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HomeMy WebLinkAboutKala Point Bluff Management Plan Parcel 965 000 348KALA POINT BLUFF MANAGEMENT PLAN Approved by the Board of Directors, Revised April 14, 2015, Version 4.0 SECTION ONE—INTRODUCTION 1.1 This document is the Bluff Management Plan, and is referred to herein as the "plan" or the "BMP". References to the "association" and the "board" are to the Kala Point Owners Association and to its Board of Directors, respectively. The "bluff common area" means those parcels of KPOA common area, which are shown as three sectors on the map in Appendix A. 1.2 Effective and consistent management of the bluff common area cannot be accomplished without a thoughtful and forward-looking plan. Decisions made only in response to separate tree action requests by individual members do not result in a coordinated, positive, effective or equitable outcome. 1.3 This plan serves as a roadmap defining how we want our bluff vegetation to be managed and maintained into the future. It is a tool that should be adjusted and refined as our knowledge of the bluff grows. 1.4 The Ad hoc BluffNiew Task Force was created by the Board to explore and implement a structured process to address tree actions on the bluff. The Board instructed the ad hoc Bluff View Task Force committee to develop a clear policy with intelligent and informed standards that integrate the consideration of protecting the KPOA bluff common area, while preserving marine views to the extent that it does not compromise the protection of the bluff. Protection includes bluff stability, wildlife habitat, and the overall aesthetics of the bluff common area. It is important to understand that the KPOA governing documents do not guarantee that native vegetation on the bluff common area will not eventually grow into someone's view over time. With photographic documentation of the changes in view from the time when the current owner purchased property and when applying for a tree action, consideration should be given to the request. However, tree actions should not occur at the expense of bluff stability, wildlife habitat, or in the face of significant concerns expressed to the KPOA Board by other members. This plan collects and explains those policies and standards. 1.5 The objective of the plan is to define the character that we want for our bluff and the actions that we must take in order to achieve and maintain that character with consistency into the future. 1.6 The specific goals of the plan are to define policies and procedures that will: (a) Maintain and protect the value, desirability, and attractiveness of our community, including the marine views enjoyed by many residents to Kala Point; (b) Promote the health, safety, and attractiveness of the bluff common area by providing long-range comprehensive vegetation policies that will encourage: (1) Native plant diversity, including trees as well as shrubs and other ground cover; (2) Preservation of large trees that help maintains the wooded character of our community; (3) Low growing trees that do not diminish marine views with root structure that promote soil stability; and (4) A vigorous understory; (c) Ensure consistent, equitable and intelligent management of the bluff common area vegetation, including replanting or other mitigation measures where appropriate; (d) Assure community participation in the decision-making process at an early stage in order to gain consensus and reduce the potential for discord; (e) Assist current and prospective owners in understanding the process and, to the extent possible, allow them to reasonably predict the likely disposition of view -related requests for modifying bluff common area vegetation; (t) Implement a process that identifies, inventories, and organizes information relating to existing conditions and past decisions on tree actions. This should help members better understand conditions on the bluff so that the cumulative impacts of BMAC decisions can be recognized and effectively managed; and (g) Establish standardized methods to ensure that decision makers consider all pertinent factors and record their findings in evaluating tree action requests so that all KPOA members can appreciate how a decision was reached. 1.7 The BMP is organized into six sections. Each section begins with an overview, and then a statement of policy, followed by a comment that is intended to explain or help interpret the policy. Each policy concludes with defined actions that will implement the policy. 1.8 It is intended that guidelines for bluff stability and marine view will be used by the Community and decision makers in evaluating tree action requests related to vegetation on the bluff common area. 1.9 This plan should be liberally construed and interpreted in order to give full effect to its purposes, goals, objectives, and policies. 1.10 A specialized vocabulary is necessary in the BMP to discuss and communicate with other governmental and nongovernmental organizations concerned with marine bluffs. Appendix F is a glossary that introduces and defines many of these terms. SECTION TWO—GOVERNING PRINCIPLES 2.1 Overview — The following principles establish basic concepts that underpin the goals, policies and procedures of the plan. 2.2 Policy— We must protect the marine views and the wooded character of Kala Point, which makes it a special place. Comment: The plan strives to maintain mature trees on the bluff while adjusting for view maintenance by careful tree actions that reflect community -wide aesthetic values and protect bluff stability. The KPOA CC&Rs specifically recognize the importance of marine views to homeowners. The term "marine view" will be taken to mean views of the sea and related objects that appear near in conjunction with the sea. Thus, a member's marine view could include views of Port Townsend, nearby islands, distant mountains that appear just above the water, and boats and ships on Puget Sound. A marine view does not mean a full (I80 - degree) or unobstructed view free of trees. The KPOA CC&Rs also recognize that Kala Point is a wooded area. This wooded character should be maintained to the extent that it can be preserved, but not to the extent that trees or new tree growth are allowed to unreasonably interfere with marine views. Action: Foster a broadly accepted aesthetic vision of the bluff by encouraging community discussion, and participation in decision making by members. 2.3 Policy — Effective vegetation practices should be employed to minimize (as much as is reasonable) erosion and landsliding of the bluff. Comment: The Kala Point bluff is gradually receding as waves erode the toe of the bluff during high tide and windstorms and transport the eroded material along the beach. Wave erosion occurs more frequently, with greater intensity, and for longer durations from late fall through early spring, especially during the King Tides. Vegetation contributes to the stabilization of steep slopes and, thus, can slow undercutting of the bluff. The Kala Point Homeowners Association recognizes that decisions relating to bluff stability are best left to experts in this field. Action: To this end, and as required by the Jefferson County Shoreline Management Program (SMP), the KPOA Board will commission Jefferson County required geotechnical, biologist, and arborist studies to determine if requested actions could adversely impact bluff stability and habitat. 2.4 Policy — Effective vegetation practices should be employed to preserve and protect the health and vitality of the Kala Point lagoon and surrounding wetlands. Comment: A significant portion of Kala Point's southern shoreline is a coastal lagoon and salt marsh. This 8.5 -acre tract performs many important hydrologic functions, such as slowing and storing floodwaters, storing sediment eroded from the adjacent bluffs, and reducing the erosion of shorelines. In addition, it serves as a home and breeding area for a diverse array of wildlife, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Action: (a) Utilize available resources such as publications of the Washington State Department of Ecology and other available sources. (b) Increase community understanding of the importance of maintaining a healthy lagoon and the contribution made by vegetation by sponsoring educational meetings for members with experts, and regulators. (c) When appropriate, encourage salt -tolerant vegetation on the barrier beach that protects the lagoon. (d) Identify areas that would benefit from the planting of additional vegetation with appropriate plant species contained on the County approved plant list. (e) Consider tree density, proximity to shoreline, and the shading from the direct sun provided by the tree(s) in question. SECTION THREE—PROCEDURE 3.1 Overview — The Bluff Management Advisory Committee (`GMAC") is created as a KPOA standing committee as per BMAC APP XV. Comment: The Bluff Management Advisory Committee (BMAC) will be created at Kala Point to manage the bluff. The BMAC will improve communication between members and help reduce community discord. The CC&Rs provide that "[t]he Architectural Committee or the Grounds Committee shall review and approve all requests for clearing, tree removal or limbing in the Common Area" (CC&Rs, Art. IV, Paragraph B, section 15). Just as the Tree Committee was created under the umbrella of the Architecture Committee, the BMAC is created under the umbrella of the Grounds Committee; BMAC will report and make recommendations directly to the Board. The members of BMAC should come from diverse backgrounds and bring energy and expertise to the task. Action: (a) Appropriate and necessary supplemental administrative procedures and policies (APPS) for the BMAC should be drafted and adopted by the Board. (b) The Board will approve members selected by the BMAC to 511 committee vacancies as they occur. 3.2 Policy — BMAC members are subject to and entitled to the protection provided by the KPOA Committee Membership Policy (APP 11-30). Comment: It is important that the same rules and rights be applied to members appointed to the BMAC as to other standing committees of the KPOA. Action: (a) The committee will elect a Chairperson, Vice -Chairperson, and Secretary each January. Members of BMAC may perform the duties of Secretary on a rotating basis; if so, the Chairperson shall determine the rotation schedule. (b) Prepare and publish accurate minutes of all BMAC meetings. 3.3 Policy — The BMAC will gather, organize and preserve information necessary to understand and manage conditions on the bluff. Comment: It is understood that the impact of a tree action or vegetation request on bluff stability should be left to the experts in the field. It is also understood that maintaining view in conjunction with aesthetics and woodland appearance is also important to the Community. Understanding existing conditions on the bluff and the natural processes that affect them is prerequisite to the making of informed, consistent, and equitable decisions. Information that will be useful already exists or is readily available in a library of printed documents maintained by BMAC at the KPOA Administration Office and in electronic form on the KPOA website. Records of the Tree Committee, photographs, geotechnical reports, the KPOA Bluff Management Report, and substantial literature will be helpful. BMAC relies primarily on the Board commissioned geotechnical, arborist, and biologist reports. As new information is acquired, it will be incorporated in the established reference library. Action: (a) Establish a library of useful materials that is easily accessed by BMAC members and the KPOA membership. (b) For each set of requests, the KPOA Board will initiate a geotechnical, arborist, and habitat management study in accordance with the requirements of the Jefferson County SMP and the CAO (Critical Areas Ordinance). The county currently allows KPOA to use its recent Coastal Bluff Study as a collective geotechnical report for our entire bluff. Because geologic factors influence large portions of the landscape, a broader analysis is used rather than a tree -specific study as is done with the arborists and habitat management studies. 3.4 Policy — All tree action requests relating to trees on the bluff common area must be referred to the BMAC for screening and review. The BMAC will accept requests for tree actions from individual households to maintain and preserve views. The Board, in consultation with the BMAC, will commission geotechnical, arborist and habitat management studies covering the trees in each request. BMAC will review, screen, evaluate and make recommendations to the Board regarding those tree actions. BMAC will not accept combined requests. Individuals should submit requests for tree and vegetation actions that most closely affect them. Submitted photos must (as required by Jefferson County) be from the actual residence of the requester without zooming or magnification. Following its evaluation of the tree requests and the receipt and consideration of community input, the BMAC will issue a report presenting its recommendation to the Board. Comment: Consistency in decisions and procedure regarding management of the vegetation on the blurt common area requires that the same guidelines, standards, and opportunity for community -wide participation be followed in all cases. The BMAC, however, is principally an advisory committee. Its primary job is to inform and be informed. It will make recommendations to the Board rather than make decisions. The BMAC will develop a form to be used in submitting tree requests. A deposit of $250 must accompany each request for the Jefferson County Review. This deposit will be totally refunded, if for any reason, the request is withdrawn or denied by the Board. After receiving the cost of the County review, any part of the deposits not spent will be divided among the requesters. If the County charges more than was collected for the deposit, this cost will be passed on to the requesters. The requesters will share the cost of the geotechnical, arborist, and habitat management studies. After all requests are in and estimates are received for the County -required studies, the BMAC will hold a meeting to explain the prorated costs to the requesters. At this point, any requester may withdraw his request and have his deposit returned. A withdrawal of a request will result in a redistribution of the costs to the remaining requesters. The fees will be collected at this time and, once the studies have been commissioned, these fees will not be refunded. However, if the completed studies come in lower than the estimated cost, any overage will be refunded on a prorated basis. 3.5 Policy — Each request will be assigned a case number, a case manager, and a case co- manager to evaluate the request. The case manager will be the primary contact with the requester, the BMAC and the Board. Action: (a) Interview requester and complete appropriate form. Only one request can be made per tree. If multiple requests are made for the same tree, the requesters will be asked to combine the requests for that tree into a single request with one identified responsible individual. (b) Identify and characterize the trees that have been requested for some action. (c) Review the history of any past requests or actions related to that tree. (d) Complete necessary research in order to fully understand the consequences of the request. (e) Evaluate consultant reports commissioned by the Board specific to the requests. (t) Prepare an evaluation and recommendation for BMAC and the Board. 3.6 Policy — The BMAC will review, screen, evaluate and will make recommendations to the Board regarding those tree actions. Following its evaluation of the tree requests and the receipt and consideration of community input, the BMAC will publish a report describing its preliminary recommendations to the Board, including vegetation management unrelated to views, consistent with the BMP and the KPOA Vegetation and Tree Policy (APP II -22). Comment: The BMAC is an advisory committee. Its primary job is to inform and be informed. It will make recommendations to the Board concerning approval/disapproval of vegetation action requests. The Board makes all final decisions related to these requests. 3.7 Policy — The BMAC will facilitate communication and cooperation among members regarding tree action requests. Comment: Recommendations and decisions can only be made when all of the necessary information is available to the affected members. The BMAC will help members understand the guidelines laid out in the BMP and used by the BMAC to make decisions. It will also assist in the organization and preparation of tree action requests that they are more likely to conform to the guidelines. Action: (a) Inform the Community about pending tree actions under evaluation and solicit their comments either through a Town Hall Meeting or through posting on the KPOA Website. 3.8 Policy— The bluff common area is divided into three sectors as shown in the map in Appendix A Comment: The bluff common area at Kala Point is slightly longer than one mile and contains many thousands of trees and even more shrubs and plants. The bluff is divided into three sectors, each of which is reviewed on a three-year basis to reduce the annual workload of the BMAC. The three sectors are shown in detail in Appendix A. Generally, the south sector begins at the southern boundary of Kala Point, includes the lagoon, and stretches to a point several hundred yards north of the boat storage racks on the beach. The central sector starts at this point and extends north to a point just south of the Seaview Condominiums. The north sector extends from this point to the northern boundary of Kala Point. Map in Appendix "A" is approximate. Consult with BMAC or General Manager to confirm accurate sector boundaries as per lot locations. 3.9 Policy—Trees subject to an action must be identified. Comment: A system is necessary for identifying which trees are under consideration for an action, or have been the subject of an action in the past. Member participation in the evaluation cannot occur unless the tree under consideration can be identified. Consistency cannot be maintained without a record of past actions concerning a particular tree. Action: (a) Construct and install control points that can be used for reference in locating a subject tree. (b) For those trees pending evaluation and decision, provide prominent colored tags that allow members to locate the tree. (c) For those trees that have been the subject of a Board decision, institute a permanent marking system, referenced to a case number that uses metal tags or other relatively permanent marker. 3.10 Policy — The General Manager will coordinate review by governmental agencies where required. Comment: All approved actions relating to trees on the bluff must be reviewed by Jefferson County. This review insures that all tree actions conform to the requirements of the Shoreline Management Program, the Critical Areas Ordinance, and various State and Federal wildlife protection laws. Action: (a) Appoint one or more members to work with KPOA staff to coordinate and present information that may be required to evaluate Board approved actions. (b) Establish early contact, and develop a good relationship, with county representatives so that useful information can be exchanged. 3.11 Policy—The BMAC will monitor implementation of Board approved tree action requests. Comment: Cost benefits may accrue by aggregating separate tree actions. Upon approval by county authorities, KPOA staff and/or BMAC representatives will supervise tree work and monitor any conditions attached to each approval. 3.12 Policy—The BMAC will review the BMP and propose changes to the Board where appropriate. Comment: Members should understand that this plan will be amended and modified as needed. Action: (a) Develop a method of obtaining community suggestions for improvement. (b) Review and utilize information gained from past tree request evaluations. 3.13 Policy — The BMAC will prepare a written annual report to the Board and the Community, which summarizes the number and description of the tree actions carried out during the preceding year. Comment: A permanent record of tree actions is necessary to measure changes of the bluff vegetation over time. This will help us evaluate progress and effectiveness. Cumulative effects are difficult to see when looking only atindividual actions. Action: Develop a format for record keeping that can be used from year to year. 3.14 Policy — The requester shall bear the cost of tree work relating to view maintenance. Those non - requesting members who will benefit from a tree action may be asked to, on a voluntary basis, share the costs of fees and subsequent tree actions. Comment: Since most tree actions to create or maintain views will only benefit relatively small number of residents, the cost should be bome by those who benefit. In addition, there will be some actions that are necessary for bluff stability or safety that will incidentally benefit views: these actions will be the responsibility of the association and the association will pay for them. Action: (a) Rough estimates of the cost of the work should be prepared by the requester as tree action requests are received. (b) Members interested in a tree action may enlist neighbors who will benefit from the action to share costs associated with the request. 3.15 Policy — Tree actions relating to view will be considered by the BMAC in only one sector each year. Each sector will receive attention every three years in rotation. Comment: This policy allows for a more organized and systematic approach to bluff and view maintenance, while also placing this work on a regular schedule that lets residents know when they can anticipate making tree action requests. All requests for a particular sector will be considered together by the BMAC. In rare cases, it may be possible to submit a request out of order; such permission must be obtained from the Board of Directors. 3.16 Policy —The work of the BMAC and the Board will be scheduled carefully so that all tasks under consideration relating to the bluff sector can be completed in one year. Comment: It is essential that all of the view related work of the BMAC with respect to a sector be completed within one year so that full attention may be given to the next sector in the following year. The chart in Appendix B illustrates a typical schedule that BMAC will follow. Each year the BMAC will collect tree/vegetation requests during February and March. As requests come in, the BMAC chairperson will assign case managers to each request. The Board, in accordance with Section 2.3 and in consultation with the BMAC, will commission site-specific geotechnical, arborist and habitat management studies covering all the requests. The case managers will collect information about each case and fill out standardized forms including a description of the desired action and interviews with KPOA residents that might be affected by the requested action. BMAC will oversee geotechnical, arborist, and habitat management studies commissioned by the Board. All members of BMAC will then examine each case in detail and arrive at a preliminary set of recommendations. BMAC's final recommendations will then be posted and forwarded to the Board of Directors. The Board will hold a special meeting to consider these recommendations and arrive at its final decision regarding each case. The Board will provide an opportunity during this meeting for all interested members of the Community to comment on these cases. The final recommendations of the Board will be published, and during a 15 -day period starting on the day of publication, any member may file a request for reconsideration. The Board will then hold a special meeting to consider any requests for reconsideration. At the conclusion of this meeting, the Board will render its decisions. The Board's final decisions will then be forwarded collectively to Jefferson County for their consideration and approval. 3.17 Policy — BMAC members and the Board will use standard worksheets in order to promote consistency. 3.18 Policy — The BMAC will review and screen all pertinent information and recommend actions to the Board of Directors. The Board will make all final determinations, which will then be subject to review by Jefferson County. Comment: The Association is responsible for the maintenance of vegetation on common areas including the bluff common area. [CC&Rs, Art. I, Sect. 8, Art. IV, Para. B, Sect. 15, and Art. V, Sect. I(b), and Articles of Incorporation of KPOA, Art. VI]. This responsibility includes protecting marine views and preventing bluff erosion as much as reasonably feasible. [CC&Rs, Art. Sect. 9(a) and (b), Sect. 15, and KPOA APP 11-22, Vegetation and Trees Policy, Rules and Regulations, 11 A 6(b)]. 3.19 Policy — The BMAC shall submit its final recommendations to the Board and the Board shall publish those recommendations in a report to the Community. Comment: It is important that the proposed tree actions be widely publicized so that all community members will have an opportunity for comment. 3.20 Policy — The Board encourages community input prior to making any final decision regarding a tree action and will provide the opportunity for a full hearing on contested proposed actions. 3.21 Policy — The Board shall consider the recommendations of the BMAC in a special meeting dedicated for that purpose and shall, within 10 days thereafter, adopt, modify, or reject any or all of the recommendations, and shall make preliminary decisions as appropriate. Notice of such decisions shall be published to the membership so that any member, or members, whether or not directly affected by a preliminary tree decision may within 15 days of the publication of such notice, file a request with the secretary of the Board that the Board reconsider any or all of the decisions. In the event that there are multiple requests, they shall be combined, and upon receipt of such requests, the Board shall schedule a hearing to reconsider the decisions and to receive and consider all relevant evidence or statements offered by members in support of, or opposition to, the decisions made. Following the hearing, the Board shall make the final decisions. Comment: This process allows the Community and the Board to carefully consider decisions that have important and lasting consequences. It provides opportunity for all points of view to be considered and gives an opportunity for members who are unsatisfied with a decision to present materials in a reconsideration hearing. It gathers all of the objections of all of the members into one hearing so that inconsistent decisions can be avoided. It provides for the completion of the decision making process, with allowance for reconsideration, in a relatively short period. SECTION FOUR—BLUFF EVALUATION 4.1 Overview – Understanding existing conditions on the bluff is a prerequisite to planning effective management of the bluff. In accordance with the Jefferson County SMP, the Board will commission geotechnical, arborist and habitat management studies covering each set of requests. Knowledge of the vegetation, habitat, and geology will be accumulated gradually, although a considerable amount of general information and information specific to the Kala Point bluff already has been collected. All this information should be organized and maintained as a library that is accessible to the Board, the BMAC and members of the Community. 4.2 Policy – An understanding of the general geologic characteristics, including slope height and angle, position of crest and toe, drainage conditions, and soil characteristics will result in better vegetation management decisions. Comment: Bluff stability can best be evaluated by professionals that understand the processes acting on the bluff. Action: (a) The BMAC shall examine the bluff carefully at least once each year by walking the beach and crest, and examining from a boat to identify problem areas. (b) The BMAC should establish a system of physical control points, or monuments, along the crest and the toe of the bluff, where feasible, that can be used to identify the location of tree actions and problem areas. GPS coordinates may serve this purpose where monuments cannot be placed. (c) The KPOA Board will commission geotechnical, arborist and habitat management studies that cover the requested tree actions. At the present time, the 2012 Board - commissioned Coastal Bluff Study conducted by Shannon and Wilson serves as an appropriate study of bluff stability. General information on factors that can affect bluff stability is contained in that geotechnical report, specifically sections 8.0 and 9.0 (available on the KPOA website). SECTION FIVE—VEGETATION AND MARINE VIEWS 5.1 Overview – Written guidelines that are followed consistently will make decisions more predictable and fair. One of the main reasons that written view and bluff stability policies are important is that they help owners and prospective owners predict likely tree action results before making a tree request. Predictability is lost, however, when decision makers apply policies differently from the way they have been applied in past decisions relating to the same or very 10 similar trees. Decisions made without accepted reasons are often perceived to be arbitrary and lead to claims of discrimination. 5.2 Policy — The guidelines that are defined in this plan are the policies and philosophies that have historically been applied in past tree action decisions here in Kala Point. Comment: Decisions on tree actions relating to view have been made here in Kala Point since the creation of the association by applying generally accepted, but unwritten, criteria. Adopting and defining these standards in writing will help members understand them and aid decision makers in applying them. Community understanding and consistent application of these guidelines should promote harmony and fairness. 5.3 Policy —No final determination of an action relating to a tree shall be modified or reversed without a showing of a significant change in circumstances after the final determination was made. Comment: Considerable weight should be given to prior Board decisions relating to the same tree, whether in response to a request by the same or another member, and whether that determination was made by the current Board or a previous Board. No reconsideration shall be made unless there has been a significant change in circumstances concerning that tree since the making of that decision, or a change in policy adopted by the Board. Reconsideration should not occur merely because a request is made by a different owner or a different Board is considering it. Determining whether a change of circumstances is significant will call for a subjective judgment. For example, with respect to tree growth, it is not appropriate to set an arbitrary measure in number of feet. Action: Compliance with this policy guideline will require that an accurate record be kept of the disposition of every tree action. This record should be detailed enough to locate and identify the tree subject to the requested action and the reasons for that decision. Control points or monuments should be used to relocate the tree. 5.4 Policy — A tree action may be appropriate where the extent of interference with the amount of marine view is, or soon will be, significant. Comment: An evaluation of the extent of the loss of marine view is necessary. Insignificant view obstruction will notjustify a tree action. However, this factor should also consider the cumulative effect of numerous otherwise insignificant obstructions. It is based on marine view rather than the obstruction of a particular feature on the horizon, since every tree obstructs such views for some owners. Most successful tree action requests will focus on trimming or removing trees that are growing into a view rather than on mature trees that have been in existence for many years, even if these trees partially block marine views. 5.5 Policy — This Policy is deleted. 5.6 Policy— large, aesthetically appealing trees should receive additional consideration. Comment: This category includes trees of great height, particularly handsome specimens, and trees that otherwise highlight the wooded beauty of Kala Point. Due to its subjective nature, caution should be exercised when applying this policy. It is not intended to override other decision factors and merely emphasizes the fact that, despite the predominant value of marine views, balanced forest accents also deserve consideration. For trees in this category, it may be appropriate to minimize tree actions, or disallow tree removal, to achieve the view objective. 5.7 Policy — The effect that a tree decision (either granting or denying a request) is likely to have on property value should be considered in making any decision. Comment: The extent of marine view, as a percentage of the total view, has a direct bearing on property value. Jefferson County places greater value (and higher property taxes) on lots with marine views. In general, and other things being equal, the greater amount of water in the view, the greater the market value. However, the presence of some trees on the bluff may add to the overall value of homes in our Community. The contribution of trees to bluff stability may also affect property value. One of the principal purposes of our CC&Rs is the enhancement and protection of the value of our property. An opinion of a specific dollar gained or lost is of little help. it is sufficient to acknowledge and give consideration to the fact that significant monetary consequences may be attached to tree decisions. 5.8 Policy— Wildlife habitat should not be significantly impaired by a tree action. Comment: Protection of wildlife habitat is an important value to Kala Point. In addition, State and Federal Law provide for the protection of wildlife and may significantly limit possible tree and vegetation actions. Action: In accordance with the Jefferson County SMP, the KPOA Board will commission a habitat management study covering the areas of requested tree actions. These reports will be considered by the BMAC in making its recommendations to the Board. It is understood that recommendations made in the habitat management plan may override those made in the geotechnical and arborist studies. 5.9 Policy — One of the factors to be considered is the extent of marine view at the time the owner purchased the home. Comment: The extent of marine view that existed at the time a current owner purchased their home should be considered. Tree actions should be favored that preserve or restore a marine view to at least that condition, to the greatest extent reasonably practical. High- quality photographs should be taken of the view, without zoom or magnification, to document the view from that home at the time the current owner acquired or completed it. Photographs must be filed with the KPOA office. SECTION SIX—MITIGATION AND RECOVERY 6.1 Overview — Achievement of the goals of the BMP will require proactive management. Effective management may call for measures such as the planting of desirable plant species that will help control erosion in areas of the bluff where vegetation is sparse and replanting where tree removal is approved or anticipated. Community education regarding landscaping practices may help reduce the amount of ground water that reaches the bluff and thus enhance bluff stability. 12 There are many things that can be done to maintain or improve the stability of the bluff. Surface and ground waters are increasing as Kala Point builds out. Intelligent landscaping practices upland of the bluff can help reduce the amount of water that reaches the bluff. Good home, garden and landscape irrigation drainage design, and the reduction of drain field loads through conservation methods can make a meaningful difference in the amount of groundwater that reaches the bluff. Trees and low -growing vegetation often are an effective method for the removal of ground water and the stabilization of soil on the bluff. Maintenance of a buffer of native vegetation at and immediately upland from the crest will help minimize surface erosion. 6.2 Policy — Consideration should be given to the nature of vegetation used in replanting. Comment: Some native trees and plants are better than others for slope stabilization and many of them will not grow so tall that they interfere with views. The BMP should strive for native plant diversity. The Plant Selection Guide published by the Washington State Department of Ecology is a good resource to identify appropriate trees and plants. 6.3 Policy — The education of members regarding landscaping practices can reduce ground water that otherwise would reach the bluff. Comment: Groundwater contributes to bluff instability. A statement of how we can reduce it is found in Appendix D. 6.4 Policy — This policy is deleted. Soft armoring is a mitigation technique that is deemed too expensive for implementation at Kala Point 13 APPENDIX A Map is approximate. Consult with BMAC or General Manager to confirm accurate sector boundaries. Bluff Common sectors 14 for �l sector outh Sector APPENDIX B . Deleted at April 14, 2015 Board Meeting APPENDIXB APPENDIXB. BLUFF VEGETATION REVIEW PROCESS FeOmBry and Mamh AP¢i18 May Fall It u u u u BoaN mmm.ad mna ane- comminaa moxa. eoaram he¢n.a miuel $din18 <DIMd Rqued¢!mm spxi(iCleMriWlaWEles wiN mmmmeMaXme avanadB recom eMalune aM Memhm PAmSMmordol to SdZiPemse, RokpiM wge mMAI MeeWpw scheduled Nnsty4mre vlewM Dnthe KPOAWeEdre Meed, pplDveE acliMla u s� wmm�added, ire¢ Al the meetin uipna ni� Cpmmitlee Raps mcelvnN CommiXee vi Is lreasefion Gamnsad 9. Same receive¢ UPonhi COmmiNe RequeslontDemlain pacw¢e ne (DnvaNS Membthe Fred DI CammiXce lnpu Bmahes Fnal comma t CWnty fl mliM1rm hee ldenmi�Bllan gncbm Wd Deusianata RequestDn It ll 9 ll Ro ueslDls mmmiltD pay cDBt GmmiXee nCeives mmplele0 Regmmomr appeal CDmmitleeiwtmcls requeaWrs ITme Mmn¢ fe(pmvetl sluGiea Bevaluates Requests EetlslDns lnoMmpa wXPOA Saudi mop MR Remitted. MeznnB KPOA agxpvetl eNOnate ll ll ll At Pe Hall Fred he—all hild"oIm CDasmaba with CDmmitlea OaKlDps iniXal peNnenitesUmonyBrestates CDmmnbeahNw KPoA Roam Reaommenaseads rmDtlimas their Fowl Oedhan Atlmmiat2fronm srneame taker aoa ll It ll Commillmm pWNunaa muial RDxE seem he alawrwea m asmna Dn KPOA Req�eae, Roam Fmd Commnlee Repa mMimr*aka Rboaite re"',I8reamma Studio.Ac4Dm W Jefferson rnemy . .nomlltee Rep¢ class ..as and file all Wcumens 15 APPENDIX C Bluff Stability at Kala Point KPOA Board Commissioned Coastal Bluff Study 2012 A geotechnical study of the common areas for our entire bluff was commissioned and funded by the KPOA Board of Directors and performed in 2012 by Shannon & Wilson, a geotechnical firm located in Seattle. Jefferson County currently accepts this bluff wide baseline study as a substitute for individual site-specific geotechnical reports. Unlike arborists and wildlife habitat studies, the geotechnical aspects of a specific tree action have a broader basis since slope stability and landslide issues tend to be large-scale features. Please refer to the KPOA website in the BMAC section for a digital copy or to the KPOA administration office for a printed copy. This document is available to all KPOA members. 16 APPENDIX D How to Conserve Water and Reduce Groundwater Groundwater is one of the five critical factors that affect landsliding on Kala Point's bluff. Groundwater influences the bluff in a variety of ways. When groundwater percolates downward through more granular permeable sandy soils, it may reach an impermeable layer of clay or clay- like sediment that causes it to move laterally toward the unconstrained bluff face. Seeps and springs are common at the contact between different hydrologic units along the face of steep slopes and bluffs. Water always seeks the path of least resistance and in this instance water that cannot go down moves laterally to the bluff face. This weakens the bluff and if slippage occurs, it takes trees and other vegetation, if present, with it. This lateral movement of groundwater undermines the overlying strata by undercutting the bluff face, reducing support and causing collapse of the overlying strata. This collapse takes anything connected to or upon that particular block of soil (KPOA Bluff Management Report). As Kala Point has been developed, groundwater has increased. There are more homes generating groundwater from septic systems and irrigation systems. There is greater runoff from house roofs, driveways and streets, and there is inherently less vegetation to absorb the water. In addition, there is less vegetation to intercept upstream surface waters. All of the homes in Kala Point direct their indoor waste water into individual and communal septic systems; from there it either is reduced by evapotranspiration or percolates into the subsurface. As water users, we can lessen the amount of groundwater we generate and thereby help stabilize the bluff by choosing from among many different water -use efficiency practices. They fall into two categories: I. Engineering practices: practices based on modifications in plumbing, fixtures, or operating procedures for water use (such as low flow toilets and showers and more efficient washing machines). 2. Behavioral practices: practices based on changing water use habits. The following sections present examples of conservation and water -use efficiency practices that can benefit individual property owners and the Kala Point bluff, our common property. Engineering Practices An engineering practice for individual residential water users is the installation of indoor plumbing fixtures that use less water. Low -flow plumbing fixtures and retrofit programs are permanent, on-time conservation measures that can be implemented easily with little or no additional cost over their lifetimes. In some cases, they can even save the resident money over the long term in terms of water costs. Low -Flush Toilets Residential demands account for about three-fourths of the total urban water demand. Indoor use accounts for roughly 60% of all residential use, and of this, toilets (at 3.5 gallons per flush) use nearly 40%. Toilets, showers and faucets combined represent two-thirds of all indoor water use. The average American uses about 9,000 gallons of water to flush 230 gallons of waste down the toilet per year (EPA). Conventional toilets use 3.5 to 5 gallons or more of water per flush, but the low -flush toilets use only 1.6 gallons of water or less (60% to 80% less than their counterparts). If your home was built before 1992 and the toilets have never been replaced, then it is very likely that you do not 17 have a water -efficient toilet (1.6 gallon per flush). The cost for the replacement of a conventional toilet with a low -flush toilet could be recovered in a few years, depending on the cost of the replacement toilet and household usage ofthe toilet. Toilet Displacement Devices Plastic containers (such as plastic milk jugs) can be filled with water or pebbles and placed in a toilet tank to reduce the amount of water used per flush. By placing one to three such containers in the tank (making sure that they do not interfere with the flushing mechanisms or the flow of water), more than I gallon of water can be saved per flush. Low -Flow Showerheads Showers account for about 20% of total indoor water use. By replacing standard 4.5 -gallon -per - minute showerheads with 2.5 gallon -per -minute heads, a family can save a significant number of gallons of water per year. Faucet Aerators Faucet aerators, which break the flowing water into fine droplets and entrain air while maintaining wetting effectiveness, are inexpensive devices that can be installed in sinks to reduce water use. Aerators can be easily installed and can reduce the water use at a faucet as much as 60% while still maintaining a strong flow. Landscaping Lawn and landscape maintenance often requires large amounts of water, particularly in Port Townsend with its low summer rainfall. Nationally, lawn care accounts for about 30% of the total residential outdoor use. Other outdoor uses in Kala Point include washing automobiles and cleaning driveways. Landscape irrigation One method of water conservation in landscaping uses plants that need little water, thereby saving not only water but labor and fertilizer as well. A similar method is grouping plants with similar irrigation needs. Scheduling lawn and garden irrigation for early morning or evening hours can reduce water wasted due to evaporation during daylight hours. Drip irrigation systems deliver water to specific plants, thereby saving significant water over sprinkler like systems. Some experts estimate that more than 50% of landscape water use goes to waste due to evaporation or runoff caused by over watering. One consultant recently stated that lawns are about 2/3rds as impermeable as asphalt, thus transmitting significant water to surface flow on slight to moderate slopes. Most water is wasted in your garden by watering when your plants do not need the water or by not maintaining the irrigation system. Be attentive if you are manual watering with a sprinkler by setting your oven timer or some other reminder to move the water promptly. Look for sprinklers that produce droplets — not mist— and install rain shut-off devices and moisture sensors. Rain Barrels Install 55 -gallon rain barrels around your home to collect the water run-off from your roof. For every inch of rain that falls on a catchment area of 1,000 square feet, there is approximately 600 gallons of water run-off. Your roof catchment area is equal to the total square feet of your house plus the extension of your eaves. In Kala Point, the minimum roof catchment area is 1,500 square feet, which can generate approximately 900 gallons of water run-off. 18 Theoretically thousands of barrels of water a year could be collected in a well-designed catchment system. Fifty-five gallon barrels, however, are in reality token collection systems, gathering water in the winter for use in the summer, but every 55 gallons collected and used in the garden are 55 gallons saved. Owners should attempt to increase the density of vegetation (shrubs and manageable trees) on all properties. This will help offset the vegetation removed during construction of your home and that associated with Kala Point's development. Tight lines Tight lines are drainage pipes that convey roof and other waters from the perimeter of a house to another location. Older tight lines in Kala Point drain to low spots like ditches, newer ones are connected to dry wells (gravel filled trenches) by County building code. Those along the bluff, which is particularly susceptible to erosion, drain to local drainage channels or to the beach. Tight lines should be constructed of solid sturdy pipe (see definition of terms, Appendix F), laid underground on homeowners lot, then draped over that bluff and extending to beach level. A diffuser should be placed at the lower end of the tight line, preventing excessive outlet pressure (fire hose effect). Tight lines should be inspected on a regular basis to insure that they are serving their intended purpose. Behavior Practices Behavioral practices involve changing water -use habits so that water is used more efficiently, thus reducing the overall water consumption in your home. These practices require a change in behavior, not modifications in the existing plumbing or fixtures in your home. Behavioral practices for residential water users can be applied both indoors in the kitchen, bathroom and laundry room and outdoors. In the kitchen, for example, 10 to 20 gallons of water a day can be saved by running the dishwasher only when it is fill. If dishes are washed by hand, water can be saved by filling the sink or a dishpan with water rather than running the water continuously. An open conventional faucet lets about 2.5 gallons of water flow every minute (or 150 gals/hr.). Water can be saved in the bathroom by turning off the faucet while brushing teeth or shaving. Take a shower instead of a bath. A full bath requires about 70 gallons of water, while taking a five-minute shower uses 10 to 25 gallons. Water can be saved by taking short showers rather than long showers or baths and turning the water off while soaping. Water can be saved in the laundry room by adjusting water levels in a top -loading washing machine to match the size of the load. Better yet, when you replace your worn-out top -loading washing machine, replace it with a front -loading machine. It uses significantly less water and is far more efficient. Outdoor water use can be reduced by watering the lawn and garden early in the morning or late in the evening and on cooler days. As much as 150 gallons of water can be saved when washing a car by turning the hose off between rinses. Additional savings of water can result from sweeping or blowing driveways instead of hosing or power washing them down. Washing a driveway with a hose uses about 50 gallons of water every 5 minutes. 19 Finally, and most important, check your indoor water using appliances for leaks. Leaky faucets that drip at the rate of one drop per second can waste up to 2,700 gallons of water each year. If you are unsure whether you have a leak, read your water meter before and after a two-hour period when no water is being used. If the meter does not read exactly the same, you probably have a leak. A leaky toilet can waste about 200 gallons of water every day. To tell if your toilet has a leak, place a drop of food coloring in the tank; if the color shows in the bowl without flushing, you have a leak. Another large water waster can be leaks in your irrigation system. Fix irrigation system leaks quickly, inspect your sprinklers, and drip sprayers regularly for leaks during the daytime since the optimal time to water is in the nighttime hours when you cannot observe the leaks. In conclusion, bluffs erode — It's natural, but as individuals and as a community we are accelerating this erosion. One way we can decelerate this process is acting more thoughtfully about our water usage. The less water we use, the less groundwater we generate, which means less seepage and landsliding along the bluff. Efforts need to be made to replace trees that have been removed with other moisture absorbing plant material. Everyone plays an important role in this cycle. The Kala Point bluff belongs to all of us, and it is integral to the beauty and value of our community. 20 APPENDIX E Glossary ARBORIST: A specialist in the cultivation and care of trees and shrubs. BIOTECHNICAL: In slope stability engineering, refers to the use of both live plant material and inert structures to stabilize and reinforce slopes. BLUFF CREST: Upper edge or margin of a shoreline bluff. BLUFF COMMON PROPERTY: See Appendix A for map. BLUFF FACE: The sloping portion of a high bank. BLUFF STABILITY: The state of the bluff represented by conditions that maintain, reduce, or limit the natural erosive processes on the bluff. BLUFF TOE: The base of a bluff where it meets the beach. BUFFER ZONE: The area adjacent to a shoreline or critical area that separates and protects the area from adverse impacts associated with adjacent land uses. A buffer is measured horizontally and perpendicularly from the ordinary high water mark, and includes the three-dimensional airspace above. (SMP) See STANDARD BUFFER. CANOPY: The collective branches and foliage of a singletree or group of trees. Aggregate or collective tree crowns. A canopy can be closed or partially closed as in a forest or woodland stand, or composed of both individual trees and closed canopy groups as in an urban forest canopy. CANOPY COVER: The drip line area for an individual tree. For a stand of multiple trees it is the sum of the drip line areas of each tree less any overlap. CASE: A request as viewed in the context of BMAC processing. A KPOA member submits a request. A BMAC member handles the request as an assigned case. Each case is identified by a permanently assigned number. CASE MANAGER: Each CASE will be assigned a manager and an assistant manager from among the BMAC members. They will be responsible for evaluating the REQUEST and processing it through to its conclusion, when any approved action is implemented after the county's approval. CATCH BASIN: A structure usually buried, where surface water is captured and conveyed into pipes and/or where piping (often of different sizes) is connected. CURTAIN DRAIN: Drainage trench that is excavated into an impermeable soil layer to collect groundwater that is perched on that layer. Trench is backfilled with drain rock (gravel) that is enclosed in a geotextile. A perforated pipe is placed within to collect and convey the groundwater to a suitable discharge point. DRIP LINE: The area measured from the trunk of the tree outward to a point at the perimeter of the outermost branch structure of the tree. (SMP, Article 2 Definitions). Stated another way, assuming the sun stands directly overhead, the perimeter of the shaded area below a tree or shrub. GEOTECHNICAL: Refers to the application of civil engineering to some aspect of the earth. 21 GROUNDWATER: Water within the pores between soil particles. Usually a permanent groundwater table is evident. This is a source of water for wells and springs. If water percolating through the soil encounters barriers such as clay or hardpan before reaching the permanent groundwater table, a perched water table may form. HAZARD TREE: Any tree that presents a risk to persons or property due to a high probability of falling in the near future because of a debilitating disease, a structural defect, a root ball significantly exposed, or having been exposed to wind throw within the past ten years. Hazardous trees include, but are not limited to, conditions where a permanent, primary structure or appurtenant or accessory structure or public right of way is within one and one half tree lengths of the base of the trunk. Where not immediately apparent to the CASE MANAGER, the hazard tree determination shall be made after review of a report prepared by a certified arborist. HYDROLOGY: Refers to the properties, distribution, discharge, re -charge, and movement of surface and sub -surface water. INTERLIMBING: The removal of entire branch whorls or individual branches throughout the canopy allow more light to pass through, as well as reducing wind resistance of the tree. LIMBING: The removal of one or more branches of a tree. (CC&R, Article IV.B, Section 9b) MARINE VIEW: Views of the sea and related objects that appear near in conjunction with the sea. Thus, a member's marine view could include, but is not limited to, views of Port Townsend, nearby islands, distant mountains that appear just above the water, and boats and ships on Puget Sound. MATURE TREE: Any tree larger than six (6) inches in diameter (19 inches in circumference) measured at three (3) feet above the trunk base. (APP II -22) MEDIATION: The act or process of mediating; especially: intervention between conflicting parties to promote reconciliation, settlement, or compromise (Merriam -Webster). MITIGATION: Active vegetation management along the BLUFF COMMON PROPERTY to assure conditions for its STABILITY and to avoid, minimize, lessen, or compensate for adverse impacts. NATURAL TREE: Any tree that is not planted by or for a member (APP II -22). In other words, a tree planted by nature. A plant specimen pre -dating lot development or spontaneously seeded thereafter. ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK or OHWM: That mark that will be found by examining the bed and banks and ascertaining where the presence and action of waters are so common and usual, and so long continued in all ordinary years, as to mark upon the soil a character distinct from that of the abutting upland, in respect to vegetation as that condition exists on June 1, 1971, as it may naturally change thereafter, or as it may change hereafter in accordance with permits issued by Jefferson County or the Department of Ecology. On a site-specific basis, Department of Ecology has the final authority on determining where the ordinary high water mark is located. (RCW 90.58.030) PERCHED WATER: Groundwater that accumulates over an impervious soil layer from rainfall or other sources that finds release on bluff faces. Perched water is released on bluff faces as seeps and springs. REMOVAL: Cutting down a tree to ground or to a stump. (APP II -22) 22 REPLACEMENT TREE: Members may, at their discretion, plant a tree to replace a mature natural tree that has died, has been blown down, was diseased, or was removed for safety or similar reasons. A member may apply to the appropriate committee (Tree, Grounds, or Architectural) to have such a tree formally categorized as a "Replacement Tree" in which case this tree will be treated as a mature natural tree in all future proposed vegetation/tree actions. (APP II -22) REQUEST: An application for tree or plant action along the BLUFF COMMON PROPERTY as seen from the REQUESTER's property. REQUESTER: One KPOA member who submits an application and fee for tree or plant action along the BLUFF COMMON PROPERTY. He or she will be the spokesperson for the request. SECTOR: The BLUFF COMMON PROPERTY is divided into three sectors, designated South, Central and North. See map in Appendix A. SELECTIVE LIMBING: See VEGETATION TRIMMING. SKIRTING UP: Limbing the tree up from the bottom allows a clear line of sight. Instead of an obscuring mass of foliage, the tree trunk is the only object between you and the view. SHORELINE MASTER PROGRAM (SMP): The Jefferson County Shoreline Master Program (SMP) is the local instrument by which Jefferson County and the State Department of Ecolocy jointly administer the 1971 Shoreline Management Act (SMA), Chapter 90.58 of the Revised Code of Washington (RCW). The overarching goal of the SMA is "to prevent the inherent harm in an uncoordinated and piecemeal development of the state's shorelines." In Jefferson County, the SMA applies to land use and development proposals in and near all marine waters and certain streams rivers, and lakes. SIGNIFICANT TREES: These include handsome existing mature trees standing relatively isolated from other similar trees that are of exceptional height or significant age, or a subordinate immature tree that is identified as the replacement for an adjacent significant tree that is expected to die, or be removed, in the very near future. SOFT ARMORING: Soft shore protection and restoration techniques used to protect property and forage fish spawning habitat and coastal processes. Indigenous materials such as gravel, sand, logs, and root masses are used to enhance natural beach shape and processes. Soft shore armoring is a successful long-term method of addressing the erosion concerns that led to shoreline armoring while at the same time restoring degraded habitat. STABILITY: See BLUFF STABILITY. STANDARD BUFFER: The standard buffer shall be measured landward in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the ordinary high water mark (OHWM) of the shoreline water body, and is a three dimensional space that includes the airspace above, as follows: Marine shores - A minimum buffer of 150 feet shall be maintained in all shoreline environments. See BUFFER. TIGHTLINE (SOLID PIPE): Typically used to describe a continuous length of solid wall, rigid or flexible pipe used to transport water down a steep or sensitive slope, either buried or positioned along the ground surface with appropriate dif aser at the discharge end. A tight line does not have slots or holes like a perforated pipe. The most appropriate type of pipe to use is solid -wall, sturdy non -corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) owing to its strength and resistance to corrosion. Corrugated thin-wall drainage pipe is a poor choice; it is easily broken by vegetation, minor soil collapse, and fauna. 23 TOPPING: The removal of a substantial portion of the upper tree trunk in conifers and the cutting of all branches at a particular height for deciduous trees. TRANSPIRTATION: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants and trees. TREE ACTION REQUEST: See REQUEST. TRIMMING: The removal of living plant matter from any type of vegetation; includes limbing, thinning, shaping, tree pruning and topping. (SMP, Article II Definitions) UNDERSTORY: Trees or other plants that tolerate reduced-light conditions and normally grow beneath the forest canopy. VEGETATION TRIMMING: Techniques shall include selective pruning, windowing and other measures that preserve native plant composition and structure. No more than twenty-five (25) percent of a single tree's leaf bearing crown may be removed and no more than twenty-five (25) percent of the canopy cover of any stand of trees may be removed for view preservation. If additional trimming is requested in subsequent years, the cumulative removal may not exceed 25%. Limbing or crown thinning shall comply with Tree Care Industry Association pruning standards, unless the tree is a hazard tree as defined by the Program. Tree topping is prohibited. (SMP, Article 6,4) VEGETATION REMOVAL: All vegetation removal within the buffer area must comply with Article 6.I.D.S. In no instance shall vegetation removal exceed twenty (20) percent of the required buffer area or fifteen (15) linear feet of the water frontage, whichever is greater. Outside the buffer, vegetation removal shall be the minimum necessary for maintaining shoreline views from the primary structure and to provide lawns or ground cover, and must comply with other applicable requirements such as clearing and grading, forest practices, and protection standards for fish and wildlife habitat. (SMP, Article 6, 4) VIEW CLEARANCENIEW CREATION (INITIAL): The initial establishment of a view, usually during the construction of a home on a lot as approved by the Architectural Committee prior to the refund of all architectural deposits. (CC&R, Article IV.B, Section 9b) VIEW MAINTENANCE: Preservation of a view. (APP 11-22) WETLANDS: Means areas that are inundated or saturated by surface water or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. Wetlands do not include those artificial wetlands intentionally created for non-wetland sites, including, but not limited to, irrigation and drainage ditches, grass lined swales, canals, detention facilities, wastewater treatment facilities, farm ponds, and landscape amenities or those wetlands created after July 1, 1990, that were unintentionally created as a result of the construction of a road, street, or highway. Wetlands may include those artificial wetlands intentionally created from non-wetland areas to mitigate the conversion of wetlands. (SMP Article 11 Definitions) WILDLIFE HABITAT: The natural environment for the fauna of the region. WINDOWING: This practice allows a view "window" through the existing foliage of the tree's canopy. In pruning major limbs and branch whorls, sections that obscure a view are removed. 24