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HomeMy WebLinkAbout014CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SANT HARBOR MARINA FOR THE PROPOSED PLEASANT RESORT, JEFFERSON COUNTY, WASHINGTON BY CAMILLE A. MATHER, JENNIFER CHAMBERS, & JAMES SCHUMACHER GLENN D. HARTMANN, PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR SUBMITTED TO: STATESMAN CORPORATION 7370 SIERRA MORENA BLVD. SW CALGARY, AB T3H 41-19 WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. 8001 DAY ROAD WEST, SUIT, B BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110 TECHNICAL REPORT #274 JUNE 30, 2006 WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. APPENDIX 8 CULTURAL RESOURCE ARBOR FOR THE PROPOSED PLEASANT MARINA AND GOLF RESORT, FFERSON COUNTY, WASHINGTON JE WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. TECHNICAL REPORT #274 Authors: Camille A. Mather, Jennifer Chambers, and James Schumacher Date: June 30, 2006 Location: Pleasant Harbor/Black Point, Hood Canal, Jefferson County, Washington USGS Quad: Brinnon, WA 7.5' T, R, S: Township 25 North, Range 2 West, Section 15 and 22 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) was contracted by Statesman Corporation to conduct a cultural resource assessment for the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, located on the Hood Canal near the town of Brinnon, Washington. This assessment, as detailed in this report, consists of a review of published and unpublished sources relevant to the project area, review of records of nearby recorded archaeological sites and similar information, and recommendations regarding the potential for as -yet unidentified cultural heritage sites that could be in the general project vicinity. This assessment should be considered as a review of existing information; no field investigations were conducted in preparation of this report. The project entails two components: the Maritime Village and the Golf Resort. The Maritime Village will encompass the existing 290 slips within Pleasant Harbor and include the additional construction of approximately 150 residential units. Also, the current retail buildings will be reconstructed into a 10,000 square foot Maritime Center. The Golf Resort will include the construction of an eighteen -hole gall- course with a conference center, spa and approximately 100 condominium units located within the complex. In addition, 800 residential town home units are planned for construction throughout the golf course area. The proposed resort is in response to the 2004 Comprehensive Plan for Jefferson County, which invited the development of a master - planned destination resort in south Jefferson County. The proposed resort is anticipated to increase tourism and provide permanent jobs to an area that has a declining economy in resource industries. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. J FE Background research and preliminary on-site reconnaissance suggests high probability for pre - contact or ethnographic archaeological sites in the proposed marina and golf resort development areas. This determination is based on the nature of the onsite landforms and the proximity of the project areas to two ethnographic village sites. The likelihood of encountering historic -period cultural resources is also considered high, due to historic settlement and logging practices that occurred in the Dosewallips and Duckabush river drainages and the associated logging and habitation structures documented at Pleasant Harbor and Black Point. It is recommended that the protect proponent engage in consultation with the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, affected Indian tribes, and stakeholders at the earliest opportunity; consultation should include discussion of an appropriate program of systematic archaeological i field investigations for the subject property. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc - if r 0 t �7 u u Management Summary............................................................................... Introduction.......................................................................,.,......,..........,................................1 Location and Description .................. Project Area 4 Methods ............. ........................................ ......... .......................,................................................ Project Area Background......................................................................... Environmental Setting.................................................................I.. CulturalSetting..................................................................................... Pre -contact Pero ...•.••••••••••••••••••............................................ Ethnohistoric Period................................................................ HistoricPeriod ................................. ...........................................,............,..........7 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations ........................... ............................. Results and Recommendations................................................... Limitations of This Assessment ............................................... .......... I...I....... ReferencesCited ..................................... ................................................. Appendix A: Project Correspondence ............................................... Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Manna and Golf Resort Jefferson County, Wsstarngton Western shore Heritage Services, Inc. iii na ■ INTRODUCTION Western Share Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) was requested by Statesman Corporation to conduct a cultural resources assessment for the proposed 253 -acre Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, located on the Hood Canal near the town of Brinnon, Washington (Figure 1), hereafter referenced as the `study area'. This assessment describes the two development components and assesses the potential of the project to affect significant cultural resources. This cultural resource assessment is provided to support the historic, cultural and archaeological component of a State Environmental Protection Act (SEPA) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prior to development. Determination of archaeological potentials and potential impacts to cultural resources was accomplished by reviewing the environmental, cultural and archaeological setting of the study area. PROJECT AREA LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort development project is located in central western Washington, in Jefferson County, along the western shore of the Hood Canal, south of Brinnon, at Pleasant Harbor and on Black Point, in all four quarters of Section 15 and in the NWl/a and NEI/4 of Section 22, Township 25 North, Range 2 West (Figure l). The project entails two components: the Maritime Village/Marina and the Golf Resort. The Maritime Village will encompass the existing 290 slips within Pleasant Harbor and include the additional construction of approximately 150 residential units. Also, the current retail buildings will be reconstructed into a 10,000 square foot Maritime Center. The Golf Resort will include the construction of an eighteen -hole golf course with a conference center, spa, lounge and approximately 100 condominium units located within the complex. In addition, 800 residential town home units are planned for construction throughout the golf course area. The area slated for development as a Golf Resort is currently a RV Resort. The proposed resort is in response to the 2004 Comprehensive Plan for Jefferson County, which invited the development of a master - planned destination resort in south Jefferson County. The marina and resort are anticipated to increase tourism and provide permanent jobs to an area that has experienced a declining economy in resource industries. Ground disturbing activities associated with the development of the Marina and Golf Resort are anticipated to be extensive (Figure 2). Construction of the Maritime Village and Staff Housing will require tree removal and vegetation brushing, site grading, foundation construction, transportation improvements and the installation of sub -surface utilities. Construction associated with the 10,000 -square foot commercial marina facility will additionally impact the current, previously modified, Pleasant Harbor shoreline. Although some major topographic features of BIack Point will be incorporated into the golf course layout, substantial site grading and modification of the existing landscape will be required to shape the proposed eighteen -hole course and install the associated sub -surface irrigation and utilities. The proposed resort construction and housing units will also require tree and vegetation removal, site grading, foundation construction, the installation of sub -surface utilities and transportation improvements. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 1 of 18 0 ul , is .» •-. ... .. I. ..... ' � .'�•. I �, �1 'O^-- -- - �•-•�.• �= ullflll Vlll rrn VJVJ I..) yuaurangie uepicung [ne approximate locations of the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Manna and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. page 2 of 16 _ • 'fix.` '71 :.1•,p u�:'•.r•hh� •-:tirv11rl�.''4l . ..,F •', Golf Resort li�Lqir,; :.Yr.t:ilsx -.- or,i=• I'•{C..1 fi�� ilii:` �•d_. ] .. r.:.:. - i.iiti=, ., .•.. .I F.. ... - 11 ;Tilly }I i "[.. _1���.,-�. ��. -ll �•_.: ��.." "...�.��". ,.',-� _',..�I—M.'.1 .. .�. •) •i .". ".._...._ •_ _ ..... .. ., ...... .... .... .... ...". ...... ....._-,... ......-. ,.... {' Y;` "..-._.... 'O^-- -- - �•-•�.• �= ullflll Vlll rrn VJVJ I..) yuaurangie uepicung [ne approximate locations of the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Manna and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. page 2 of 16 _ r y) The Maritime Village: �r phase V... ..i • Hseanst4l iha ramM1Mlrual wmponanl to industry s fE� c0 /r• .rte' Cell C era :' - - iA71A�•14 AP phznVl:■0vedraWng .. • of IAamimn Tavar Fk�+w ww • CrY+shi�t�n pyasanl Harter N- 1501 lc" Ff 5n11 fi .: �! . .00 IIF �n A'F- • pleasant Harbor phase. VII. 9� • Completion of pmanA•es zM Pleasant Harbor I��'• - F—xHIRIT gi PLEASAml HARBOR MARINA AWD GOLF RESORT JrEFFIERSON CouNTr, WA THE PHASING PLAN (OVER 4 TO 6 YEARS) of development and anticipated phases of construction (courtesy Figure 2. Site Plan Map depicting areas of Statesman Corporation). cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage P 9� c. 3 of w.rf' • 311 B F—xHIRIT gi PLEASAml HARBOR MARINA AWD GOLF RESORT JrEFFIERSON CouNTr, WA THE PHASING PLAN (OVER 4 TO 6 YEARS) of development and anticipated phases of construction (courtesy Figure 2. Site Plan Map depicting areas of Statesman Corporation). cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage P 9� c. 3 of METHODS This cultural resource assessment was conducted by consulting archived records at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) for previously recorded sites within and immediately surrounding the project area, reviewing documented ethnographic and cultural resource investigations in the local area, examining pertinent historical maps, documents and locally compiled histories, and preparation of this report. WSHS contacted technical staff of the Skokomish Tribe, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, Suquamish Tribe, and Squaxin Island Tribe to elicit information regarding potential culturally sensitive areas in the local area (Appendix A). Literature review was followed by a visual reconnaissance field -visit to verify secondary information and to observe contemporary project area conditions. PROJECT AREA BACKGROUND The potential distribution of cultural resources in the project area and the identification of conditions that may have affected contemporaneous preservation of these resources are determined, in part, by understanding the environmental changes that have occurred locally over time. Archaeological evidence suggests human occupation in Puget Sound occurred following the last glacial retreat at the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 14,000 — 12,000 years ago. Subsequent environmental changes, including landforms, climate and vegetation significantly influenced the spatial distribution of human activities due to the availability of resources, and the suitability of certain landforms for occupation. The following sections outline the environmental, cultural and historical setting of the project area. Environmental Setting The geologic processes that shaped the current topography and soil composition within the project began 25,000 years ago, during the Late Pleistocene Epoch. At this time, the southern Cordilleran ice sheet made its slow advance southward from British Columbia, covering the northwestern section of North America and extending into the Puget Lowlands (Orr and Orr 1996). The Vashon stade of the Fraser glaciation was the most recent glacial advance of the Puget Lobe into western Washington, beginning approximately 17,00-18,000 years ago and continuing until roughly 14,000 years ago (Kruckeberg 1991:12). As the ice advanced south from Canada, it encountered preexisting stream channels. The massive thrust of ice deepened these channels to well below sea level. When the ice retreated and sea level rose, the glacial troughs became fjords, creating Hood Canal, as well as Puget Sound and the Straight of Juan de Fuca (Babcock and Carson 2000). Warming of the climate caused the retreat of the Puget Lobe, leaving the regional landscape ice -free and suitable for human habitation by approximately 12,000 years ago (Kruckeberg 1991:22). On the Hood Canal, valley glaciers occupying the Duckabush and Dosewallips river drainages flowed towards the ocean and converged to form large piedmont lobes terminating at sea level. As the ice in these drainages recessed, the associated alluvial fans left large deposits of unconsolidated glacial till at sea level (Spicer 1986). The landform in which the project area is located is a product of these glacial processes. The Black Point landform is composed entirely of glacial soils, specifically Hoodsport very gravelly sandy loam, Grove very gravelly loam/very Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Manna and Golf Resort Jefferson County. Washington Western Share Heritage Services, Inc. Page 4 of 18 gravelly sand and Triton very gravelly loam. Soils surrounding Pleasant Harbor are also composed of Hoodsport very gravelly sandy loam and Triton very gravelly loam (NRCS Soil Survey 2006). Following glacial retreat, the newly deglaciated landscape of the project area supported a sparse vegetal environment of subalpine grasses, sedges, lodgepole pine and red alder. By 12,000 BP, gradual changes in the temperature and climate over time led to the replacement of the subalpine vegetation with Douglas fir, western fir and western hemlock (Leopold et at. 1982; Suttles 1990). Beginning as early as 11,000 BP, prairies developed on the residual glacial outwash plains of the Puget Lowlands and uplands became forested, with density increasing through the Holocene. Prairies supported several grass, ferns, roots and berries varieties. Barring minor changes (largely due to extensive logging in the 19'' and 20' centuries), ecological landscapes have remained relatively stable for the past 5000 years (Leopold et al. 1982). Cultural Setting Regional and local studies have provided an archaeological and historical synthesis of approximately the last 10,00.0 years of human occupation in Puget Sound based on archaeological materials, ethnohistoric.texts, and historical documents (Nelson 1990). Pre -contact Period Archeologists have identified broad similarities in site and lithic assemblages dated to between 9000-5000 BP. Many of these early archaeological sites comprise the Olcott Phase in Western Washington and are contemporaneous with similar Cascade Phase sites identified east of the Cascade Mountains. The Olcott Phase is characterized by upland site occupation or atop upper river terraces, lithic workshops, and temporary hunting camps that contain a wide variety of flaked stone tools and laurel -leaf -shaped bifaces, suggestive of large game hunting, butchering and processing (Morgan et al. 1999). Several Olcott sites have been documented and studied throughout Western Washington and the Olympic Peninsula (e.g. Dancey 1968; Greengo and Houston 1970; Morgan et al. 1999; Samuels 1993). Changes in subsistence economy and occupation patterns are generally reflected in archaeological assemblages that date between 5000-3000 BP. During this time, an increasing number of tools were manufactured by the grinding of stone, and more antler and bone were utilized for tools. This middle pre -contact period is also indicated by the occurrence of smaller triangular projectile points. Living floors, evidence of structural supports and hearths are more common during this period in contrast to earlier cultural phases. In Puget Sound, evidence of task -specific, year-round, broad-based activities, including salmon and clam processing, woodworking, basket and tool manufacture, date from approximately 4200 BP (Larson and Lewarch 1995). Characteristic of the ethnographic pattern in Puget Sound, seasonal residence and logistical mobility occurred from about 3000 BP. Organic materials, including basketry, wood and food stuffs, are more likely to be preserved in sites of this late pre -contact period, both in submerged, anaerobic sites and in sealed storage pits. Sites dating from this period represent specialized Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 5 of 18 as derived. A small lake north of Quatsap Point, gagaq le'w t, was the domain of point w loggers drained the guardian spirits (swa'das} that took the form reptiles. otttte The loggers fled, except for g v ago, the swa'dcas reptiles came r g lake Ion„ g d limbs, ruck down hese one who was later found side of the mouth of dead on the spot and Pleasant eHa Harbor istnamed q cgcy,tor "between Lastly, Lastly, the point on the south two creeks". Two ethnographic camping sites are also located within % mile of the project area. Immediately tcqs, or "between opoints. This north of Quatsap Paint, on Old Orchard Beach, is eakof Pleasant Ha bar, anhe'north side, place is recorded as a seasonal camping site. At the mouth is cc'o'ca't d, or "bar across mouth of channel", This station refers toe Pleasant Harbor, a camping site located there, as well as a season g Figure 3. Native camp on the spit ai me nVntioi„ ,—..... - southwest. Phototaken Ash and Curtis, Baibefey ore 1913, 10. Washington State Historical Society photo, courtesy of Historic Period The first exploration and mapping of Puget Sound is credited to Captain George Vancouver to 1792, under the auspices of the British Royal Navy. Vancouver the Columbia, uch the S squally but the exploration did not extend inland and failed to record and Fraser Rivers (Morgan 1979: lb). Decades later, in rg wlaslkoc up occupied the United to chart what was then called Oregon Territory. The territory jointly th States and Britain, but the British Hudson Bay Company held primary rim ryen economic cothe,ntr Wilkes the territory. In an attempt to increase American presol wi in ence g Expedition produced the first detailed map and commercialized the potential for economic cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golfshington R estern Shoe Heritage Services, Inc. Page 7 of 10 development. Four years after the arrival of the Wilkes party, more Americans began to settle in the area. Washington Territory was created in 1853 (Ficken 2002). The first white inhabitants began to settle along the Hood Canal at the mouths of the Duckabush and Dosewallips Rivers about this time. Although other Euro -Americans had visited the area, Elwell Brinnon is considered to be the first non -Native American to settle there permanently. In the mid 1850s, Mr. Brinnon settled on a claim at the mouth of the Duckabush River and married a Clallam woman named Kate, sister of Chief Chetzemoka. In the] 860s, he sold his Duckabush claim to recent arrival Thomas Pierce and moved to the mouth of the Dosewallips River (Hermanson 2001: 54) (Figure 4). Pierce began hand -logging the Brinnon Flats in 1859 for the nearby Washington Mill Company in Seabeck, across Hood Canal. John Clements, who came from Maine and settled in the area in the 1870s, drove logs down the Dosewallips River and hauled them to the beach with oxen. These and other early settlers would tow, their harvested timber across the canal to the closest mill, located at Seabeck or to the Pope and Talbot facility at Port Gamble (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 95). Euro -American settlement in the Brinnon area increased in the mid -1860s following the endorsement of the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres to new settlers who lived on and improved their land for five years. After relocating to the Dosewallips, Brinnon continued to acquire homestead rights of other relocating settlers through purchase, and by the 1870s owned nearly all the property in the lower Dosewallips Valley; however, lie sold tracts of his land to new -coming settlers (Balch 1947). In the 1860s, records refer to the district from the Duckabush River to the Dosewallips River as Quackaboor, sometimes spelled Quagaboor. In the 1870s and 1880s, the name Ducaboos was used exclusively. Thomas and Mary Pierce established the first school of the area in 1881, primarily for their eight children. The school was built at the head of Pleasant Harbor in order to make it available to children living in the Duckabush as well as the Dosewallips area (Bailey and Bailey 1997). Local settlers first applied for a post office in 1886, but the post office was not established until May 1888. The names Quagabvor and Ducaboos were difficult to pronounce for some settlers, so it was decided to call the post office Brinnon to honor Ewell Brinnon, who had assumed a position of leadership in the small community (Bailey and Bailey 1997). Atter statehood in 1889, the two precincts at the river mouths were referred to as Brinnon and Duckabush. A post office was also located for a short time at Pleasant Harbor, operated from 1891 to 1893 by John Freeney. A telegraph office was operated at Pleasant Harbor in the 1890s by a Civil War veter� named Dawson, who also resided in a house at the head of the harbor (Balch 1947; Bailey and Bailey 1997: 125). Cultural Resoume Assessment for the Proposed PleasantHarbc Marina and Golf Resort Jerson County, Washington Westem Shore Hedtage Services. Inc Page 8 of 11 Figure 5. 1910-1926 map of project area., indicating historic settlement locations and railroad structures (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 198). nnon was isolated and only served at first by small However, Brinnon was more isolated than most PortTownsend and forty miles north of Shelton 10). At first, Brinnon had no dock for boats to land ;engers and freight were rowed ashore in a smaller swim ashore, where they were recaptured (Bailey ock was built, which extended from a road attached . This addition greatly improved Brinnon's ability road boom of the 1890s brought hope to Brinnon ice their town. In anticipation, towns were platted la had been laid out in Pleasant Harbor. However, if the late 1$00s and many claims, including y and Bailey 1997; 3). For twenty-six years, the A and petitioned for a road to be built between i road was completed that connected Duckabush and >rical Society 1966: 174). 'ultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 9 of 18 Logging was the economic life -blood of the early settlers to the Brinnon area. Starting with hand logging, evolving to ox teams, horse teams, then railroad and logging trucks, Brinnon has been witness to all methods of moving logs from the dense forests of the Olympic Peninsula (Bailey logged at Brinnon, Point Whitney (his namesake), Pleasant Harbor and Duckabush. Sometiand Bailey 1997:15), Early homesteader Robert Whitney came to the Brinnon area in 1874 and between I874 and 1886, Whitney ran a Iogging camp located at Pleasant Harbor (Figure 6) me (Bailey and Bailey 1997:102). At the turn of the century, James Ixett built Brinnon's first logging railroad on the south side of the Dosewallips drainage, terminating just north of the Brinnon dock (Figure 5). In 1920, the Webb Logging Company built a railroad up the Duckabush River drainage that terminated at Pleasant Harbor. Also located at Pleasant Harbor was the Webb Logging Camp and a large log chute used to bring the timber down from the rail line to the waters edge (Bailey and Bailey 1997:15,124). - -----r ... - .---u- •Aat uvr knaliey and bailey 1997:102) One historic homestead (Thompson[Robinson) is indicated on historic maps within the proposed cc Golf Resort development area (Figures 4 and 5). The property was originally surveyed in March 1896 and was the thirty-five acre homestead of settler Nels Thompson. It was sold in 1906 and changed hands three times before being purchased in 1940 by the son of Ephraim Robinson; Ephraim and Sarah Robinson lived in the house in the early 1900s (Figure 7) (Bailey and Bailey j 1997). Cultural Rasource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort Jefferson County, Washingtari Western Shore heritage Services. Inc. Page 10 of 18 Figure 7. Thompson/Robinson homestead located on Black Point, near the mouth of the Duckabush River. Ephraim Robinson pictured on porch, early 1900s (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 159). PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS Previously recorded archaeological sites, cultural resources surveys, historical properties on the National Register of Historical Places (NRHP) and the Washington Heritage Register (WHR), and historic structure inventory forms were reviewed on February 15, 2006. No cultural resources surveys have been previously conducted in the project area or within the immediate vicinity. Additionally, no previously recorded archaeological sites are located within one mile of the project area. Nearby recorded historic sites include the remains of the Webb Logging Railroad, located five miles up the Duckabush River drainage. Twenty-four site locations were recorded and inventoried up the Duckabush River, near Little Hump (elevation 1600 feet), including the remains of the logging railroad, trestles, skid sleds, spurs, camps and associated { dumps, and other miscellaneous logging debris (Western Heritage 1983). The recorded logging camps contained the remains of tin cans, stove pipe, broken crockery and other historic debris. The twenty-four sites recorded by this survey were inventoried and may be eligible for inclusion { on the NRHP. However, eligibility could not be determined without a more detailed assessment of these remains (Whitlam 1984). RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the environmental, cultural and archaeological background of the project area, the proposed development area for the Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort is considered to have high potential for archaeological deposits. Specifically, the headlands of Pleasant Harbor would have provided a protected area for occupation, an excellent area for canoe launching and a 9 resource rich environment for the collection of shellfish, fish, waterfowl and berries. The presence of the two known ethnographic village sites (north and south of project area) signifies Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 11 of 18 ' ii substantial activity in the immediate area. Ethnographic accounts also state "during the salmon season, Twana and Klallam visitors would camp nearby" (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992; 41). Archaeological remains of unrecorded village activity areas, short-term camps, or other cultural Phenomena could be present at Pleasant Harbor within the area slated for development. In addition, the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer of the Skokomish Indian Tribe has identified numerous culturally significant locations, both within and in the vicinity of the project area (see Appendix A). Any pre -contact archaeological sites present on the southern end of Black Point could potentially be smaller or more ephemeral than any at Pleasant Harbor, primarily due to the nature of the landform. The southern portion of Black Point is composed of glacial till and is an actively eroding 60-$0 ft. tall bluff. Access to this portion of the landform would be relatively difficult and occupation of this area would be unlikely due to its proximity to higher probability habitation locations, such as the mouth of the Duckabush River, PIeasant Harbor, Quatsap Point and Old Orchard Beach. Any archaeological evidence previously Iocated at the southea-n margin of the landform would have eroded to the beach below due to the wave processes that are actively undercutting the bluff. Substantial erosion was noted during reconnaissance, and is confirmed with the comparison of present bluff condition to aerial shoreline photographs taken in 1992, which indicate a more gradual slope of the southern Black Point bluff (Department of Ecology 1992). Pre -contact utilization of Black Point would might have been transitory in nature, and evidence may present itself in the form of bark -stripped trees, lithic scatters, caches and gear storage sites. The probability for historical cultural resources within the project area is considered to be high. Locally compiled histories indicate several historical structures were/are present within or adjacent to the proposed project boundaries. A portion of the Webb Logging Railroad and associated log chute was present (Figure 5) in the area currently staged for development as retail space and staff housing. The northeast margin of the proposed marina development is located within or near the area inhabited by the Webb Logging Camp. Additionally, several structures, including the first schoolhouse in the area, the Dawson home, post office and telegraph station, were located at the head of Pleasant Harbor in the area slated for town home development. On Black Point, the Thompson/Robinson homestead is indicated by local historic maps as existing within the boundaries of the Golf Resort development. It is highly likely that remains of these historic structures are present within the project areas. co Assessment of potential impacts begins with the identification of cultural resources and historic properties within a project area; evaluation of the significance of such properties; and then consideration of the scope of potential short-term and long-term impacts. Cultural resources may be protected by law and must be considered for special management or mitigation of adverse impacts if they are identified and evaluated as of particular significance, as defined by federal and state guidelines. Under the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA), the Department of I� Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) is the sole state agency with technical expertise with regard to cultural resources. Under the National Historic Preservation Act, federal agencies must consider cultural resources in all licensing, permitting, and funding decisions. Agencies Cultural ResoUrce Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Goff Resort, Jefferson County, Washington ` Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. rl�� page 12 of f8 w must consult with DAHP to ensure that cultural resources are identified. Federal agencies must obtain the formal opinion of DAHP as regards each site's significance and the potential impacts of Agency actions upon the site. Under SEPA, DAHP provides formal opinions to local governments and state agencies as regards a site's significance and the potential impacts of proposed projects. Resources are typically defined as significant or potentially significant if they are identified as of special importance to an ethnic group or Indian tribe; or if the resource is considered to meet certain eligibility criteria for local, state, or national historic registers, such as the National Register of Historic Places (NRNP). NRNP assessment criteria were developed by the National Park Service (NRHP 1991). Resources may qualify for NRHP listing if they: A. Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or S. Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. According to the NRHP guidelines, the "essential physical features" of a property must be intact for it to convey its significance, and the resource must retain its integrity, or "the ability of a property to convey its significance." The seven aspects of integrity are: • Location (the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred); ■ Design (the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property); • Setting (the physical environment of a historic property); • Materials (the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property); • Workmanship (the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period ot' history or prehistory); • Feeling (a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time), and; • Association (the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property). Criteria used for assessment of potential eligibility for the Washington Heritage Register are similar to NRHP criteria. Criteria to qualify include: Age of at least 50 years. If newer, the resource should have documented exceptional significance. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 13 of 18 • The resource should have a high to medium level of integrity. • The resource should have documented historical significance at the local or state level. Potential eligibility for historic registers is related to a site or structure's integrity and historical significance, as well as its age. Age alone is rarely sufficient to demonstrate potential eligibility; integrity is an important aspect of eligibility. Integrity is defined by DAHP as the "ability of a property to accurately represent the past through original design qualities, materials, landscape, setting, etc.". For historic structures, integrity of design and materials may often be established by consideration of the original construction details, subsequent changes, and the permanence of any changes, alterations, or additions. Alterations to original structural features and the original interior or exterior plan can all affect integrity. Qualities such as landscape and setting evocative of the past must be considered to affect a property's integrity as well. Impacts to cultural resources typically result from activities that occur in the vicinity of the resource. Adverse impacts to buried archaeological deposits could be consequences of ground disturbing, excavation, earthmoving, and construction activities. Adverse impacts to above- ground resources, such as historic structures, canals, and damscan result from demlition, partial removal of structural elements, the addition of new features, and changes in the surrounding historical context of a resource. Traditional cultural properties are identified in consultation with cultural specialists from affected Indian tribes, or other users, who could ascertain potential adverse impacts. Definition of adverse impacts to cultural resources should be conducted in consultation with DAHP. The scope of adverse impacts is only properly defined in conjunction with adequate identification of cultural resources and historic properties. Identification efforts should typically include archival and historical research; review of project construction plans, drawings, and available geotechnical information; and subsequent on-site examination and field survey of project areas by an archaeologist and/or historian. Assessment of preferred alternative project designs would be necessary in order to identify potential impacts to properties that might be determined to be of historical significance. 0 J Field examination could include pedestrian survey and visual reconnaissance; small-scale test excavations or other subsurface investigations; and inventory and documentation of cultural ai historic properties. Field survey should be intended to account for possible minor changes in project design. Field survey could incorporate identification strategies based on the occurrenc of archaeological materials within environments and on landforms near to the project area. Identification efforts should include consultation and review by DAHP and tribal cultural resources specialists. In order to support adequate identification of potential resources, and subsequent definition of impacts and potential mitigation, it is recommended that a complete archaeological and cultura survey be completed following final project design and prior to any construction. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Har! Marina and Golf Resort Jefferson County, Washingi Western Shore Heritage Services, If page 14 of LIMITATIONS OF THIS ASSESSMENT No cultural resources study can wholly eliminate the uncertainty regarding the potential for y aditional cultural properties {TCPs) to exist within the prehistoric sites, historic properties or tr mendations presented in this report are based on proposed project boundaries. The recom nalysis and interpretation of available documents, professional opinions derived from our a records, literature, and consideration of on-site landforms. Conclusions and recommendations presented apply to the currently proposed project area and could potentially change if the development scope is altered. The data, conclusions, and interpretations in this report should not be construed as the analysis of subsurface conditions. It should be recognized that this assessment was not intended to be a definitive investigation of potential cultural resource concerns within the project area. Within the limitations of the scope, schedule and budget, our analyses, conclusions and recommendations were prepared in accordance with the generally accepted cultural resources management principles practiced in this area. We make no other warranty, either expressed or implied. These conditions and recommendations were based on our understanding of the project as described in this report and the site conditions as observed at the time of our site visit. This report was prepared by WSHS for the sole use by the Statesman Corporation. Our conclusions and recommendations are intended exclusively for the purpose outlined herein and the project indicated. The scope of services performed in execution of this investigation may not be appropriate to satisfy the needs of other users, and any use or re --use of this document, including findings, conclusions, and/or recommendations, is at the sole risk of said user. If there is a substantial lapse of time between the submission of this report and the start of construction, or if conditions have changed due to project redesign, or appear to be different from those described in this report, WSHS should be notified so that we can review our report to determine the applicability of the conclusions and recommendations considering the changed conditions. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Manna and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 15 of 18 REFERENCES CITED Babcock, Scott and Bob Carson 2000 Hiking Washington's Geology. The Mountaineers, Seattle, WA. Bailey, Ida and Vern Bailey 1997 A Scrapbook History of Brinnon. Perry Publishing, Bremerton, WA. Balch, T. B. 1947 History of Brinnon. In Hood Canal Kitchen Kapers. Dancey, W. S. 1968 Archaeology of Mossyrock Reservoir, Washington. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. Department of Ecology 2006 Shoreline Arial Photographs. Electronic document, www.apps.ecy,wa.govlS�orephotos, accessed June 19, 2006. Elmendorf, W. W. and A. L. Kroeber 1992 The Structure of Twana Culture, With Comparative Notes on the Structure of Yurok Culture. Washington State University Press, Pullman, WA. Ficken, R.E. 2002 Washington Territory. WSU Press, Pullman. Greengo, R. E. and R. Houston 1970 Excavations at the Marymoor Site. Reports in Archaeology No. 4. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. Hermanson, James 2001 Rural Jefferson County, Its Heritage and Maritime History. Published by author. Jefferson County Historical Society 1966 With Pride in Heritage: History of Jefferson County, Professional Publishing Printing, Inc., Portland, OR. Kruckeberg, A. R. 1991 The Natural History of Puget Sound County. University of Washington Press. Seattle. Larson, L.L., and D.E. Lewarch (eds.) 1995 The Archaeology of West Point, Seattle, Washington: 4,000 Years of Hunter -Fisher - Gatherer Land Use in Southern Puget Sound. Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services, Gig Harbor, Washington. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort Jefferson County, Viraslhington Westem Shore Heritage Services, lnc. page 16 of 18 Leopold, E. B., R. J. Nickman, J. I. Hedges, and J. R. Ertel 1982 Pollen and Lignin Records of Late Quaternary Vegetation, Lake Washington. Science 218:1305-1307. Morgan, M. 1979 Puget's Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Morgan, V., G. Hartmann, S. Axton, and C. Holstine 1999 Cultural Context. In The SR -101 Sequim Bypass Archaeological Project; Mid- to Late - Holocene Occupations on the Northern Olympic Peninsula, Clallarn County, Washington, edited by V.E. Morgan, pp. 3.1-3.36. Report prepared for Washington Department of Transportation. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-108, Archaeology and Historical Services, Cheney. Nelson, C.M. 1990 Prehistory of the Puget Sound Region. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 481-484. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 2006 Soil Survey of Jefferson County. Electronic document, www,soils.usda.gov/, accessed June 19, 2006. Orr, Elizabeth and William N. Orr 1996 Geology of the Pacific Northwest. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Ruby, R. H., and J. A. Brown 1992 A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London. Samuels, S. R. (editor) 1993 The Archaeology of Chester Morse Lake: Long -Term Human Utilization of the Foothills in the Washington Cascade Range. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report No. 21. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman. Smith, M. W. 1940 The Puyallup-Nisqually. Columbia University Press. New York. Spicer, Richard C. 1986 Glaciers in the Olympic Mountains, Washington: Present Distribution and Recent Variations. Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 17 of 18 Suttles, W. 1990 Environment. In Handbook of!forth American Indians .Volume 7, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 16-29. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Western Heritage, Inc. 1983 Forest Service Cultural Resource Jnventory of the Webb Logging Company Railroad Copy on file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, OIympia, WA. Whitlam, Robert G. 1984 Letter to Mr. R. Robert Burns, Olympic National Forest, Regarding Eligibility of the Webb Logging Company Railroad. Copy on file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, WA. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Goff Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 18 of is 11 APPENDIX A: PROJECT CORRESPONDENCE 11 11