds could be dedicated to support derelict vessel removal or bulkhead removal.
Further, existing CIP projects, such as stormwater facility and road improvements, could be
evaluated to determine if their design could advance shoreline restoration goals.
Special Districts or local improvement districts (LIDs) could also be established to help fund and/or
implement restoration projects. A Special District is a local unit of government authorized by law to
perform a single function or a limited number of functions, and including but not limited to, water-
sewer districts, irrigation districts, and transportation districts. LIDs are primarily a means of
financing needed capital improvements. LIDs allow improvements to be financed and paid for over
a period of time through assessments on the benefitting properties. They require the approval of the
local government and benefited property owners. LIDs involve the sale of bonds to investors and
the retirement of those bonds via annual payments by the property owners within a district. Both of
the models would provide a potential mechanism for achieving some of the goals of this plan.
A variety of outside funding sources are available for restoration projects in Puget Sound. Funding
opportunities have generally increased since the implementation of Governor Gregoire’s Puget
Sound Initiative in 2005, though the process by which organizations are able to obtain funds is
typically quite competitive. Funds are distributed through grant-making agencies at the local, state,
and federal level; opportunities described below are primarily administered by state and federal
agencies. Sources listed here do not represent an exhaustive list of potential funding opportunities,
but are meant to provide an overview of the types of opportunities available.
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 7-4 October 2008
Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation
Washington Wildlife Recreation Program
1111 Washington St. SE
PO Box 40917
Olympia, WA 98504
360-902-3000, info@iac.wa.gov
The WWRP provides funds for the acquisition and development of recreation and conservation
lands. WWRP funds are administered by account and category. The Habitat Conservation Account
includes critical habitat, natural areas, and urban wildlife categories. The Outdoor Recreation
Account includes local parks, state parks, trails, and water access categories. Letters of intent are
usually due March 1. Applications are usually due May 1.
Washington State Department of Ecology
Post Office Box 47600
Olympia, Washington 98504-7600
jrus461@ecy.wa.gov
www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/grants/index.html
Grant programs administered by Washington State Department of Ecology are described below.
• Aquatic Weeds Financial Assistance Program: This program provides funding for technical
assistance, public education and grants to help control aquatic weeds. Grant projects must
address prevention and/or control of freshwater, invasive, non-native aquatic plants. The
types of activities funded include: Planning, education, monitoring, implementation,
pilot/demonstration projects, surveillance and mapping projects. Grant applications are
accepted from October 1 through November 1 of each year during a formal application
process.
• Water Quality Program: The Department of Ecology's Water Quality Program administers
three major funding programs that provide low-interest loans and grants for projects that
protect and improve water quality in Washington State. Ecology acts in partnership with
state agencies, local governments, and Indian tribes by providing financial and
administrative support for their water quality efforts. As much as possible, Ecology
manages the three programs as one; there is one funding cycle, application form, and offer
list. The three programs are: The Centennial Clean Water Fund, The State Revolving Loan
Fund (SRF), and The Section 319 Nonpoint Source Grants Program (Section 319).
• Local governments, recognized Native American tribes, special purpose districts, and non-
profit groups are eligible for funding. Grants and loans are available for point source and
nonpoint source projects. This includes, but is not limited to, treatment facilities, stream and
salmon habitat restoration, and water quality monitoring.
• Coastal Protection Fund: This account is funded primarily by oil spill penalties levied
against responsible parties. Restoration efforts undertaken with these funds are diverse and
include land acquisition, fish barrier removal, and environmental education projects.
• Coastal Zone Management Administration/Implementation Awards: This program assists
states in implementing and enhancing Coastal Zone Management (CZM) programs that have
been approved by the Secretary of Commerce. Funds are available for projects in areas such
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-5
as coastal wetlands management and protection, natural hazards management, public access
improvements, reduction of marine debris, assessment of impacts of coastal growth and
development, special area management planning, regional management issues, and
demonstration projects with potential to improve coastal zone management.
Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
600 Capitol Way North
Olympia, WA 98501-1091
360-902-2806.
http://wdfw.wa.gov/volunter/vol-7.htm
• Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account (ALEA) Volunteer Cooperative Projects Program:
The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) accepts grant applications from
individuals and volunteer groups conducting local projects to benefit fish and wildlife.
Grants have ranged from $300 to $75,000 in past years to help volunteers pay for materials
necessary for projects approved by the agency. Funding cannot be used for wages or
benefits. Examples of past projects include habitat restoration, improving access to fish and
wildlife areas for disabled people, fish and wildlife research, public education and fish-
rearing projects that can benefit the public.
• Landowner Incentive Program: The Landowner Incentive Program (LIP) is a competitive
grant program designed to provide financial assistance to private landowners for the
protection, enhancement or restoration of habitat to benefit species at risk on privately
owned lands. At risk species depend on specific ecosystems for survival. These ecosystems
include riparian areas, wetlands, oak woodlands, prairies and grasslands, shrub steppe and
nearshore environments. Through Washington’s LIP, individual landowners are eligible to
apply for up to $50,000 in assistance. In addition, $50,000 is typically set aside for small
grants. Any individual applying for these small grant funds may apply for up to $5,000. A
25% non-federal contribution is required, which may include cash and/or in-kind (labor,
machinery, materials) contribution.
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
1120 Connecticut Avenue, NW, #900
Washington, DC 20036
Kathleen Pickering 202-857-0166
www.nfwf.org
Non-profit organizations, local, state or federal government agencies are eligible to apply for funds
for community-based projects that improve and restore native salmon habitat, remove barriers to
fish passage, or for the acquisition of land/ conservation easements on private lands where the
habitat is critical to salmon species. Specific grant programs are listed below.
• Bring Back the Natives: A Public-Private Partnership for Restoring Populations of Native
Aquatic Species: The Bring Back the Natives initiative (BBN) funds on-the-ground efforts to
restore native aquatic species to their historic range. Projects should involve partnerships
between communities, agencies, private landowners, and organizations that seek to
rehabilitate streamside and watershed habitats. Projects should focus on habitat needs of
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 7-6 October 2008
species such as fish, invertebrates, and amphibians that originally inhabited the waterways
across the country. Twelve to fifteen grants averaging $60,000 are awarded annually.
• Hood Canal Community Salmon Fund: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF)
and Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB) have established the Hood Canal Community
Salmon Fund to stimulate small-scale, voluntary action by landowners, community groups,
and businesses to support salmon recovery on private property (or public property, in some
cases) in Hood Canal and Eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca Watersheds. Grants will be jointly
selected by NFWF and the Hood Canal Lead Entity and administered by NFWF.
• North Olympic Community Salmon Fund: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
(NFWF) and Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB) have established the North Olympic
Community Salmon Fund to stimulate small-scale, voluntary action by landowners,
community groups, and businesses to support salmon recovery on private property (or public
property, in some cases) in the North Olympic Peninsula. Grants will be jointly selected by
NFWF and the North Olympic Peninsula Lead Entity (NOPLE) and administered by NFWF.
• Five-Star Restoration Matching Grants Program: The Five-Star Restoration Program
provides modest financial assistance on a competitive basis to support community-based
wetland, riparian, and coastal habitat restoration projects that build diverse partnerships and
foster local natural resource stewardship through education, outreach and training activities.
• Marine Debris Prevention and Removal Program: The NOAA Marine Debris Program
(NOAA MDP), codified by the Marine Debris Research, Prevention, and Reduction Act (33
U.S.C. 1951 et seq.) coordinates, strengthens, and enhances the awareness of marine debris
efforts within the agency and works with external partners to support research, prevention,
and reduction activities related to the issue of marine debris. The NOAA MDP mission is to
support a national and international effort focused on preventing, identifying and removing
the occurrence of marine debris and to protect and conserve our nation’s natural resources,
oceans, and coastal waterways from the impacts of marine debris.
• Native Plant Conservation Initiative: Through this initiative, grants of federal dollars will be
provided to non-profit organizations and agencies at all levels of government to promote the
conservation of native plants and pollinators.
• Puget Sound Marine Conservation Fund: In spring 2005, the United States charged an
international shipping company with violating numerous federal pollution laws after
inspections and actions taken by the Washington Department of Ecology and the Coast
Guard identified the violations. As part of the settlement, the courts ordered $2,000,000 in
community service payments to be made to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
(Foundation) to be invested in conservation projects in the area of environmental impact.
• The Migratory Bird Conservancy: The MBC will fund projects that directly address
conservation of priority bird habitats in the Western Hemisphere. Acquisition, restoration,
and improved management of habitats are program priorities. Education, research, and
monitoring will be considered only as components of actual habitat conservation projects.
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-7
Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB)
Tara Galuska (North Olympic Peninsula)
(360) 902-2953
Mike Ramsey (Hood Canal)
(360) 902-2969
http://www.iac.wa.gov/srfb/board.htm
The Salmon Recovery Funding Board supports salmon recovery by funding habitat protection and
restoration projects. It also supports related programs and activities that produce sustainable and
measurable benefits for fish and their habitat. SRFB distributes funds through two grant programs:
SRFB grants, and Family Forest Fish Passage Program grants.
Depending on the grant program, eligible applicants may include municipal subdivisions (cities,
towns, counties, and special districts such as port, conservation, utility, park and recreation, and
school), tribal governments, state agencies, nonprofit organizations, regional fisheries enhancement
groups, and private landowners. To be considered for funding, projects must be operated and
maintained in perpetuity for the purposes for which funding is sought. All projects require lead
entity approval and must be a high priority in the lead entity strategy or regional recovery plan.
Grants are awarded by the Salmon Recovery Funding Board based on a public, competitive process
that weighs the merits of proposed projects against established program criteria.
NOAA Restoration Center
Community-based Restoration Program
Northwest Region
Jennifer Steger, Director
Jennifer.Steger@noaa.gov
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/
The NOAA Community-based Restoration Program (CRP) is a financial and technical assistance
program that helps communities implement restoration projects. Specific opportunities are listed
below.
• NOAA CRP 3-Year Partnership Grants: These grants fund national and regional habitat
restoration partnerships for up to 3 years that provide sub awards for individual grass-roots
restoration projects. Typical awards range from $100,000 to $2,000,000.
• NOAA CRP Project Grants: These grants fund grass-roots marine and coastal habitat
restoration projects that will benefit anadromous fish species, commercial and recreational
resources, and endangered and threatened species. Typical awards range from $30,000 to
$250,000.
• American Sportfishing Association’s FishAmerica Foundation Grants: Since 1998, NOAA
CRP has partnered with the FishAmerica Foundation to provide funding for fisheries habitat
restoration projects nationwide. Grants will fund marine and anadromous fish habitat
restoration projects that benefit recreationally fished species. Typical awards range from
$5,000 to $50,000.
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 7-8 October 2008
• National Fish & Wildlife Foundation/National Association of Counties Coastal Counties
Restoration Initiative: In partnership with NOAA CRP, this grant program funds innovative,
high quality county-led or supported projects that support wetland, riparian and coastal
habitat restoration projects. Typical awards range from $25,000 to $100,000.
Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10: Pacific Northwest
Grants Administration Unit
Bob Phillips
phillips.bob@epa.gov
(206) 553-6367
The Environmental Protection Agency funds a variety of projects that aim to safeguard the natural
environment and protect human health. Potential opportunities specific to watershed protection and
restoration are listed below.
• The Clean Water State Revolving Fund Program: Under this program, EPA provides grants
or “seed money” to all 50 states plus Puerto Rico to capitalize state loan funds. The states,
in turn, make loans to communities, individuals, and others for high-priority water-quality
activities. Projects funded by the low-interest loans may include wetlands protection and
restoration, estuary management efforts – including wildlife habitat restoration – and
development of streambank buffer zones.
• Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant (319) Program: Clean Water Act Section 319(h)
funds are provided only to designated state and tribal agencies to implement their approved
nonpoint source management programs. State and tribal nonpoint source programs include a
variety of components, including technical assistance, financial assistance, education,
training, technology transfer, demonstration projects, and regulatory programs. Each year,
EPA awards Section 319(h) funds to states in accordance with a state-by-state allocation
formula that EPA has developed in consultation with the states.
• Wetland Protection, Restoration, and Stewardship Discretionary Funding: This program
provides support for studies and activities related to implementation of Section 404 of the
Clean Water Act for both wetlands and sediment management. Projects can support
regulatory, planning, restoration or outreach issues. Typical grant awards range from $5,000
to $20,000.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Nell Fuller
911 NE 11th Avenue
Portland, OR 97232-4181
(503) 231-2014
Nell_Fuller@fws.gov
• Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program: This program provides technical and financial
assistance to private landowners and Tribes who are willing to work with USFWS and other
partners on a voluntary basis to help meet the habitat needs of Federal Trust Species. The
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-9
Partners Program can assist with projects in all habitat types which conserve or restore
native vegetation, hydrology, and soils associated with imperiled ecosystems such as
longleaf pine, bottomland hardwoods, tropical forests, native prairies, marshes, rivers and
streams, or ecosystems that otherwise provide an important habitat requisite for a rare,
declining or protected species. The typical grant award is approximately $25,000.
• Puget Sound Program: The Puget Sound Program was established to protect, restore, and
enhance the natural resources of Washington’s coastal ecosystems. USFWS works closely
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Estuary Program, and their State
partner, the Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team to conserve fish and wildlife and their
habitats in Puget Sound, an “estuary of national significance”. Partnerships with other
agencies, Native American Tribes, citizens, and organizations are emphasized.
• National Fish Passage Program: Each year the Service solicits and inputs select fish
passage projects into the Fisheries Operational Needs System database. Projects are
prioritized and selected based upon the benefits to species and the geographical area.
Typical projects include barrier culvert removal or replacement with a fish passable culvert
or bridge, and re-opening oxbow and off channel habitats. Typical funding amounts range
from $30,000 to $110,000 with a minimum 25% cost share requested.
• Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund: Grants offered through the
Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund support participation in a wide array of
voluntary conservation projects for candidate, proposed and listed species. These funds may
in turn be awarded to private landowners and groups for conservation projects.
• North American Wetlands Conservation Act Grants Program: The North American
Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989 provides matching grants to organizations and
individuals who have developed partnerships to carry out wetlands conservation projects in
the United States, Canada, and Mexico for the benefit of wetlands-associated migratory
birds and other wildlife. The Standard Grants Program supports projects in Canada, the
United States, and Mexico that involve long-term protection, restoration, and/or
enhancement of wetlands and associated uplands habitats. The Small Grants Program
operates only in the United States; it supports the same type of projects and adheres to the
same selection criteria and administrative guidelines as the U.S. Standard Grants Program.
However, project activities are usually smaller in scope and involve fewer project dollars.
Grant requests may not exceed $75,000, and funding priority is given to grantees or partners
new to the Act’s Grants Program.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Section 206 Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Projects
Mr. John R. Kennelly, Chief
Planning Branch
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
New England District
696 Virginia Road
Concord, Massachusetts 01742-2751
Under the authority provided by Section 206 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1996, the
Corps may plan, design and build projects to restore aquatic ecosystems for fish and wildlife. The
process for Section 206 projects begins after a non-federal sponsor requests Corps of Engineers
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 7-10 October 2008
assistance under the program. When funding is available, the Corps of Engineers prepares a
Preliminary Restoration Plan (PRP) paid for by the federal government. The PRP is a 3 to 5 p
document used to determine whether federal involvement is appropriate. It describes the project
benefits and contains an initial schedule and budget. The Final PRP contains a letter from the no
federal sponsor indicating that they understand their obligations for cost sharing and obtaining any
necessary real estate. If the sponsor agrees to move forward with the project, the Corps prepares a
feasibility study, then plans and specifications. The Corps then manages construction of the project
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Seattle, WA 981
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management and planning, outdoor recreation, general restoration, riparian areas, water quality
wetlands is provided through this program at a 65:35 cost share. Studies on the same topics are
funded at a 50:50 cost share.
W
City Fish Passage Grant Program
Cliff Hall
(360) 705-7
hallcli@wsdot.w
T
to be used towards city fish passage barrier removal projects, with complimenting habitat
restoration and stormwater components. The intent of the City Fish Passage Barrier Remov
Habitat Restoration Grant program is to integrate clean water with salmon restoration efforts and
compliments the WSDOT ESA response. Grant funding may vary from year to year; check with
the Program Manager at WSDOT for more detailed information.
W
PO Box 47000
1111 Washingto
Olympia, WA 98504-7000
(360) 902-1000
T
blocked culverts. The Forest Riparian Easement Program also pays qualified landowners 50 to
100% of the value of timber they leave in riparian zones in exchange for a 50-year easement.
D
Matching Aid to R
(916) 852-2000
conserve@ducks
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-11
The MARSH program was instituted in 1985 to develop and protect waterfowl habitat in the United
States. This reimbursement program provides matching funds for wetland acquisition and habitat
ts submitted for MARSH funding must significantly benefit waterfowl. Normally, all
projects must be on land under the control of a public agency or private cooperator with which DU
ate foundations, businesses, and other organizations administer grant programs
with the intent of restoring habitat and ecosystems. Organizations with focal areas including Puget
.kenneyfdn.org/);
ation.org);
•
7.4
development of a restoration plan
ome of these challenges are
rts
undertaking, particularly at larger (e.g., watershed or reach) scales. In
•
ling or
•
an require substantial time and effort. Although encouraged and allowed by the
SMP, complicated restoration projects may take a year or more to permit.
restoration and enhancement in each state based on Ducks Unlimited (DU's) income within that
state.
Projec
has an approved memorandum of understanding. Control must be through ownership, lease,
easement, or management agreement. Control must be adequate for protection, maintenance, and
use of the project throughout its projected life.
Other Sources
A number of priv
Sound, watershed protection, and habitat conservation include:
• The Russell Family Foundation (www.trff.org/home.asp);
• William C. Kenney Watershed Protection Foundation (www
• Northwest Fund for the Environment (www.nwfund.org/);
• Kongsgaard-Goldman Foundation (www.kongsgaard-goldman.org/);
• The Bullitt Foundation (www.bullitt.org);
• The Compton Foundation (www.comptonfound
The Acorn Foundation (www.commoncounsel.org);
• Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (www.ddcf.org); and
• The Hugh and Jane Ferguson Foundation
(http://www.foundationcenter.org/grantmaker/ferguson/).
OBSTACLES AND CHALLENGES
There are a number of potential complicating factors between the
and on-the-ground implementation of its programs and projects. S
briefly summarized below:
• Lack of funding: Designing, carrying out, and monitoring the success of restoration effo
can be an expensive
general, funding for restoration is limited and competition for funds extensive.
Landowner participation: Ownership of Jefferson County’s shorelines is highly variable.
Landowners in areas identified as priorities for restoration efforts may be unwil
unable to participate in those efforts, while others may be willing to participate in future
projects.
Project permitting: Obtaining necessary permits from local, state, and federal regulatory
agencies c
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
Page 7-12 October 2008
• Climate change: Rising temperatures and sea levels have the potential to dramatically alte
Jefferson County’s shoreline jurisdiction, processes, and functions over time. Depending on
the scale of change and time period over which changes occur, restoration
r
priorities could
7.5
STRA
propriately
goals”
f)). Phase 3 of the SMP guidelines restoration framework (based on Palmer
ch
inform future restoration activities.
As dn agement is “the integration of design,
managem
est shoreline
ple,
ces of
d to
in our previous example, if a catastrophic
landslide occurs within the reach formerly deprived of sediment, it may no longer be necessary to
onservation community can
benefit from this information, as they can design and manage better projects and avoid some of the
oration
shift substantially within a relatively short period of time.
MONITORING AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
TEGIES
The SMP guidelines for restoration planning state that local programs should “…ap
review the effectiveness of the projects and programs in meeting the overall restoration
(WAC 173-26-201(2)(
et al, 2005) provides a general roadmap for assessing restoration actions and revising the approa
to meeting restoration goals. It includes the following objectives:
• Adaptively manage restoration projects;
• Monitor post-restoration conditions; and
• Use monitoring and maintenance results to
efied by Salafsky et al. (2001), adaptive man
ent, and monitoring to systematically test assumptions in order to adapt and learn.”
ingassumptions involves first thinking about the situation at a project site, such as aT
scheduled for beach nourishment and developing a specific set of assumptions about what is
occurring at that site and what actions one might be able to use to affect these events. For exam
one might look at a scoured beach surrounded by shoreline armoring and conclude that a) sour
feeder material are no longer able to feed the beach, and therefore that b) beach nourishment may
need to be performed on a recurring basis until/unless shoreline armoring is reduced. Restoration
practitioners can then implement these actions and monitor the actual results to see how they
compare to the ones predicted by the set of assumptions.
Adaptation, in turn, is about taking action to improve a project based on the results of monitoring
(Salafsky et al., 2001). Adaptation involves changing assumptions and interventions to respon
new information obtained through monitoring efforts. As
perform beach nourishment on a recurring basis within that reach. Ongoing monitoring would
make clear the necessity of adapting to changed circumstances; namely, the unexpected addition of
a new sediment source within the drift cell feeding the scoured beach.
Learning is an additional important component of adaptive management (Salafsky et al., 2001).
Learning is about systematically documenting the process of restoration and the results achieved, in
order to prevent the repetition of mistakes in the future. Others in the c
hazards and perils of previous efforts that were well documented by practitioners.
In context of all Jefferson County’s shorelines, monitoring and adaptive management could include
a re-review of environmental processes and functions at the time of periodic SMP updates to, at a
minimum, validate the effectiveness of the SMP. Re-review should consider what rest
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 7-13
activities actually occurred compared to stated goals, objectives and priorities, and whether
restoration projects resulted in a net improvement of shoreline resources.
Under the Shoreline Management Act, the SMP must result in no net loss of shoreline ecolog
resources. If reviews demonstrate that this standard has not been met, Jeff
ical
erson County will be
required to take corrective actions. The goal for restoration is to achieve a net improvement of
to
ne
conditions.
could
em-wide monitoring of shoreline conditions and development activity, to the degree
practical, recognizing that individual project monitoring does not provide an assessment of overall
a. New shoreline development
s
The County may r o monitor as part of project mitigation, which may be
incorporate ss, as development and restoration activities occur in the
horeline area, the County should seek to monitor shoreline conditions to determine whether both
become elevated in priority to prevent loss of critical resources. Alternatively, successful
sive Plan
update cycle. A complete reassessment of conditions, policies and regulations should be considered
shoreline resources. The cumulative effect of restoration over the time between reviews should be
evaluated along with an assessment of impacts of development that is not fully mitigated to
determine effectiveness at achieving a net improvement to shoreline ecological resources.
To conduct a valid reassessment of the shoreline conditions every seven years, it is necessary
monitor, record and maintain key environmental metrics to allow a comparison with baseli
In context of project and site-specific monitoring and adaptive management, Jefferson County
conduct syst
shoreline ecological health. The following approach is suggested:
Track information using the County’s GIS and permit system as activities occur (development,
conservation, restoration, and mitigation), such as:
b. Shoreline variances and the nature of the variance
c. Compliance issues
d. New impervious surface area
e. Number of pilings
f. Removal of fill
g. Vegetation retention/loss
h. Bulkheads/armoring
equire project proponents t
d into this process. Regardle
s
project specific and SMP overall goals are being achieved. Mitigation plans, including those for
restoration activities, shall be based on site-specific conditions and shall include a monitoring
proposal intended to capture development of habitat conditions and features within the mitigation
area. Mitigation plans shall be submitted to Jefferson County for County review and approval.
As monitoring occurs, Jefferson County should reassess environmental conditions and restoration
objectives. Those ecological processes and functions that are found to be worsening may need to
restoration may reduce the importance of some restoration objectives in the future.
Evaluation of shoreline conditions, permit activity, GIS data, and policy and regulatory
effectiveness should occur at varying levels of detail consistent with the Comprehen
every seven years.
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Page 8-1
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II: MPA Site Profiles & Appendices. March 1998. Prepared for the Puget Sound/Georgia
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Quality in 1996 and 1997, No. 98-338. Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.
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Norris, J. 2007. Personal communication to ESA Adolfson. May 2007.
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and Associates. 2000. Stage 1 technical assessment as of February 2000 of WRIA 17.
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(Hypomesus) and Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes) in East Jefferson County. Washington
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hexapterus) in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Research ’95 Proceedings, Bellevue, WA.
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Perkins Geosciences and TerraLogic GIS. 2004. Lower Hoh River Channel Migration Study.
Prepared for the Hoh Tribe .
Perkins, S.J. and J. Klawon. 2004. Channel Migration Hazard Maps for the Dosewallips,
Duckabush, Big Quilcene, and Little Quilcene Rivers, Jefferson County, Washington. Final
Draft Report. Prepared for Jefferson County Natural Resources Division. October 2004.
Phinney, L.A. and P. Bucknell. 1975. A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization,
Volume 2, Coastal Region. Washington Department of Fisheries.
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http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/Fact_sheets/eelgrass.pdf
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Recovery in Puget Sound. Prepared for Shared Strategy for Puget Sound. June 28, 2005.
Puget Sound Action Team (PSAT). 2006. Aquatic Nuisance Species News. October 6, 2006.
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Puget Sound Cooperative River Basin Team. 1992. The Discovery Bay Watershed. Discovery Bay
Watershed Management Committee, Jefferson County, Washington.
Puget Sound Technical Recovery Team. 2002. Planning Ranges and Preliminary Guidelines for the
Delisting and Recovery of the Puget Sound Chinook Salmon Evolutionarily Significant
Unit. http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Salmon-Recovery-Planning/Recovery-Domains/Puget-
Sound/upload/trtpopesu.pdf
Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. 2002. 2002 Puget Sound Update: Eighth Report of the
Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team.
Olympia, Washington
Ruckelshaus, M. H. and M. M. McClure. 2007. Sound Science: Synthesizing ecological and
socioeconomic information about the Puget Sound ecosystem. prepared in cooperation with
the Sound Science collaborative team. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Administration (NMFS), Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Seattle,
Washington.93 p.
Salafsky, N., R. Margoluis, K. Redford. 2001. Adaptive Management: A Tool for Conservation
Practitioners. World Wildlife Fund, Inc. Washington, DC.
Schreiner, E.G. and B.D. Winter. 2005. Restoration of the Elwha River Ecosystem, Results of a
Biological Monitoring/Research Workshop: March 18-19, 2003. U.S. Department of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Port Angeles, WA.
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Schwartz, M.L., B.D. Harp, B.E. Taggart, and M. Chrzastowski. 1991. Net shore-drift in
Washington state: Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program. WA Dept. of
Ecology, Olympia, WA.
Shared Strategy Development Committee. 2007. Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Plan. Seattle,
Washington. (http://www.sharedsalmonstrategy.org/plan/toc.htm)
Simonds, F.W., C.I. Longpré, and G.B. Justin. 2003. Hydrogeology of the Chimacum Creek Basin
and Surface Water / Groundwater Interactions in the Quilcene Bay Area, Eastern Jefferson
County, Washington. US Geological Survey, prepared in cooperation with the Jefferson
Count Department of Natural Resources. Tacoma, WA.
Smith, C.J. 2000. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors in the North Washington coastal
streams of WRIA 20. Washington State Conservation Commission.
Smith, C.J. and J. Caldwell. 2001. Salmon and steelhead limiting factors in the Washington coastal
streams of WRIA 21. Washington State Conservation Commission
Stanley, S., J. Brown, and S. Grigsby. 2005. Protecting Aquatic Ecosystems: A Guide for Puget
Sound Planners to Understand Watershed Processes. Washington State Department of
Ecology. Publication #05-06-027. Olympia, Washington.
Thom RM, GD Williams, AB Borde, JA Southard, SL Sargeant, DL Woodruff, JC Laufle, and S
Glasoe. 2005. "Adaptively Addressing Uncertainty in Estuarine and Near Coastal
Restoration Projects." Journal of Coastal Research. JCR 40(sp. iss.):94-108.
Thom RM, GD Williams, and HL Diefenderfer. 2005. "Balancing the Need to Develop Coastal
Areas with the Desire for an Ecologically Functioning Coastal Environment: Is Net
Ecosystem Improvement Possible?" Restoration Ecology 13(1):193-203.
doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00024.x
Thom, R. M., A. B. Borde, G. D. Williams, J. A. Southard, S. L. Blanto and D. L. Woodruff,. 2001.
Effects of Multiple Stressors on Eelgrass Restoration Projects. Battelle Marine Sciences
Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. In Puget Sound Research.
Thom, R., L. Antrim, A. Borde, W. Gardiner, D. Schreffler, P. Farley, J. Norris, S.Willey-
Echeverria, and T. McKenzie. 1998. Puget Sound's eelgrass meadows: Depth distribution
and spatial patchiness. Puget Sound '98,Conference Proceedings, March 12-13, 1998,
Seattle, WA.
Thompson, R.E. 1994. Physical oceanography of the Strait of Georgia-Puget Sound-Juan de
Todd, S., N. Fitzpatrick, A. Carter-Mortimer , and C. Weller. 2006. Historical Changes to Estuaries,
Spits, and Associated Tidal Wetland Habitats in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca
Regions of Washington State. Final Report. Point No Point Treaty Council Technical Report
06-1. December 2006.
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October 2008 Page 8-11
Todd, Steve. 2006. Point No Point Treaty Council Habitat Biologist, personal communication to
Michelle McConnell, Jefferson County Department of Community Development, October
2006.
United States Bureau of Reclamation (2004) , Geomorphic Assessment of the Hoh River,
Washington State, Hoh River Miles 17 to 40: Oxbow Canyon and Mount Tom Creek U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center, Denver,
Colorado.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006. Puget Sound Georgia Basin
Ecosystem: Species at Risk. Available at:
http://epa.gov/region10/psgb/indicators/species_at_risk/
United States Geological Survey (USGS). 1998. Determination of Upstream Boundaries on
Western Washington Streams and Rivers Under the Requirements of the Shoreline
Management Act of 1971. By David L. Kresch, Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-
4208. Prepared in cooperation with Washington State Department of Ecology.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2000. An Assessment of Available Data and Information
and Possible Methods of Analysis of the Water Resources of the Elwha-Morse Watershed,
Washington. Tacoma, WA. March 2000.
USDA, Forest Service (USFS). 1998. Forest plan monitoring and evaluation report - 1998. Idaho
Panhandle National Forests. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 166 pp. [835k]
USDA, Forest Service (USFS). 1999. Forest plan monitoring and evaluation report - 1999. Idaho.
Warrick, J. 2005. Dam Removal on the Elwha River in Washington—Nearshore Impacts of
Released Sediment. USGS Soundwaves Newsletter: February 2005. Accessed at:
http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2005/02/research.html.
Washington Conservation Commission. 1999. Habitat Factors Limiting Salmon Success in
Washington State. Washington Conservation Commission.
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology), 2007. Draft Watershed Characterization for
Jefferson County, Version 3. Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program. May 16,
2007. Prepared for Jefferson County Department of Community Development.
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). Puget Sound Shorelines. Available at:
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/shorebird.html
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). 1978. Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington, Volume Eleven, Jefferson
County. General editor Carl Youngman.
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). 2001 Shoreline Photos Shorelands and
Environmental Assistance Program
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). 2005. Stormwater Management Manual for Western
Washington. Publication Numbers 05-10-029 through 05-10-032. February 2005.
Jefferson County SMP Update
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Page 8-12 October 2008
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). 2006. Cleanup sites.
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), Salmonid Screening, Habitat Enhancement
and Restoration Section (SSHEAR). 2001. 2000 Annual Report. Environmental Restoration
Division, Habitat Program. Accessed at:
http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/tapps/reports/2000sshear.pdf
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). 2006. Aquatic Invasive Species Factheets:
Tunicates. Available at: http://wdfw.wa.gov/factshts/tunicates_fact_mar06.htm
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). 2000. Fish Passage Barrier and Surface
Water Diversion Screening Assessment and Prioritization Manual. Accessed at:
http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/engineer/mnl2000.pdf
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). 2000a. Critical spawning habitat for
herring, surf smelt, sand lance, and rock sole in Puget Sound Washington. Washington
Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program. Olympia, Washington.
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). 2000b. Salmonid and Steelhead Stock
Inventory (SaSSI). Accessed August 2006. Available at:
http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/sassi/intro.htm
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). 2006. Aquatic Invasive Species Fact
Sheets: Tunicates. Available at: http://wdfw.wa.gov/factshts/tunicates_fact_mar06.htm
Washington Department of Health (WDH). 2006a Early warning system summary for shellfish
growing areas on Jefferson County. Available at:
http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/growreports.htm#county
Washington Department of Health (WDH). 2006b. Recreational Shellfish Beach Closures Due to
Biotoxin or Pollution. Jefferson County. Available at:
http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/BiotoxinProgram.htm
Washington Department Of Health (WDOH). 2005. Report to the Puget Sound Action Team.
Nitrogen Reducing Technologies for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems. Office Of
Environmental Health & Safety. Wastewater Management Program Division. June 2005.
Washington Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 2001. Washington State ShoreZone
Inventory, Nearshore Habitat Program, Olympia, WA.
Washington Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 2005. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement on the Policy for Sustainable Forests. April 2005.
Washington Sea Grant. 2000. Draft Northwest Straits Overview, A Science Gap Report. Seattle,
Washington. April 2000. Prepared for the Northwest Straits Commission.
Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA). 2007. Spartina Eradication Program 2006
Progress Report. WSDA Spartina Program , Olympia, WA.
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October 2008 Page 8-13
Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA). 2001 Spartina Management Plan for Hood
Canal. WSDA Spartina Program, Olympia, WA.
Washington State Department of Health. 2005. 2004 Shoreline Survey of the Hood Canal 4
Shellfish Growing Area. Zabel-Lincoln.
Washington State Parks (WSP). 2006. Parks Information website. Available at:
http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/
WDFW and PNPTC. 2000. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative, An Implementation
Plan to Recover Summer Chum in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca Region.
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Point-No-Point Treaty Tribes. April 2000.
Western Rivers Conservancy. 2006. Washington Campaigns, Creating a Salmon Sanctuary, Hoh
River, Jefferson County, Washington. http://www.westernrivers.org/camp_wa_hoh.html
(accessed 11/2/06).
Woodruff, D., A. Borde, G. Williams, J. Southard, R. Thom, C. Simenstad, R. Garono, R.
Robinson, and J. Norris. 2002. Mapping of subtidal and intertidal habitat resources: Hood
Canal Floating Bridge, Washington. Prepared for the Washington State Transportation
Commission.
WRIA 16 Planning Unit. 2006. Watershed Management Plan, Skokomish-Dosewallips Water
Resource Inventory Area (WRIA 16), Including the WRIA 14 South Shore Sub-basin.
February 2006.
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October 2008 Appendix A
APPENDIX A:
WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION FOR EASTERN JEFFERSON
COUNTY
(under separate cover)
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
October 2008 Appendix B
APPENDIX B:
BATTELLE MARINE SCIENCE LABORATORY MULTI-SCALE
RESTORATION PRIORITIZATION FOR LOCAL AND REGIONAL
SHORELINE MASTER PROGRAMS:
A CASE STUDY FROM JEFFERSON COUNTY, WASHINGTON
(under separate cover)
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
APPENDIX C - SUMMARY OF EXISTING RESTORATION PROGRAMS
October 2008 Appendix C
Jefferson County SMP Update
Restoration Plan
SUMMARY OF EXISTING RESTORATION PLANS & PROGRAMS
This section supplements the information in Chapter 6 on restoration partners. These additional
restoration planning efforts in Jefferson County may help to inform and implement future
restoration actions.
Shared Strategy for Puget Sound
The Shared Strategy for Puget Sound (Shared Strategy) began as a collaborative effort to protect
and restore salmon runs for Puget Sound Chinook across Puget Sound. Shared Strategy engaged
local citizens, tribes, technical experts and policy makers to build a practical, cost-effective
recovery plan endorsed by the people living and working in the watersheds of Puget Sound.
The Shared Strategy operated through a five-step process:
1) Identify what should be in a recovery plan and assess how current efforts can support the
plan.
2) Set recovery targets and ranges for each watershed.
3) Identify actions needed at the watershed level to meet targets.
4) Determine if identified actions add up to recovery. If not, identify needed adjustments.
5) Finalize the plan and actions and commitment necessary for successful implementation.
Fourteen watershed areas participated in the Shared Strategy to recover Puget Sound Chinook
salmon and obtain the commitments needed to achieve them. These individual watershed groups
developed the technical content and implementation structure of their local recovery chapter.
Watersheds, in turn, worked with stakeholders in the Puget Sound to integrate science and social
policy into the regional recovery plan. In addition to the work within the fourteen watershed
areas, work by the Puget Sound Action Team, the predecessor agency to the Puget Sound
Partnership, lead the development of a nearshore chapter as part of Shared Strategy’s salmon
recovery plan for Puget Sound. The regional consensus process ensured the plan ultimately
reflected local needs and priorities while meeting ESA requirements
(http://www.sharedsalmonstrategy.org/about.htm).
In Jefferson County, restoration efforts carried out under the umbrella of the Shared Strategy and
the Hood Canal Coordinating Council include a number of projects focused on estuaries. Projects
include removal of levees, borrow ditches and tidegates to allow disconnected and degraded salt
marshes to recover in the Dosewallips estuary, and significant acquisition efforts to allow for
future restoration in the Dosewallips, Big and Little Quilcene, and Snow/Salmon estuaries.
Natural functions and processes are also being restored in the Chimacum estuary through
removal of fill and riprap. Work has begun in the Duckabush estuary to model potential
alternatives and their associated benefits for reconfiguring the SR101 causeway
(http://www.sharedsalmonstrategy.org/watersheds/watershed-hoodcanal.htm).
The removal of two dams on the Lower Elwha River is scheduled to begin around 2013. The
Elwha and Glines Canyon dams, both located in Clallam County, currently block access to
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approximately 95 percent of historic spawning and rearing habitat for anadromous salmon in the
river basin – including headwater areas located in Jefferson County (Warrick, 2005, available at:
http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2005/02/research.html). These efforts should increase habitat
connectivity between fresh and marine waters of Jefferson County, and likely will restore
important nearshore processes including drift cell function. On January 1, 2008, the regional
salmon recovery functions of the Shared Strategy became the responsibility of the Puget Sound
Partnership.
Pacific Northwest Recovery Implementation Science Team RIST.
After listing 27 Pacific salmon Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) as threatened or
endangered under the Endangered Species Act, NMFS initiated a west coast-wide process to
develop recovery plans for these species. An important part of this process was the creation of
geographically based multi-disciplinary science teams Technical Recovery Teams (TRTs). The
TRTs were tasked with providing science support to recovery planners by developing
biologically based viability criteria, analyzing alternative recovery strategies, and providing
scientific review of draft plans.
With the imminent publication of recovery plans for most Pacific Northwest recovery domains,
the Pacific Northwest TRTs either have completed or are close to completing their initial task of
developing viability criteria and providing science support for recovery plan development.
NMFS therefore has phased out most of the existing Pacific Northwest TRTs.
As the recovery plans are completed, there is a continuing need for broad-based scientific
support for recovery plan implementation. Examples of ongoing science needs include:
• Analysis of the efficacy of particular recovery actions
• Development of monitoring and evaluation programs
• Scientific information and analysis to inform critical uncertainties, and the
prioritization, sequencing, and development of effective strategies and actions
• Providing scientific review of plans and analyses for policy, funding, and oversight
groups
To meet these ongoing needs, NMFS initiated the Recovery Implementation Science Team
(RIST), which will be responsible for coordinating scientific analyses in support of recovery plan
implementation across the Pacific Northwest and other locations along the west coast.
There are two active technical recovery teams in the Puget Sound domain: the Puget Sound
Steelhead Technical Recovery Team (PSSTRT), and the Puget Sound Recovery Implementation
Technical Team (PSRITT). Both teams work in coordination with the Pacific Northwest
Recovery Implementation Science Team (RIST). The PSSTRT is tasked with identifying
population structure and developing biological viability criteria for Puget Sound steelhead. The
PSRITT is providing recovery implementation technical support for Puget Sound Chinook and
steelhead, Eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca / Hood Canal summer chum, and Lake Ozette sockeye.
The PSRITT also works closely with the Puget Sound Partnership. The original Puget Sound
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salmon TRT was formed in April of 2000, and was phased out in early 2008 with the formation
of the PSRITT.
Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP)
The Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP) was formally initiated as
a General Investigation (GI) Feasibility Study in September 2001, through a cost-share
agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the State of Washington, represented
by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. This agreement describes our joint
interests and responsibilities to complete a feasibility study to: “…evaluate significant ecosystem
degradation in the Puget Sound Basin; to formulate, evaluate, and screen potential solutions to
these problems; and to recommend a series of actions and projects that have a federal interest and
are supported by a local entity willing to provide the necessary items of local cooperation.”
Collaborating with the Puget Sound Action Team (PSAT), the Nearshore Partnership seeks to
implement portions of PSAT’s Work Plan pertaining to nearshore habitat restoration issues.
The purpose of the project is to identify significant ecosystem problems in Washington State's
Puget Sound basin, evaluate potential solutions, and restore and preserve critical nearshore
habitat. The project is a cooperative effort among government organizations, tribes, industries,
and environmental organizations to preserve and restore the health of the Sound's nearshore.
The project is currently in its feasibility study phase. The purpose of the feasibility study is to
evaluate the factors that are causing the habitat to decline and pollution to occur in the Puget
Sound basin, to formulate, evaluate, and screen potential solutions to these problems; and to
recommend a series of actions and projects. The study will look for projects that have both a
federal interest and support from local communities that are willing to provide the necessary
investment to address the habitat or pollution problems in their area of the Sound
(http://pugetsoundnearshore.org/what.htm).
Northwest Straits Marine Conservation Initiative
The Northwest Straits Marine Conservation Initiative was authorized by Congress in 1998. This
federally funded program is a grassroots approach to protecting and restoring the marine
resources of the Northwest Straits. The Northwest Straits currently falls under the jurisdiction of
the state of Washington and Clallam, Jefferson, Whatcom, Skagit, San Juan, Island, and
Snohomish counties, each of which coordinates local restoration projects through seven Marine
Resources Committees (MRCs). A 13-person Northwest Straits Commission has been formed to
help guide and offer resources to the Marine Resources Committees in each of the seven counties
(http://www.nwstraits.org/PageID/132/default.aspx).Puget Sound Salmon Management Plan.
The implementation of the habitat element of this plan will involve a continuing and evolving
process. The habitat element assesses habitat factors for decline and recommends strategies and
actions to sustain and rebuild summer chum salmon in this region. However, the authority to
implement these measures is dispersed through a variety of federal, state and local jurisdictions.
The parties to this plan will continue to work with the appropriate jurisdictions on implementing
plans for habitat protection and restoration. This will include working with the lead entities,
Hood Canal Coordinating Council and local governments, the Governor’s Salmon Recovery
Office, the Salmon Recovery Funding Board, U.S. Forest Service, etc. Implementation plans
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developed by these agencies and processes are expected to be consistent with and integral to this
plan.
Northwest Maritime Center
The Northwest Maritime Center is a nonprofit organization that focuses on providing maritime
educational programs. The Center has participated in a renovation effort at Point Hudson Marina
– Port Townsend’s downtown marina – which included the removal of creosote soaked piles, old
docks, and utilities dating from the 1940s. It has also undertaken clean-up efforts at the future
site of the Northwest Maritime Center, a waterfront site with soils contaminated from a bulk oil
terminal formerly located on site. Restoration of an eelgrass bed was an additional component of
this project (http://nwmaritime.org/news/news_7.shtml). Removal of derelict structures
improves nearshore processes and functions, and restoration of eelgrass significantly enhances
nearshore habitat for a variety of species.
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s Summer Chum Salmon
Conservation Initiative: A Plan to Recover Summer Chum Salmon
The goal of the Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative is to protect, restore and enhance
the productivity, production and diversity of Hood Canal summer chum salmon and their
ecosystems to provide surplus production sufficient to allow future directed and incidental
harvests of summer chum salmon. Part of the goal is to support and expand on ongoing and
future recovery efforts such that there will be a comprehensive and cohesive strategy or plan for
the recovery and restoration of these populations. The Summer Chum Salmon Conservation
Initiative provides specific actions to be taken to lead to the recovery of the region’s summer
chum salmon. It is anticipated that management of all elements of the plan will periodically be
evaluated and reshaped if necessary to achieve plan objectives. To facilitate this adaptive
management approach, annual reports will be prepared to gage progress and assess the
effectiveness of actions taken. In addition, five-year plan reviews will be conducted to measure
overall progress toward recovery and evaluate and/or revise the strategies and actions provided
in the plan.
One approach is to provide for the habitat requirements of each life stage (including adult
migration, spawning, incubation and emergence, rearing, and juvenile migration) and for overall
life history diversity to ensure the integrity and resilience of the entire region. The strategies
outlined in the plan focus on protecting or restoring habitat conditions that appear to limit
particular life stages. Habitat evaluations were organized around three primary habitat types –
freshwater, estuarine delta, and estuarine nearshore – that are utilized by summer chum salmon
during their life cycle. A fourth habitat type, offshore and open ocean, is not discussed because
of limited information and a lack of expertise within the habitat workgroup.
Watershed Planning (WRIA 16 – Skokomish/Dosewallips)
The Watershed Management Plan for WRIA 16 was adopted by the WRIA 16 Planning Unit on
May 11, 2006 and approved by the Mason and Jefferson Board of County Commissioners on
July 11, 2006. The plan is intended to guide future water resource management in WRIA 16,
and, to that end, makes recommendations concerning water quality, water quantity, habitat and
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other topics. The Planning Unit has agreed that nothing in the plan creates an obligation for a
Planning Unit member unless that member determines that funding is available.
Recommendations specific to habitat restoration are briefly discussed below.
The Watershed Management Plan supports existing salmon recovery and habitat conservation
programs, including many types of in-stream restoration projects and acquisition efforts. It also
recommends the validation of stream typing designations through ground-truthing, the adoption
of the Adaptive Management rule-making petitions presented by the Policy Committee of the
Forest and Fish Program, and the consideration of land preservation programs to preserve critical
habitat (Cascadia Consulting Group, 2006, available at:
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/apps/watersheds/planning/docs/WRIA_16_ES_final.pdf).
Watershed Planning (WRIA 17 – Quilcene/Snow)
The 18-member Planning Unit adopted the Watershed Management Plan for WRIA 17 in late
2003. Purposes of the plan are similar to those described for WRIA 16. Recommendations
specific to habitat restoration are briefly outlined below.
The Watershed Management Plan supports existing salmon recovery efforts by the Hood Canal
Coordinating Council and other local organizations, in addition to recommending that citizen-
based salmon habitat programs, such as Washington State University’s Water Watchers program,
be expanded. It also recommends that the Limiting Factors Analysis and East Jefferson County
Refugia Study be used as a guide for habitat restoration efforts. The Planning Unit encourages
its members to collaborate with other planning units and organizations to create a stable revenue
source for correcting public fish passage barriers and maintaining clear passage, and also
recommends that impassable culverts be replaced as soon as funding is secure, in coordination
with local road planning efforts. Finally, large woody debris (LWD) should be conserved
whenever possible, and governmental agencies should make the large woody debris stockpiling
part of their normal operations (Cascadia Consulting Group, 2003, available at:
http://wria17.co.jefferson.wa.us/documentsf.htm). The retention of LWD in freshwater systems
is an important process that, among other benefits, contributes to the capacity of rivers and
streams to support salmonids and the biological productivity associated with their abundance.
Watershed Planning (WRIA 18 – Elwha/Dungeness)
Recommendations specific to habitat restoration in WRIA 18 rely largely on planning documents
previously developed for the area, including the Limiting Factors Analysis for WRIA 18
(Washington Conservation Commission, 1999); a 1997 inventory by Washington Department of
Fish & Wildlife; and the North Olympic Peninsula Lead Entity Group’s 2001 comprehensive
habitat restoration project strategy, which includes identification of restoration priorities for each
WRIA 18 stream and a four-tier framework that prioritizes the streams relative to each other
based on their habitat and stock restoration potential, as well as other factors (Elwha-Dungeness
Planning Unit, 2005, available at:
http://www.clallam.net/environment/html/wria_18_draft_watershed_plan.htm).
The majority of WRIA 18 streams fall within Clallam County, though the headwaters of the
Dungeness River and upstream sections of the Elwha River are located in Jefferson County. The
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Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act (1992) provides a federal mandate for the
restoration of the river system and its associated fisheries. The removal of two hydroelectric
dams on the lower river is necessary to accomplish goals of the Act, and removal is scheduled to
begin between 2008 and 2012 (Elwha-Dungeness Planning Unit, 2005). The removal of the
Elwha River’s two dams will significantly improve connectivity between fresh waters of
Jefferson/Clallam counties and marine waters of Clallam County.
Watershed Planning (WRIA 20 – Soleduck/Hoh)
The "Hoh River Conservation Corridor" project is an ongoing effort by the Western Rivers
Conservancy and Wild Salmon Center to acquire over 7,000 acres/56 miles of Hoh River
riparian corridor for conservation. The Conservation Corridor project is managed by the
Western Rivers Conservancy through the Hoh River Trust, a non-profit organization created to
manage the lands acquired for the benefit of fish and wildlife. Between 2003 and 2005, the
project received over $6.7 million dollars in federal Interior Department grants, state grants, and
funding from private organizations. As of June 2004, WRC had acquired Hoh River riparian
lands at Schmidt Bar near lower Elk and Winfield Creeks (757 acres), Watermarker at Spruce
Creek (1,617 acres) and Nolan Creek (1,325 acres). In 2006, the Hoh River Conservation
Corridor, Phase IV (Jefferson County, WA) received $6,371,250 to acquire and protect 2,320
acres of riparian and upland forest habitat in the lower Hoh River Valley. This acquisition added
to the 4,481 acres already acquired and protected. Partners include Washington Department of
Natural Resources, Western Rivers Conservancy, and Hoh River Trust.
Wild Salmon Center research between 2002 and 2006 documented that Owl Creek supports the
greatest abundance of rearing juvenile steelhead of any tributary outside of the Olympic National
Park. Nolan Creek also supports an abundance of juvenile steelhead, coho, and coastal cutthroat,
and is the only tributary where the presence of bull trout (ESA listed species) has been confirmed
(Mcmillan and Gayeski, 2006). As mentioned previously, acquisition of intact watersheds
protects important shoreline functions within Jefferson County.
Watershed Planning (WRIA 21 – Queets/Quinault)
As of December 2005, no activities under the Watershed Planning Act have occurred in WRIA
21 (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0511038.pdf).
Page C-6 October 2008