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Home My WebLink AboutArch Survey 702251010 CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET URAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET Author: Sylvester L. Lahren, Jr. Ph.D. and Tamara E. Uldall Title of Report: Cultural Resources Survey and Presence/Absence Testing of the Braccio Septic System Replacement Project, Jefferson County, Quilcene, Washington Date of Report: June 1, 2019 County(ies): Jefferson Section: 25 Township: 27 N Range: 2 W Quad: Uncas Acres: 0.25 PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED): Yes Historic Property Export Files to be Approved Online? No Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? No TCP(s) found? No Replace a draft? No Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? No DAHP Archaeological Site #: Page ii of 32 Cultural Resources Survey and Presence/Absence Testing of the Braccio Septic System Replacement Project, Jefferson County, Quilcene, Washington Prepared for Mr. Peter Braccio Property Owner 1234 Linger Longer Rd. Quilcene, WA 98376 (831) 594-9074 braccio@mac.com Prepared by Sylvester L. Lahren, Jr. Ph.D. and Tamara E. Uldall 78 Miller Drive Livingston, MT 59047 360-301-5017 slahren@hotmail.com June 1, 2019 Page iii of 32 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Project Description & Location ................................................................................................... 1 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................ 2 Geology, Geomorphology and Paleoclimate .......................................................................... 2 Contemporary Environment ................................................................................................... 4 Cultural Setting .......................................................................................................................... 5 Prehistory ............................................................................................................................... 5 Paleo-Indian ....................................................................................................................... 5 Prehistoric Period from 8,000 to 250 Years Ago ................................................................. 6 Ethnography ........................................................................................................................... 8 Euro-American History ........................................................................................................... 9 Research Results ......................................................................................................................10 Research Design ......................................................................................................................12 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................12 Practical Expectations ...........................................................................................................13 Field Methods ...........................................................................................................................13 Pedestrian Survey .............................................................................................................13 Summary and Recommendations .............................................................................................17 References Cited or Consulted .................................................................................................18 TABLES Table 1. Prehistoric cultural periods on the Olympic Peninsula (after Morgan 1999). ................. 8 Table 2. Archaeology within 1-mile of the project area. .............................................................10 Table 3. Cultural Resource Surveys within 1-mle of the project area. ........................................11 Table 4. Historic Properties within 1-mile of the project area. ....................................................11 Table 5. Properties on the National Register of Historic Places with in 1-mile. ..........................12 Table 6. Shovel Test Units and survey GPS waypoints (Figures 3 & 4) ....................................16 FIGURES Figure 1. Project area location ..................................................................................................23 Figure 2. Septic design map of project area showing some GDAs. ..........................................24 Figure 3. Google Earth image showing Levels 1-3, 7 GDAs and GPS survey waypoints ..........24 Figure 4. Map showing Levels 1-3, GDAs and STUs/shovel scrapes ........................................25 Figure 5. Overview of GDA1 (new drain field) showing disturbed native fill and location of decommissioned old septic tanks. STU 1 is being excavated in the center of GDA 2 (new septic tank site in foreground (GPS 376, 308° NW). ............................................................................25 Figure 6. STU 1 in GDA 2 showing sandy gravelly natural fill in backdirt. ..................................26 Page iv of 32 Figure 7. Level 2 showing the location of new septic pipeline (GDA 3). Exposed sediments on surface are disturbed native fill as the result of being leveled with a dozer (GPS 379-386, 100° E). .............................................................................................................................................26 Figure 8. Overview of STU 4 being excavated at the center of GDA 4 (new septic tank site) on the disturbed Level 3 (GPS 387, 30° N). ...................................................................................27 Figure 9. STU 4 in GDA 5 showing slight different depositional levels of gravelly sandy sediments in backdirt. ...............................................................................................................27 Figure 10. Soil profile exposed with shovel scrape 1 within SLD in reserve drain field (GDA 6) (GPS 388, 115° SE). .................................................................................................................28 Page 1 of 32 Introduction Landowners Peter and Rachel Braccio are planning to replace their existing septic system. The new system will include two septic reserve tanks and one pump tank, a drain field and reserve drain field, and an underground septic pipeline. An area of new construction is also listed in the GDAs that includes concrete footings for a music studio and satellite office/bedroom. The Braccios contracted with Sylvester L. Lahren, Jr. Ph.D. to conduct the required cultural resources investigation. Project Description & Location The proposed project is in Jefferson County, Washington, Section 25, Township 27 North, Range 2 West, (Quilcene, WA USGS 7.5’ minute quadrangle) (Figures 1-4). Elevation of the project area varies from 136 to 180-feet (40 to 55-meters) above mean sea level. Prior to the survey, a locate was conducted on May 18, 2019 (ticket # 19201071). The locations of underground water and power lines were also marked with white paint by the landowner during the initial field review of the project area. A review of the septic design map created by Nathan Cleaver identified 6 proposed Ground Disturbing Activities (GDAs) that required cultural resources investigation (Figure 2). During the fieldwork it was discovered that there was no proposed pipeline from the music/studio area to the reserve drainfield. This missing GDA was discussed with the owner and added to the list as GDA7. In addition, the route of GDA 5 was discussed with the owner and it was rerouted around the edge of the lower lot rather than bisecting it. The total estimated square footage of the proposed disturbance is 10,928, which is about a quarter of an acre (0.251). 1. 3,000 sq. ft drain field composed of three 100 ft. lateral drain line trenches with maximum depth of 24-inches 2. 1,000-gallon septic tank requiring 36 square feet of trenching with maximum depth of 8 ft, located near the SE end of drain field. 3. 400 lateral feet of septic pipeline at a maximum depth of 18-inches. 4. 3,200 sq. ft. of new construction including a music studio and office/satellite bedroom requiring excavation of footing at a maximum depth of 24-inches. 5. 1,000-gallon septic tank and 1,000-gallon pump tank at site of new construction with a total of 72 square feet of excavation at a maximum depth of 8 ft. 6. 4,000 sq. ft. reserve drain field with drain lines at a maximum depth of 24 inches. 7. 220 lateral ft. of additional septic pipeline to connect with reserve drain field. GDA Area (sq. ft) Acres Disturbance Depth GDA 1: drain field 3,000 0.069 24-inches GDA 2: 1k gallon tank 36 0.001 8-feet GDA 3: septic pipeline 400 0.009 18-inches GDA 4: new construction 3,200 0.073 24-inches GDA 5: two 1k gallon tanks 72 0.002 8-feet GDA 6: reserve drain field 4,000 0.092 24-inches GDA 7: l. reserve septic pipeline 220 0.005 18-inches Total 10,928 0.251 Page 2 of 32 Environmental Setting The project is bounded on the east by the Toandos Peninsula, which forms the southeastern extent of the Olympic Peninsula and the south end of the Quimper Peninsula, named after the Peruvian-born Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper who charted the north and south coasts of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in 1790. The Quimper Peninsula is defined by Discovery Bay to the west, the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the north, and Port Townsend Bay to the east. From the isthmus it extends approximately seven miles to the north-northwest and then curves to the northeast for another four miles before terminating at Point Wilson. Quimper Peninsula forms the westernmost boundary of Admiralty Inlet. Port Townsend’s climate is affected by the maritime influence which keeps its temperatures moderate. Sitting in the Olympic Mountain rain shadow, Port Townsend is relatively dry in comparison to Seattle or Port Angeles with an average rainfall is 19-inches. Quilcene is not located in the rain shadow area and has an average rainfall of 54-inches. Geology, Geomorphology and Paleoclimate The Toandos and Quimper peninsulas lie within the Puget Trough Physiographic Province (Fenneman 1931, Franklin and Dyrness 1973:16-17). The main feature of the region is Puget Sound, which covers about 2,600 square kilometers and is as deep as 280 meters from the surface (Burns 1985:57). Another major feature is Mt. Olympus; it is the tallest mountain on the Olympic Peninsula and rises to 7,954 feet above sea level (McKee 1972:154). The Puget Trough is dominated by late Quaternary glacial and alluvial sediments and the Olympic Peninsula is dominated by Tertiary and early Quaternary marine and volcanic sediments (Geologic Map of Washington 1961). About 30 million years ago, during the Oligocene, sediments on the western edge of the North American continental plate began to override the subducting Pacific plate. Plate tectonics in this region resulted in the creation of the Olympic Mountains through thrust faulting. In the last Pleistocene ice age, Puget Sound was covered by a thick ice sheet. The regional topography was significantly influenced by the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran ice cap, which pushed into the region from the north during a series of glaciations. In the last interval, (the Fraser Glaciation), the Puget Lobe covered Puget Sound with up to 4060 feet (1250 m) of ice (Thorson 1980). It blocked north-flowing streams and created a system of proglacial lakes fed by ice-marginal and sub-glacial meltwater systems. About 15,000 years ago, the Puget Lobe began a northward retreat toward Port Townsend, later retreating from what is now the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Remains of the glacial outwash plain, glacial moraines, kettle ponds, and old river terraces are visible today and represent ground surfaces as old as 11,000 to 15,000 years. Today’s landscape consists of low, gently rolling hills cut by numerous streams. In Puget Sound, rivers and streams drain into small coves and inlets of tidewater as well as into larger bays. When the glaciers retreated, sea levels rose. Removal of heavy ice sheets resulted in isostatic rebound (Thorson 1980, 1981). In southern and central Puget Sound, the sea level was within several meters of the modern sea level by about 5000 years BP and within one meter of modern levels by about 1000 years BP (Eronen, et al. 1987). Atwater and Moore (1992), Bucknam, et al. (1992), and Nelson, et al. (2002) have reported that late-Holocene subduction-thrust Page 3 of 32 earthquakes and related uplift, subsidence, and deformation have been observed in several locations in the Puget Lowland. According to Sherrod, et al. (2003:4, Figure 5 and 2004) quakes along the Tacoma Fault changed the elevation and shorelines in the vicinity. The Quimper/Toandos peninsulas share a complex geological history with the greater Olympic Peninsula. Port Townsend, for example, lies above layers of largely Eocene sedimentary bedrock that was subsequently modified by repeated glaciations. Glacial movement modified the bedrock and by about 13,000 years ago, the receding ice had deposited gravel, unconsolidated clay, silt, and sand, and formed meltwater channels and lowlands (Thorson 1980). According to the NRCS website, the soils mapping of the Braccio property appears to consists of three mapped soil units: Everett very gravelly sandy loam (EvE), 30 to 50 percent slopes, Alderwood gravelly sandy loam (AlC), 0 to 15 percent slopes, and Cassolary sandy loam (CfC), 0 to 15 percent slopes. The NRCS also identified the southeastern portion of the property as having gravel pits (GP), but we were unable to identify them in the field (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). Nearly 40 percent of the property is made up of EvE sediments, a somewhat excessively drained soil derived primarily from sandy and gravelly glacial outwash material. Below approximately 0-1 inches of O-horizon decomposing plant material are three soil horizons of very gravelly sandy loam from 1-3 inches (A-horizon), 3-24 inches (Bw-horizon), and 24-35 inches (C1-horizon). Extremely cobbly coarse sand makes up the C2-horizon from 35-60 inches. AlC sediments within the project area consist of a moderately well-drained gravelly sandy loam derived primarily from basal till with a component of volcanic ash in upper stratums. CfC sediments consist of well-drained sandy loam to stratified fine sandy loam to silty clay loam in lower levels derived from a parent material of glacial drift and/or marine deposits (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). Climate change, landform isostatic rebound, and a general rise in sea levels from melting glaciers occurred before the stabilization of an essentially modern Puget Lowland maritime climate and vegetation around 4,500 years ago). After the glacial ice retreated, pioneering plant species colonized the newly deglaciated landscape, including lodgepole pine, bracken fern, and red alder. A few centuries later, Douglas-fir was present in the vegetative mix (Barnosky et al. 1987). The warming and drying trend continued between 10,500 and 7,500 years before present (B.P.). This allowed the expansion of grasses, oak, and hazel and the persistence of Douglas-fir. After about 7,000 years B.P., cedar and hemlock populations increased relative to other trees and became the dominant species by about 5,000 years B.P. This marked the beginning of the modern climate regime of western Washington; e.g., cool, moist conditions and closed-climax forests (Tsukada et al. 1981; Whitlock 1992). In spite of smaller-scale climatic fluctuations (warming and cooling), no additional significant changes in vegetation were recorded until the extensive land clearing conducted by Euro-Americans in the 19th century (Leopold et al. 1982). Several natural geomorphologic processes, either singly or working in tandem, may have obscured archaeological deposits potentially present in the project area. These processes, such sea level adjustment, erosion and slope failures, earthquake subsidence, and tsunami deposits, may have contributed to site burial or submersion below present sea level. Changes in regional climate affected vegetation patterns and the density and distribution of terrestrial fauna. Changes in the type and locations of vegetation and terrestrial mammals, in turn, affected the plant gathering and hunting patterns of people living in the Puget Sound. Page 4 of 32 Contemporary Environment Prior to the major land-use changes imposed on the Quimper/Toandos peninsulas’ landscape and ecosystem that resulted from European settlement, the terrestrial uplands were dominated by a floral community classified as the Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1973; Henderson, et al. 1989). Plant species distribution in this zone is affected by moisture, elevation, soil, and frequency of fire. In wetter environmental zones, this floral association occupies lowland areas up to about 1000 feet but in drier zones, it can occur up to 4000 feet in elevation (Henderson, et al. 1989:279). Common trees include western hemlock, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Logging and other disturbances have changed the character of this floral association. In many places not otherwise urbanized (i.e. Port Townsend), stands of second growth (and even third growth) Douglas fir, western red cedar, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) dominate the landscape with some Pacific madrona (Arbutus menziesii), big leaf maple (Acer macrophylla), and red alder (Alnus rubra) present as well. Red alder is one of the most abundant trees on recently disturbed sites. Mature forests have lush understories with dense growths of shrubs, herbs, and ferns. Depending on location and the degree of human disturbance and fire suppression, floral understory species may include swordfern (Polystichum munitum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), Pacific Rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), ocean spray (Holodiscus discolori), Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana), trailing or Pacific blackberry (Rubus ursinus), and the now ubiquitous invasive Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor). Plants important to Native Americans included western red cedar, camas (Camassia quamash), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), salal, and huckleberries. All of these plants are present on the Olympic Peninsula and in places on the Quimper Peninsula (Henderson, et al. 1989:5-6). A detailed study of indigenous plants used by native peoples of western Washington has been presented by Gunther (1972). The peninsulas, at least in prehistoric times, were home to a variety of economically important land and sea mammals including deer (Odocoileus hemionus), wapiti (Cervus elaphus), elk (Cervus canadensis), bear (Ursus americanus), beaver (Castor canadensis), coyote (Canis latrans), river otters (Lutra canadensis), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), and whales among others. Local estuaries and sandy beaches were also attractive habitats for birds of the Anatidae family (ducks, geese, and swans) and for edible molluscs and shellfish such as the presently abundant razor clam (Siliqua patula). Important bivalve molluscs found in channel habitats of northwest coast estuaries include butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus), gaper clams or horseclams (Tresus capax; T. nuttallii), piddock clam (Zirfaea pilsbryi), geoduck clam (Panopea generosa), cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii), native littleneck (Protothaca staminea), macoma clams (bentnose, Baltic, and macoma) (Macoma spp.) and mussel (Mytilus edulis). Oysters (Ostrea lurida, Pododesmus macroschisma) and barnacles (Balanus cariosus) may also have been important resources to prehistoric peoples. Archaeological sites that might be located in the project area could provide evidence for the well-known pattern of native exploitation of anadromous fish that migrated up rivers and streams. It is reasonable to assume that one or more of the following species were economically important to the prehistoric population: chinook or king salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha), silver or coho salmon (O. kisutch), pink or humpback salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum or dog salmon (O. keta), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), cod (Ophiodon elongatus and Page 5 of 32 Gadidae sp.), perch (Eubiotociadae sp.), flounder (Pleuronectidae sp.), trout (cutthroat - Salmo clarkii; steelhead - S. gairdneri; and Dolly Varden - Salvinus malma), skate (Raja stellata), smelt (Osmeridae sp.), herring (Clupea pallasi), halibut (Pleuronectidae sp.), octopus (Octopus dofleini), and sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Edible crabs (Cancer magister and C. productus) might have been important as well. The tribes of the northern Olympic Peninsula, including the Hoh, Quileute, Makah, Elwha Klallam, and Jamestown S’Klallam, maintain a close cultural and economic relationship with the nearshore environment (Shaffer 2004:43). Tribal nearshore marine resources are used for food, basketry, tools, regalia and jewelry. Tribal use extended from lower rivers and riparian zones to subtidal areas. Lower rivers are important locations for smelt and salmon harvesting and cedar and spruce root harvesting. Intertidal areas provide sources of dune vegetation, beach logs, numerous species of seaweeds, eelgrass and seagrass (attached and drift), and numerous shellfish, including bivalves, crab, snails, chitons, urchins, barnacles, and octopus. Subtidal resources mentioned include numerous fish species and their eggs, including salmon, lingcod, smelt, herring, rockfish, halibut and other flat fish; numerous shellfish, including crab, octopus, and snails (Shaffer 2004:44). Cultural Setting This section provides an overview of the known archaeological and ethnographic use of the Quimper/Toandos peninsulas, including a brief synthesis of changes affecting Native American land use over approximately the past 11,000 years. A summary of previous archaeological site investigations is provided to illustrate the distribution and variety of known site types within the project region. Prehistory The first modern archaeology in the Pacific Northwest began with the pioneering work of Franz Boas and Harlan Smith (Blukis Onat 1987:24) and Albert Reagan on the Olympic Peninsula (Bergland 1983:14). In western Washington, coastal sites have been more extensively explored than inland sites in both the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound (Bergland 1983:14, Blukis Onat 1987:30, and Wessen 1985:22). Indian Island and two other Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station properties were subject to an archaeological assessment by BOAS, Inc. (Hess, Blukis Onat, and Stump 1990). They reviewed the available Resource Protection Planning Process (RP3) documents pertinent to their investigation areas. Hess, Blukis Onat and Stump (1990:7-13) relied upon five pertinent study units: Paleo-Indian, Olympic Peninsula, Southern Puget Sound, Northern Puget Sound, and Western Washington Protohistoric study units. Paleo-Indian The Early Paleo-Indian subperiod includes sites dating from the initial occupation of Washington to 11,000 years ago. These sites are found in association with early landforms such as former river terraces (Blukis Onat 1987:17). The Manis Site (45CA218) is located in the northern portion of the Olympic Peninsula and contains evidence of the butchering of up to two mastodons. Bison bones and a flaked cobble spall were found as well (Gustafson, et al. 1979:163) along with a bone or antler point embedded in a mastodon rib (Gustafson, et al. 1979:158). The Late Paleo-Indian subperiod is better known. Many sites of this subperiod are placed into the Olcott Complex; typical artifacts include leaf-shaped basalt projectile points and Page 6 of 32 knives, and heavy cobble (chopper) tools (Blukis Onat 1987:18). Olcott Complex sites have been found on the Olympic Peninsula (Rice 1985:6). Large game animals such as deer and elk made up the majority of the subsistence base and at a few sites there is evidence of the use of marine and littoral resources (Bergland 1983:28). At the Quilcene site (45JE14) on the Olympic Peninsula, a larger variety of artifact types were found in comparison to typical Olcott Complex sites. This site is 2.4-miles north of the project area. Rice (1985:10) suggests it was an occupation site. The Manis site also includes an Olcott-like component (Gustafson, et al. 1979:163) but its stratigraphic location above Mazama ash suggests it is less than 600 years old (and would not be included in the Paleo-Indian study unit). Prehistoric Period from 8,000 to 250 Years Ago As discussed by Hess, Blukis Onat and Stump (1990:10), cultural sequences or chronologies that cover western Washington had been proposed by Kidd (1964), Blukis Onat (1987), Wessen (1985), and Bergland (1983). At least as of 1990, none of these chronologies had become widely accepted and a clear understanding of western Washington cultural chronology did not yet exist (Wessen 1985:16). Blukis Onat (1980, 1987) presented a three-part cultural chronology based on changes in resource management practices. General Resource Development Clovis, Olcott, and other early materials are placed in the Generalized Resource Development period lasting from 13,000 to 6,000 years ago. Pleistocene megafauna are present in the early stage; the development of Holocene faunal resources characterizes the late stage. As a result of erosion and deposition produced by marine and riverine shoreline changes, evidence for this period is sparse throughout the Puget Trough. Many sites are found on former river terraces more than 100 feet above current sea levels. Many Olcott type sites have been found in the Fraser and Nooksack River drainages to the northeast and the Snohomish drainage to the southeast of the Quimper Peninsula. Olcott sites are common in the lower reaches of the rivers on former terraces and glacial outwash uplands. Artifacts consist of projectile points and knives (mostly basalt) and pebble and heavy spall tools. These sites are shallow and lie just above glacial debris. A few of the sites contain features (hearths, charcoal lenses, burned sand and earth, stake molds) and are overlain by shell middens. These sites probably represent food procurement and processing camps (Hess, Blukis Onat and Stump 1990:10-11). Specialized Resource Development The Specialized Resource Development period lasted from 6,000 to 2,500 years ago. Coastal sites are characterized by the following traits: numerous ground stone implements, basalt projectile points, microblades and cores (obsidian), large ground stone projectile points and knives and adzes (and celts), bone and antler tools, ground shell implements with associated whetstones and other grinding stones, and toggling harpoons. Some sites may have been villages with permanent structures but many were temporary food procurement camps. Marine resources were used as well as terrestrial and littoral resources. Shell middens appear after about 4,000 years ago. Inland sites are characterized by the following traits: scarce bone implements, ground stone assemblages comparable to those at coastal sites, abundant chipped stone tools of various styles and raw materials (many with similarities to Columbia Basin artifacts). As of 1983, only two sites on the Olympic Peninsula were thought to date to the early or middle portion of this time period but their dating was less than certain (Bergland 1983:31- 32). A site from the later portion of this time period is the Hoko site (45CA213); it dates between 2,700 and 2,200 years ago and yielded large numbers of normally perishable artifacts due to its permanent inundation. Compared to earlier, less well-preserved sites, the Hoko site Page 7 of 32 demonstrated that by the end of this period, prehistoric peoples were emphasizing maritime resources in comparison to terrestrial resources and artifact assemblages had fewer stone tools and more wood and bone tools (Croes and Blinman 1980). Specialized Resource Management The Specialized Resource Management period began around 2,500 years ago and continued until the beginning of the historic period. Coastal sites show full scale development of maritime oriented cultures known from the ethnographic period while inland sites reflect fully developed regimes of land mammal hunting and upriver fishing in the lower Cascade foothills. A large number of sites are dated to this time period. The most important site from this period on the Olympic Peninsula is the Ozette Site (45CA24) at Cape Alava. Similar to the Hoko Site, Ozette was permanently waterlogged since it was destroyed by a mudslide; organic items were well preserved. Ozette deposits date back from the early historic period to about 2,000 years ago. By the early historic period, this Makah village was occupied year round supported by a maritime-focused subsistence base. The tool assemblage is dominated by bone and wood implements (Bergland 1983:44-47). At Ozette, the prehistoric and historic economy was oriented towards marine resources and sea mammals were the focus of procurement activities. Northern fur seals provided a major part of the Ozette diet and sea otters (Enhydra lutris), harbor seals, and sea lions (Eumetopias jubata or Zalophus californianus) were also found around offshore rocks and kelp beds. Whales, particularly California grays (Eschrichtius gibbosus) and humpbacks (Megaptera novaengliae) were harpooned from large canoes in the spring and early summer. Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) and halibut (Hippoglossus stenolpis) were major food resources for the Ozette inhabitants as were seasonal runs of several salmonids (Samuels 1991:8-9). Migrating ducks and geese and sea and shore birds provided food, feathers and bones for tool making. Extensive shellfish beds found along beaches provided mussels at low tide and dozens of other edible species of bivalves, chitons, crabs and octopi. Supplementing maritime resources were forest-dwelling land mammals and a wealth of vegetal foods (Samuels 1991:11). To the east of the Quimper/Toandos peninsulas, across the Sound and just south of downtown Seattle, is the Duwamish No. 1 Site (45KI23). It is the best example of a shell midden site dating to this time period. The site was occupied between 1,300 years ago and the start of the historic period. Wood and fiber artifacts were not common at this site however bone, antler, and stone artifacts were abundant. Large quantities of shell and implements used to hunt marine mammals show evidence of a similar maritime focus as at the Ozette Site. Some terrestrial hunting is indicated by recovery of deer and elk bones and chipped stone projectile points. Unlike the year-round occupation at Ozette, the Duwamish No. 1 site was probably occupied seasonally during late fall, winter, and early spring (Campbell 1981:465-472; URS Corp 1987). The most recent synthesis of prehistoric cultural chronology for the Olympic Peninsula was compiled by Morgan (1999) in connection with the SR 101 Sequim Bypass Archaeological Project (Table 1). This scheme is gaining acceptance and is presented below as the cultural chronology most suited the interpretation of prehistory on the Quimper Peninsula. Page 8 of 32 Table 1. Prehistoric cultural periods on the Olympic Peninsula (after Morgan 1999). Ethnography According to Suttles and Lane (1990:485) the title Southern Coast Salish refers to two Coast Salish Languages, the Lushootseed and Twana. The Lushootseed consisted of two groups of dialects, the Northern and Southern. Suttles and Lane’s (1990:486) Figure 1 shows the location of the Toandos Peninsula as falling within the general territory of the Twana. On page 486 they specifically identify the “Dabob” as occupying this area and on page 487 they list it under the Twana heading as “41. Dabob.” This article provides a general ethnographic description of these cultural groups. Many ethnographic accounts are available of these peoples including studies by Gibbs (1855, 1877), Gunther (1972), Castile (1985), and Suttles and Lane (1990).Useful summaries are Page 9 of 32 provided by Swanton (1952), Bergland (1983), Gallison (1994) and the Olympic Peninsula Intertribal Cultural Advisory Committee (2002). The cultural groups in this are racticed a seasonal subsistence economy that included hunting, fishing, and plant food horticulture in and around the foothills and higher slopes of the Olympic Mountains. Exploitation of resources along the coast of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in interspersed open prairie grasslands, streams and wetlands also occurred where they were present in their territory (Berger and Hartmann 2009:6). Ethnographic records tell of a massacre that occurred very close to the project site. This archaeological site was recorded in 1974 as the Quilcene-Quinault Battleground Site and is listed under the National Register of Historic Places. The site is significant because it is believed to be the location of the event that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Quilcene people. The Quilcene were village people who were part of the collective cultural group known as the Twana. The main Quilcene winter villages were said to be located near the mouths of the Big and Little Quilcene River (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1960). They also seasonally travelled to gather a variety of terrestrial and marine resources and to trade with other tribes in the area. Potlaches were hosted to maintain ties with many tribes of the peninsula. Quinault informants recalled the largest of which at the town that is now called Potlach, Washington. Twenty-two different tribes were invited to the event which lasted for eight days. Potlaches often involved ceremonial gambling games including a disk game called slahal. This game was important not only for maintaining friendships with other tribes, but for ceremonial and ritual purposes (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1960). It is this gambling game that was the precursor to the apparent demise of the Quilcene people. According to the accounts of the last living member of the Quilcene people, Betsy Henry, who died in 1923, the Quinault and Quilcene maintained a friendly relationship and participated in games of slahal regularly with no conflict for many years. That changed when Quinault members won a game in a way the Quilcene considered unethical. This resulted in a Quinault man left dead in the Quilcene village after the Quinault departed. They later returned at night and attacked the village, killing everyone except Betsy and a few others who escaped into the darkness (Seattle Times 1923). This event is said to have marked end of the Quilcene culture in the area. Euro-American History The earliest historical accounts of the northeastern Olympic Peninsula are from Spanish and English explorers. Manuel Quimper explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca and claimed the Washington coastline for Spain in 1790. Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound was explored and mapped by Captain George Vancouver in 1792 (Meany 1915; Morgan 1999; Vancouver et al. 1798). In 1841, the U.S. Exploring Expedition led by Charles Wilkes charted what was then called the Oregon Territory, which was jointly occupied by the United States and Britain (and the British Hudson Bay Company). Within just a few years of the Wilkes expedition, more Americans began to settle in Washington Territory. The enactment of the Oregon Donation Land Act in 1850, which offered 320 acre parcels to those who would reside and cultivate the land for four consecutive years, spurred American settlement. Native American populations began to decline during this era due to a combination of smallpox epidemics and conflicts with neighboring groups (Elmendorf 1990). When white settlers came to Discovery Bay in 1853 (Keeting 1976), many native villages had been abandoned due to Page 10 of 32 disease (Boyd 1990). In addition to settlers, the U.S. military began to build a presence in the area. In 1866 the government converted Diamond Point along with Protection Island and Cape George to a military reservation until 1870. In 1892, the government reacquired Diamond Point and continued its use until 1936.Fort Townsend was built in 1856 and remained in use until partly destroyed by fire in 1894 (Hunt 1970). In addition to lumber, fishing was an important element of the local economy. Commercial exploitation of fish began as early as 1825 with the efforts of the Hudson’s Bay Trading Company (HBC) and shellfish were commercially used starting around 1850 (Tollefson 1974:3- 4). The potential for farming drew homesteaders to the Port Townsend-Indian Island area between 1865 and 1870 (Russell and Bean 1978:4). These early settlers farmed mainly for their own subsistence but due to the difficult conditions associated with farming in areas that were formerly forest-covered, some turned to dairying and raising livestock as their primary means of support (Lindeman and Williams 1985:4). With the advent of the transcontinental railroad in the 1880s and 1890s, larger markets were made available to farmers. Commercial production of poultry and eggs became important industries for farmers in the vicinity (Lindeman and Williams 1985:4). In the late 1880s, a railroad was constructed as part of the Port Townsend and Southern Railroad from Port Townsend south to Quilcene (Camfield 2000:292). This line was later connected to the rail line between Port Angeles and Port Townsend (Keeting 1976:68). Railroads also connected the previously isolated communities with Seattle and other larger cities. According to Grant and Kretser (2010:5): The first non-natives to inhabit the Zelatched Point [located on the south east side of Toandos Peninsula] area worked in logging camps and sawmills. The waters of Hood Canal were used to transport lumber to outside markets. Families arrived by boat to establish farms and ranches on cut-over timberlands. Oyster farms were established on Quilcene Bay in the 1930s and later became a well known industry [near] the project area (Jefferson County Historical Society 1966:163-167). The Navy built the Whitney Point land- based facility in the mid-1950s. The Zelatched Point land-based facility was built in the mid-1960s by the Navy to replace the Whitney Point land-based facility (Grant and Kretser 2010:5). Research Results Prior to fieldwork, a Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISSARD) record search was conducted on the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) website to determine if recorded precontact or historic archaeological sites might be present within 1-mile (1.6-km) of the project area. The DAHP WISAARD database was also used to search General Land Office (GLO) maps for the project area to determine if historic-period structures or features were present within the proposed project area. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) was reviewed to determine if the proposed project area contains any listed sites. Table 2. Archaeology within 1-mile of the project area. Eligibility/ Name Arch ID Site Name Resource ID Comments Date Recorded Smithsonian # National Register 9395 Quilcene- Quinault Battleground Site 639620 INDIAN BATTLE GROUND- QUILCENE 10/1/1976 JE00085 Page 11 of 32 Survey/ Inventory 9454 639678 2-3 PETROGLYPHS ON SANDSTONE BEACH BOULDERS 8/26/1997 JE00235 Potentially Eligible 16463 659288 QUILCENE BAY RAILROAD TRESTLE, LOG DUMP SPUR,637 M X 7 M, CA. 1891-1945 9/4/2012 JE00371 Three archaeological sites have been recorded within a 1-mile radius of the project area. The closest site is JE00085 (Quilcene-Quinault Battleground Site), which is nearly adjacent to the project area at approximately 0.05 miles to the east and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Table 3. Cultural Resource Surveys within 1-mle of the project area. Eight cultural resources studies have been conducted with the 1-mile search area. Author Title NADB Report Date Document Type Wilt, Julia J. Results of a Cultural Resources Survey of the Bonneville Power Administration’s Olympia to Port Angeles Fiber Optic Project Area. 1350006 6/1/2001 Survey Report Walker, Sara Cultural Resources Investigations for the Rim Dike Removal Project, Quilcene Bay 1351610 6/1/2008 Survey Report Walker, Sara Cultural Resources Investigations for the Schinke Property Dike Removal Project, Quilcene Bay 1351616 6/1/2008 Survey Report Iverson, Dave Cultural Resources Field Inventory for 15 Action Areas within the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Projects Area (PSNERP) 1683893 9/5/2013 Survey Report Komen, Dana Cultural Resources Investigations for the Quilcene South Marsh Restoration Project 1684785 3/25/2014 Survey Report Valentine, Nicholas Indian George Creek Estuary Restoration 1687266 7/20/2017 Survey Report Taylor, Allie Cultural Resources Assessment for the Brown Property, Big Quilcene Flood Plain Project 1689551 4/26/2017 Survey Report Gerrish, Tim Lower Big Quilcene River Floodplain Cultural Resources Assessment 1690951 6/4/2018 Survey Report Table 4. Historic Properties within 1-mile of the project area. No historic properties were identified in the project area. Property ID Resource ID Common Name Address Resource Name 85423 45347 Building 1009 90 Herbert Street, Quilcene, WA 98376 Quilcene USFS Lower Compound Building 1009 85424 45348 Building 2314 61 Herbert, Quilcene, WA 98376 Quilcene Lower Compound Building 2314 85425 45349 Building 1042 61 Herbert, Quilcene, WA 98376 Quilcene USFS Lower Compound Building 1042 85427 45351 Building 2002 61 Herbert, Quilcene, WA 98376 Quilcene Lower Compound Building 2002 Page 12 of 32 85428 45352 Building 2302 61 Herbert, Quilcene, WA 98376 Quilcene Lower Compound Building 2302 85430 45354 Building 2200 61 Herbert, Quilcene, WA 98376 Quilcene Lower Compound Building 2200 665640 612765 Big Quilcene Levees N/A, Quilcene, WA Big Quilcene Levees 671006 617755 Quilcene Marsh House 1 321 Muncie Ave., Quilcene, WA 98376 Newman House 1 671041 617785 Quilcene Marsh House 2 331 Muncie Ave., Quilcene, WA 98376 Newman House 2 671044 617788 Quilcene Marsh House 3 330 Muncie Ave., Quilcene, WA 98376 Newman House 3 671047 617791 Quilcene Marsh House 4 No address, Muncie Ave., Quilcene, WA 98376 Newman House 4 709891 678897 Brown Property 280 Fremont Ave., Quilcene, Washington, USA Brown Property 715811 687864 161 Rogers Street 161 Rogers St., Quilcene, WA 98376, USA House 715813 687867 231 Rogers Street 231 Rodgers St., Quilcene, WA, 98376 House Table 5. Properties on the National Register of Historic Places with in 1-mile. Two properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places within the 1-mile search area. The closest property is 0.05-miles east of the project area (JE0085). Smithsonian # Other Name(s) Construction Year(s) Listed Date Number Address Resource ID Register Name Register Status JE00088 1913 1983- 07-14 83003330 Muncie Street, Quilcene, WA 674958 Oatman, Earl, House National Register; Washington Heritage Register JE00085 1978- 12-29 78002748 Address Restricted, Quilcene, WA 674956 Quilcene- Quinault Battleground Site National Register; Washington Heritage Register Research Design Research Objectives The objectives of this archaeological survey and presence/absence testing are to: 1) identify and document cultural resources that may be affected by the proposed project, 2) assess the type and amount of impacts such activities would have on identified cultural resources, and 3) establish avoidance measures, if possible. Page 13 of 32 This cultural resources survey and presence/absence subsurface testing is designed to be primarily descriptive in nature; the articulation of study findings within the regional cultural frameworks described earlier is not a major focus of this investigation. The results of this limited survey and presence/absence testing is not anticipated to yield information that could be used to test any models of prehistoric settlement and subsistence patterns. Practical Expectations The background research results summarized above suggest a high possibility that cultural resources might be present. The Statewide Predictive Model of WISAARD has classified the project location as “Survey Highly Advised: Very High Risk “of encountering archaeological resources. Even though the area has been greatly modified by levelling, grading, and residential development, the immediate vicinity has a history of Native American use therefore the project area has the potential to contain archaeological resources. Field Methods Pedestrian Survey The pedestrian survey covered 100 percent of the surface area of the 7GDAs. The total estimated square footage of the proposed disturbance is 10,928, which is about a quarter of an acre (0.251). GDA Area (sq. ft) Acres Disturbance Depth GDA 1: drain field 3,000 0.069 24-inches GDA 2: 1k gallon tank 36 0.001 8-feet GDA 3: septic pipeline 400 0.009 18-inches GDA 4: new construction 3,200 0.073 24-inches GDA 5: two 1k gallon tanks 72 0.002 8-feet GDA 6: reserve drain field 4,000 0.092 24-inches GDA 7: l. reserve septic pipeline 220 0.005 18-inches Total 10,928 0.251 According to the owner, the roadbed that runs through his property was built as early as 1949. This road was built as part of an easement to access the powerlines that cross his property. The construction of this roadway resulted in creating a series of switchbacks to gain the necessary elevation to get equipment to the powerline. The residential areas of this project and the associated can be found at three of these switchbacks (Figures 2, 3 & 4). It appears that the previous owner took advantage of these dozer widened switchback areas to create residential lots. It also appears that since the initial road construction there has been additional dozer activity to widen and clean up the lots. The 7 GDAs of this project are in three of these previously disturbed switchbacks. On Figures 2, 3 & 4, we have arbitrarily designated these disturbed areas as Levels 1, 2, & 3. Below is a discussion of each Level and the GDAs associated with it. Page 14 of 32 Level 1: GDAs 1 & 2 Level 1 is the highest elevation lot at approximately 180-feet above sea level located at the western end of the gravel drive. It contains the existing residential home with two outbuildings and the locations of GDA 1 (drain field) and GDA 2 (septic tank) (Figures 2-4). GDAs 1 and 2 were surveyed using a 15-meter (49 ft.) meandering transect following the centerline of the tank and the drainfield for control (Figures 2 & 3). This area was essentially the location of the old drainfield and septic tanks, which had been removed and filled with sand. This area has been previously disturbed during the initial road construction, construction of the residence and the old drainfield and septic system. Figure 5 shows the location of GDAs 1 and 2 and the disturbed areas where the old septic tanks had been removed. No cultural resources were observed during this pedestrian survey. Level 2: GDA 3 Level 2 is a bare lot situated below and to the east of Level 1 at approximately 168-feet above sea level and contains the location of GDA 3 (Figures 2-4). GDA 3 is the proposed route of the pipeline from septic tanks in the lower lot (Level 3) to GDA 1 the new drain field. The original route of the proposed pipeline bisected the center of the lot in Level 2 (Figure 2). This location was discussed with the landowner and with his permission it was rerouted to running along the east edge of this flat area (Figures 3 & 4). A 10-meter (32 ft.) meandering transect was walked along the centerline of new route. Similar to GDA 1, the entire route of the pipeline had been previously disturbed during the initial lot leveling. No cultural resources were observed during this survey (Figures 2, 3, & 7). Level 3: GDAs 4-7 Level 3 is the lowest and eastern-most levelled lot situated approximately 135-feet above sea level. It contains the remainder of GDAs 4, 5, 6, and 7 (Figures 2-4). GDA 4 is an area of new construction situated on the lower lot of the property that will include the excavation of footing for a new accessory dwelling unit (ADU), an office/satellite building, and a music studio (Figure 2). The area of disturbance takes up approximately 3,200 sq. ft. and will extend to a maximum depth of 24-inches. Ten-meter (32 ft.) meandering transects were walked going east-west along the site of new construction, which includes the site of GDA 5— the two 1,000-gallon septic tanks (Figures 2 & 8). The entire area of these GDAs has been previously disturbed from episodes of tree removal, levelling and grading by dozers during road construction, and excavations during past residential construction. The landowner hand-dug an approximate 5 x 1 ft trench at a depth of 1- 2 ft by the existing power box in the area to assist electrical workers that arrived during the survey. Disturbed sandy fill was observed to the depth of the trench and exposed in large patches on the surface of GDAs 4 and 5. No cultural resources were observed this surface survey of the area (Figures 2, 3, & 8). The surface of the reserve drain field (GDA 6) and connecting septic line (GDA 7) was also surveyed with 100 percent coverage. GDA 6 was surveyed with 10 m (32 ft) meandering transects going east-west between the gravel road that curves up along the GDA parallel to its eastern boundary, turns along its southern point, and then up parallel to its western boundary (Figures 2-4). The area within the reserve drain field was previously disturbed by logging and Page 15 of 32 associated logging roads that were observed during the survey. Two approximately 5 x 2 x 4 ft soil test pits were previously excavated with a backhoe by the septic design company near the center (Soil log D [SLD]) and southern end (Soil Log C [SLC]) of the GDA. The contents were visually examined before conducting shovel scrape testing discussed in the subsurface survey results below (Figures 2 & 10). GDA 7 is the reserve septic line which was not originally listed as a GDA and was brought to the attention of the landowner during the survey. After discussion with the landowner, a proposal to connect the drain field with the existing planned pipeline was made. The proposed reserve septic pipeline will run beneath the gravel driveway and along an existing asphalt pad to connect with the rest of the pipeline (Figures 3 & 4). A pedestrian survey was conducted along the corridor using a 10 ft (32 ft) meandering transect going from the southern end of GDA 6 to where it will meet with the existing planned pipeline at GDA 5 (Figures 3 & 4). The area is nearly 100% disturbed from the gravel road construction, an existing asphalt pad, and the leveled residential lot. No cultural materials were observed during the survey of GDAs 6 and 7. During the pedestrian surveys the ground surface was examined for artifacts, features, or other evidence of cultural occupation. An effort was made to focus on eroded areas with higher visibility of exposed sediments. Most of the exposed sediments on the surface appear to be a disturbed native sandy gravelly fill that was cut and pushed from the natural slope to create the three levels of residential lots. Visibility ranged from 0% visibility in grassy areas and forest floor to 100% visibility in highly disturbed portions of the leveled areas. Subsurface Presence/Absence Testing The pedestrian surveys were augmented by presence/absence testing. Four shovel test units (STUs) were excavated using a barrel auger. They ranged from 213-cm (/84 inches,7 ft.) at new septic tank sites to 61-cm (24 inches) which was the required depth within the drain field. Septic tank GDAs will have a maximum depth of 8-feet, however STU excavations were terminated at 7-feet due to the limited reach of the barrel auger. Excavated materials were set aside and visually examined through a 1/4-inch screen as each partial probe was extracted. STUs were excavated and screened in 10cm (4-inches) intervals or less and then backfilled after examination. Two shovel scrapes were also conducted within soil test pits Soil Log C (SLC) and Soil Log D (SLD) that were previously excavated within the reserve drain field area (GDA6) with a backhoe. The limited number of STUs excavated are due to the previous disturbance factors discussed in the surface survey results above. As documented above, all three levels of the property that contain GDAs 1-7 show extensive previous disturbance. Results of the shovel test and shovel scrape excavations are compiled in Table 6 below. Figure 4 shows the location of each STU and shovel scrape excavated. No archaeological resources were observed during excavation of the four STUs and two shovel scrapes. It is estimated that there is at least 2- feet of disturbed fill in the majority of the GDA locations and therefore no further testing was needed since it was unlikely to yield intact archaeological materials or features. Page 16 of 32 Table 6. Shovel Test Units and survey GPS waypoints (Figures 3 & 4) STU # Depth (cmbs) GPS # Description Comments 1 0-183 (0-72”) 183-213 (72-84”) 376 Yellowish tan, loose, moderately coarse sand with 5% sub- rounded pebbles and few sub- rounded cobbles. Yellowish tan, moderately compact coarse granular sand with 40% sub-rounded pebbles and gravels. Barrel auger excavated. Location of new septic tank (GDA 2) just north of existing house. 8 ft GDA depth, terminated excavation at 7 ft (213 cm) due to limited reach of auger. (Figures 5 & 6) 2 0-61 (0-24”) 377 Yellowish tan, loose, moderately coarse sand with 5% sub- rounded pebbles and few sub- rounded cobbles. Barrel auger excavated. Center of new septic drain field location (GDA 1). Terminated at depth of GDA. 3 0-66 (0-26”) 378 Yellowish tan, loose, moderately coarse sand with 5% sub- rounded pebbles and few sub- rounded cobbles. Barrel auger excavated. NW end of drain field (GDA 1). First attempt of excavation terminated due to asphalt and moved approx. 1 ft north. Few small pieces of asphalt found near top of STU. -- -- 379- 386 New septic line from drain field in the SW upper terrace to base of slope near new music studio on NW lower terrace. GDA 3. GPS points 387 & 382 shifted east from original septic line location to hug edge of terrace instead of bisecting middle of terrace to avoid potential future disturbances of pipeline. (Figure 7). 4 0-61 (0-24”) 61-122 (24-48”) 387 Light yellowish tan, coarse, loose, sand with 5% sub- rounded pebbles Reddish brown, coarse silty sand with 5-10% sub-rounded pebbles and gravels. Barrel auger excavated. Location of new septic tanks on lower terrace in NW project area (GDA 5). 8 ft GDA depth. Page 17 of 32 61-183 (48-96”) 61-213 (96-108”) Light yellowish tan coarse, very gravelly sand with 30% sub- rounded pebbles and gravels. Yellowish brown medium/fine sand with 2% sub-rounded pebbles Terminated excavation at 7 ft (213 cm) due to limited reach of auger. (Figures 8 & 9). Shovel Scrape 1 0-30 (0-12”) 30-42 (12-17”) 42-95 (17-37”) 388 Duff/decomposing organics Tan, moderately compacted silty sand with 5% sub-rounded pebbles Light brown, gravelly silty sand with 25-30% sub-rounded pebbles and gravels. Soil Log D (SLD) in reserve drain field (GDA 6), previously excavated with back-hoe. (Figure 10). Shovel Scrape 2 0-18 (0-7”) 18-75 (7-30”) 75-105 (30-41”) 105-120 (41-47”) 389 Duff/decomposing organics Light brown, fine, gravelly silty sand with 20% sub-rounded pebbles and gravels. Light tan, very gravelly compact silty sand with 40% sub-rounded pebbles and gravels. Light grayish tan very compact glacial till. Soil Log C (SLC) in reserve drain field (GDA 6), previously excavated with back-hoe. Summary and Recommendations No archaeological resources were observed during the pedestrian survey or the excavation of the STUs and shovel scrapes. It is recommended that the owner be allowed to proceed with the proposed GDAs. However, in the event of inadvertent discovery the owners should implement an Inadvertent Discover Plan which is on file with Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. DISCOVERY CONTACT LIST • Peter and Rachel Braccio, Owners, 831.594.9074 • DAHP, Local Government Archaeologist, Allyson Brooks, Ph.D., 360.586.3066 • DAHP, State Physical Anthropologist, Dr. Guy Tasa, 360.586.3534 • Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department, Sheriff Tony Hernandez, 360.385.3831 • Jefferson County Coroner’s Office, Coroner Scott W. Rosekrans, 360.385.9180 • Jefferson County UDC Administrator, Stacy Hoskins, 360.379.4463 • Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe, Cultural Resources Specialist, Gideon Cauffman, 360.681.4638 Page 18 of 32 • Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe, THPO, Dr. Josh Wisniewski, 360.633.1899 • Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, Tribal Archaeologist, William S. White, 360.452.8471 • Skokomish Indian Tribe, THPO, Kris Miller, 360.426.4232, ext. 215 References Cited or Consulted Atwater, Brian, and Andrew L. Moore 1992 A Tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound, Washington. Science 258:1614-1617. Barnosky, Cathy W., Patricia M. Anderson, and Patrick J. 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Rhea and B. S. Jackson. 2003 The Catfish Lake Scarp, Allyn, Washington: Preliminary Field Data and Implications for Earthquake Hazards Posed by the Tacoma Fault. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-0455. Electronic document accessed May 7, 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-455/of03-455.pdf. Suttles, Wayne and Barbara Lane Page 22 of 32 1990 Central Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7, Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 453-475. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Swanton, John R. 1952 The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Thorson, Robert M. 1980 Ice-Sheet Glaciation of the Puget Lowland, Washington, during the Vashon Stade (Late Pleistocene). Quaternary Research 13:303-321. 1981 Isostatic Effects of the Last Glaciation in the Puget Lowland, Washington. United States Department of Geological Survey, Open-File Report 81-370. Tollefson, Thor C. 1974 Fisheries Resources of Washington. Washington State Department of Fisheries, Olympia. Tsukada, M., S. Sugita, and D.M. Hibbert 1981 Paleoecology of the Pacific Northwest I. Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 21:730-773. URS Corporation and BOAS, Inc. 1987 The Duwamish No. 1 Site: 1986 Data Recovery. Submitted to the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, Contract No. CW/F2-82, Task 48.08. On file with DAHP, Olympia. Wessen, Gary C. 1985 Identification Component. In RP3 Document, Southern Puget Sound Study Unit. Revised 1986 by M. Leland Stilson. On file, DAHP Olympia Whitlock, C. 1992 Vegetational and Climatic History of the Pacific Northwest during the Last 20,000 Years: Implications for Understanding Present-Day Biodiversity. Northwest Environmental Journal 8:5-28. Page 23 of 32 Figure 1. Project area location Project Area Page 24 of 32 Figure 2. Septic design map of project area showing some GDAs. Figure 3. Google Earth image showing Levels 1-3, 7 GDAs and GPS survey waypoints Page 25 of 32 Figure 4. Map showing Levels 1-3, GDAs and STUs/shovel scrapes Figure 5. Overview of GDA1 (new drain field) showing disturbed native fill and location of decommissioned old septic tanks. STU 1 is being excavated in the center of GDA 2 (new septic tank site in foreground (GPS 376, 308° NW). Page 26 of 32 Figure 6. STU 1 in GDA 2 showing sandy gravelly natural fill in backdirt. Figure 7. Level 2 showing the location of new septic pipeline (GDA 3). Exposed sediments on surface are disturbed native fill as the result of being leveled with a dozer (GPS 379-386, 100° E). Page 27 of 32 Figure 8. Overview of STU 4 being excavated at the center of GDA 4 (new septic tank site) on the disturbed Level 3 (GPS 387, 30° N). Figure 9. STU 4 in GDA 5 showing slight different depositional levels of gravelly sandy sediments in backdirt. Page 28 of 32 Figure 10. Soil profile exposed with shovel scrape 1 within SLD in reserve drain field (GDA 6) (GPS 388, 115° SE).