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CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED PLEASANT HARBOR MARINA AND GOLF RESORT, JEFFERSON COUNTY, WASHINGTON BY CAMILLE A. MATHER, JENNIFER CHAMBERS, JAMES SCHUMACHER, & MATTHEW GILL GLENN D. HARTMANN, PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR CONFIDENTIAL: NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SUBMITTED TO: STATESMAN CORPORATION 7370 SIERRA MORENA BLVD. SW CALGARY, AB T3H 41-19 WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. 8001 DAY ROAD WEST, SUITE B BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110 TECHNICAL REPORT #288 December 18, 2006 WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED PLEASANT HARBOR MARINA AND GOLF RESORT, JEFFERSON COUNTY, WASHINGTON WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. TECHNICAL REPORT #288 Authors: Camille A. Mather, Jennifer Chambers, James Schumacher and Matthew Gill Date: December 18, 2006 Location: Pleasant Harbor/Black Point, Hood Canal, Jefferson County, Washington USGS Quad: Brinnon, WA 7.5' T, R, S: Township 25 North, Range 2 West, Sections 15 and 22 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) was contracted by Statesman Corporation to conduct a cultural resource assessment for the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, located on the Hood Canal near the town of Brinnon, Washington. This assessment, as detailed in this report, consists of a review of published and unpublished sources relevant to the project area, review of records of nearby recorded archaeological sites and similar information, and a field investigation based on Skokomish Tribe and Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) recommendations regarding the potential for as -yet unidentified cultural heritage sites that could be in the general project vicinity. This assessment should be considered as a resource driven survey as opposed to an impact driven survey based on the final design configuration. The project entails two components: the Maritime Village and the Golf Resort. The Maritime Village will encompass the existing 311 slips within Pleasant Harbor and include the additional construction of approximately 130 residential units. Also, the current retail buildings will be reconstructed into a 10,000 square foot Maritime Center. The Golf Resort will include the construction of an eighteen -hole golf course with a conference center, spa and approximately 160 condominium units located within the complex. In addition, 610 condominium resort units are planned for construction throughout the golf course area. Background research and preliminary on-site reconnaissance suggested a high probability for pre -contact or ethnographic archaeological sites in the proposed marina and golf resort development areas. This determination was based on the nature of the onsite landforms and the proximity of the project areas to two ethnographic village sites. The likelihood of encountering Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION historic -period cultural resources was also considered high, due to historic settlement and logging practices that occurred in the Dosewallips and Duckabush river drainages and the associated logging and habitation structures documented at Pleasant Harbor and Black Point. Archaeological field investigations of the subject property did not result in the identification of any prehistoric or historic archaeological resources. No evidence of shell midden, lithic scatters, fire -cracked rock concentrations, bark -stripped trees, caches or gear storage sites were identified during testing. Further testing within the golf resort area does not appear warranted based on the absence of archaeological materials found during field investigations. A small concentration of shell midden was identified at the head of Pleasant Harbor roughly 100m to the east of the project area boundary on Washington State lands. The shell midden appears to be relatively recent and may be associated with an historic settler who lived at the head of the harbor based on the inclusion of non-native oyster shells and absence of fire -cracked rock, lithic material and bones. WSHS recommends creating a construction buffer to protect this archaeological site that is located adjacent to the project area on Washington State lands to avoid any unnecessary disturbance. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Management Summary.............................................................................................................i Listof Figures............................................................................................................................ iv Introduction.................................................................................................................................1 Project Area Location and Description........................................................................................1 ProjectArea Background............................................................................................................4 EnvironmentalSetting.............................................................................................................4 CulturalSetting...................................................................................................................... 5 Pre -contact Period...............................................................................................................6 EthnohistoricPeriod.............................................................................................................6 HistoricPeriod................................................................................................................. 8 BackgroundResearch...............................................................................................................12 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations...............................................................................12 Archaeological Potentials and Expectations.................................................. :........................... 12 Field Methodology and Results................................................................................................. 13 PedestrianSurvey.................................................................................................................14 ShovelProbe Survey............................................................................................................20 Resource Assessment and Recommendations............................................................................25 Limitations of This Assessment................................................................................................27 ReferencesCited.......................................................................................................................29 Appendix A: Project Correspondence ............................. .................... .................................... A-1 Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. iii CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Portion of Brinnon, Washington USGS 7.5 -minute quadrangle depicting project areas for the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort ................................................... 2 Figure 2. Site Plan Map depicting areas of development and anticipated phases of construction (courtesy of Statesman Corporation)....................................................................................3 Figure 3. Native camp on the spit at the northern mouth of Pleasant Harbor, looking southwest. Photo taken by Asahel Curtis, before 1910..........................................................................8 Figure 4. 1893 map of project area, indicating historic settlement locations...............................10 Figure 5. 1910-1926 map of project area, indicating historic settlement locations and railroad structures...........................................................................................................................10 Figure 6. Robert Whitney logging camp at Pleasant Harbor......................................................11 Figure 7. Portion of Brinnon, Washington USGS 7.5 -minute quadrangle depicting project areas for the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort .................................................11 Figure 8. Areas pedestrian surveyed during the course of field investigation for the Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort .........................................................................................15 Figure 9. West facing photograph of a segment of pedestrian surveyed roadway within the Pleasant Harbor project area..............................................................................................16 Figures 10a and 10b. Initially suspected location for the Thompson/Robinson homestead based on the tree and rock wall orientation..................................................................................16 Figures 10c and 10d. Second possible location of the Thompson/Robinson homestead .............17 Figure 11. West facing photograph of an examined portion of the shoreline at the base of the erosionalbluff...................................................................................................................17 Figure 12. West -facing photograph illustrating pedestrian survey of the Pleasant Harbor Marina shoreline............................................................................................................................18 Figure 13. Location of Pleasant Harbor shell midden site located nearby the project area.......... 19 Figure 14. South -facing photograph depicting midden exposed at the head of Pleasant Harbor. 19 Figure 15. East -facing photograph of the Pleasant Harbor shell midden area located ca. 100m from the eastern boundary of Cell B of the project area.....................................................20 Figure 16. Location of all shovel probes, scrapes and faced wall profiles examined during field investigations within the project area.................................................................................22 Figure 17. Shovel probe excavation at the base of the largest of all depressions, Kettle A in the proposedproject area......................................................................................................... 23 Figures 18a and 18b. Exposed profile on the eastern margin of Kettle A; roadway encircling Kettle B on the southwest side. Note: just left of the roadway the kettle begins to slope severelydownward............................................................................................................23 Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. iv CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figures 19a and 19b. Excavation of a shovel probe atop High Point 1 and the facing of a small wall profile segment across the road.................................................................................. 24 Figure 20. Excavation of a shovel probe along the south -facing bluff ........................................ 24 Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION INTRODUCTION Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) was requested by Statesman Corporation to conduct a cultural resources assessment for the proposed 253 -acre Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, located on the Hood Canal near the town of Brinnon, Washington (Figure 1), hereafter referenced as the `project area'. This assessment describes the two development components and assesses the potential of the project to affect significant cultural resources. This cultural resource assessment is provided to support the historic, cultural and archaeological component of a State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prior to development. Determination of archaeological probability and potential impacts to cultural resources was accomplished by reviewing the environmental, cultural and archaeological setting of the project area in addition to coordination with a review panel consisting of members of the Skokomish Tribe and their archaeological consultant Gary Wessen, and DAHP staff. This assessment is the product of a collaborative effort between Statesman Corporation, Jefferson County, DAHP, the Skokomish Tribe, and WSHS. Archaeological and cultural concerns were identified at a series of meetings between all parties on August I I", September 15`h and 27`h, and October 20`h, 2006. On September 15`h, 2006, the working group visited the project area in order to develop a deeper understanding of the proposed project and to gain insight about possible field methodologies. Ultimately, WSHS and the Tribe jointly developed field methodologies and a plan of field investigations was reviewed by all parties. PROJECT AREA LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort development project is located in central western Washington along the western shore of the Hood Canal, in Jefferson County. The project consists of two components south of Brinnon, at Pleasant Harbor and on Black Point. Specifically, the project is located in all four quarters of Section 15 and in the NW 1/4 and NE 1/4 of Section 22, Township 25 North, Range 2 West (Figure 1). The project entails two components: the Maritime Village/Marina and the Golf Resort. The Maritime Village will encompass the existing 311 slips within Pleasant Harbor and include the additional construction of approximately 120 residential units. Also, the current retail buildings will be reconstructed into a 10,000 square foot Maritime Center. The Golf Resort will include the construction of an eighteen -hole golf course with a conference center, spa, lounge and approximately 160 condominium units located within the complex. In addition, 610 condominium resort units are planned for construction throughout the golf course area. The area slated for development as a Golf Resort is currently an RV Resort. The proposed resort is in response to the 2004 Comprehensive Plan for Jefferson County, which invited the development of a master -planned destination resort in south Jefferson County. The marina and resort are anticipated to increase tourism and provide permanent jobs to an area that has experienced a declining economy in resource industries. Ground disturbing activities associated with the development of the Marina and Golf Resort are anticipated to be extensive (Figure 2). Construction of the Maritime Village and Staff Housing will require tree removal and vegetation brushing, site grading, foundation construction, Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 1 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION transportation improvements and the installation of sub -surface utilities. Construction associated with the 10,000 -square foot commercial marina facility additionally will impact the current, previously modified, Pleasant Harbor shoreline. Although some major topographic features of Black Point will be incorporated into the golf course layout, substantial site grading and modification of the existing landscape will be required to shape the proposed eighteen -hole course and install the associated sub -surface irrigation and utilities. The proposed resort construction and housing units will also require tree and vegetation removal, site grading, foundation construction, the installation of sub -surface utilities and transportation improvements. 122050.000' W 122055,000' W bVGS0Q4 122054.000' W l L O tnxa � Ci r+r ( f.w. �y O o..�� - 3 pDR +; 0 o `j- `ter'•` • � 4C •.�� �r �a� n _Z � � �. S' i�J Z • 9 • • / l k� 'iii tr u = � .ii{ c l}{.'sfr � ••if:li, � '{.0 I ��.• 3 J� wappokit Qualeap p, sw},a :.,.' :'•': P y.' ;� s•' Point 1220 50.000' tYnyr 1220557,000'VV WGS84 12,2054.000'W TN MN __. t MILE Iso 9 1Q�1 EEEI {1 SD4 i11A P^f PERS Figure 1. Portion of Brinnon, WA USGS 7.5' quadrangle depicting the approximate locations of the proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 2 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL - NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 2. Site Plan Map depicting areas of development and anticipated phases of construction (courtesy of Statesman Corporation). Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 3 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION PROJECT AREA BACKGROUND The potential distribution of cultural resources in the project area and the identification of conditions that may have affected contemporaneous preservation of these resources are determined, in part, by understanding the environmental changes that have occurred locally over time. Archaeological evidence suggests human occupation in Puget Sound occurred following the last glacial retreat at the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 14000 — 12000 BP. Subsequent environmental changes, including landforms, climate and vegetation significantly influenced the spatial distribution of human activities due to the availability of resources, and the suitability of certain landforms for occupation. The following sections outline the environmental, cultural and historical setting of the project area. Environmental Setting The geologic processes that shaped the current topography and soil composition within the project began 25000 BP, during the Late Pleistocene Epoch. At this time, the southern Cordilleran ice sheet made its slow advance southward from British Columbia, covering the northwestern section of North America and extending into the Puget Lowlands (Orr and Orr 1996). The Vashon stade of the Fraser glaciation was the most recent glacial advance of the Puget Lobe into western Washington, beginning approximately 17000 — 18000 BP and continuing until roughly 14000 BP (Kruckeberg 1991:12). As the ice advanced south from Canada, it encountered preexisting stream channels. The massive thrust of ice deepened these channels to well below sea level. When the ice retreated and sea level rose, the glacial troughs became fjords, creating Hood Canal, as well as Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Babcock and Carson 2000). Warming of the climate caused the retreat of the Puget Lobe, leaving the regional landscape ice -free and suitable for human habitation by approximately 12000 BP (Kruckeberg 1991:22). On the Hood Canal, valley glaciers occupying the Duckabush and Dosewallips river drainages flowed towards the ocean and converged to form large piedmont lobes terminating at sea level. As the ice in these drainages recessed, the associated alluvial fans left large deposits of unconsolidated glacial till at sea level (Spicer 1986). The landform in which the project area is located is a product of these glacial processes. The Black Point landform is composed entirely of glacial soils, specifically Hoodsport very gravelly sandy loam, Grove very gravelly loam/very gravelly sand and Triton very gravelly loam. Soils surrounding Pleasant Harbor are also composed of Hoodsport very gravelly sandy loam and Triton very gravelly loam (NRCS Soil Survey 2006). Following glacial retreat, the newly deglaciated landscape of the project area supported a sparse vegetal environment of subalpine grasses, sedges, lodgepole pine and red alder. By 12000 BP, gradual changes in the temperature and climate over time led to the replacement of the subalpine vegetation with Douglas fir, western fir and western hemlock (Leopold et al. 1982; Suttles 1990). Beginning as early as 11000 BP, prairies developed on the residual glacial outwash plains of the Puget Lowlands and uplands became forested, with density increasing through the Holocene. Prairies supported several grass, ferns, roots and berries varieties. Barring minor changes (largely Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 4 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION due to extensive logging in the 19`h and 20`h centuries), ecological landscapes have remained relatively stable for the past 5000 years (Leopold et al. 1982). Soils and geotechnical data for the Pleasant Harbor project were reviewed in order to determine if data were available indicating potentials for deeply buried archaeology. Sources reviewed include NRCS soils mapping data for Jefferson County, the soils and geology report for the Pleasant Harbor project (Subsurface Group 2006a), and geotechnical core and test pit logs (Subsurface Group 2006b). Almost all soils in the project area are proglacial in origin. These sand, silt, and gravel sediments have weathered in place to produce a series of soils that have been mapped as gravelly sands and loams. In terms of the potential for deeply buried archaeology, these sediments are found in essentially non—depositional environments: there are no streams in the project area that might provide deep alluvial deposits and Holocene deposition on top of the late Pleistocene deposits would be negligible in most places. There are, however, some locations where archaeological deposits could be buried at some depth. Such areas could be in the kettles and on the beaches at the base of the bluffs where landslides/slumping have been mapped. The potential for deeply buried archaeology at the toe of the beach bluff appears to be low as wave erosion is actively cutting into the bluff (and slumped/landslide sediment). Archaeological deposits on the beach, if they had been present, likely have been removed by erosion. It is possible that historic fill has been emplaced in the marina area and archaeology might be present under the fill. Geotechnical analysis by Subsurface Group did not include the marina area, resulting in an unknown nature of sediments there, although extensive side cut exposures area present indicating the glacial origin of the sediments. Subsurface Group excavated 66 geologic test pits and 3 test corings in the Black Point area of the project. All core logs and test pit logs were reviewed in order to identify possible evidence of archaeological deposits such as reference to shell, bone, black or dark grey silts, or organic materials. There is nothing in the coring/test pit logs to suggest buried archaeological deposits; however, traces of buried organics were recorded in 17 test pits. It is likely these represent modern land—use and were surface sediments buried by logging and/or road grading. Geotechnical investigations noted historic—era fill in several test trenches; and, previous development within the project area (principally road grading and campsite leveling) likely has resulted in limited filling in some places, as many of the geologic test pits were excavated in, or immediately adjacent to, roads. Cultural Setting Regional and local studies have provided an archaeological and historical synthesis of approximately the last 10,000 years of human occupation in Puget Sound based on archaeological materials, ethnohistoric texts, and historical documents (Nelson 1990). Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 5 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Pre -contact Period Archeologists have identified broad similarities in site and lithic assemblages dated to between 9000 and 5000 BP. Many of these early archaeological sites are referable to the Olcott complex in Western Washington and are contemporaneous with similar Cascade Phase sites identified east of the Cascade Mountains. The Olcott complex is characterized by upland site occupation or atop upper river terraces, lithic workshops, and temporary hunting camps that contain a wide variety of flaked stone tools and laurel -leaf -shaped bifaces, suggestive of large game hunting, butchering and processing (Morgan et al. 1999). Several Olcott sites have been documented and studied throughout Western Washington and the Olympic Peninsula (e.g. Dancey 1968; Greengo and Houston 1970; Morgan et al. 1999; Samuels 1993). Changes in subsistence economy and occupation patterns are generally reflected in archaeological assemblages that date between 5000-3000 BP. During this time, an increasing number of tools were manufactured by the grinding of stone, and more antler and bone were utilized for tools. This middle pre -contact period is also indicated by the occurrence of smaller triangular projectile points. Living floors, evidence of structural supports and hearths are more common during this period in contrast to earlier cultural phases. In Puget Sound, evidence of task -specific, year-round, broad-based activities, including salmon and clam processing, woodworking, basket and tool manufacture, date from approximately 4200 BP (Larson and Lewarch 1995). Characteristic of the ethnographic pattern in Puget Sound, seasonal residence and logistical mobility occurred from about 3000 BP. Organic materials, including basketry, wood and food stuffs, are more likely to be preserved in sites of this late pre -contact period, both in submerged, anaerobic sites and in sealed storage pits. Sites dating from this period represent specialized seasonal spring and summer fishing, shellfishing and root -gathering campsites and winter village locations. Sites of this nature have been identified in the Puget Sound lowlands, typically located adjacent to, or near, river or marine transportation routes. Fish weirs and other permanent constructions are often associated with large occupation sites. Common artifact assemblages consist of a range of hunting, fishing and food processing tools, bone and shell implements and midden deposits. Similar economic and occupational trends persisted throughout the Puget Sound region until the arrival of European explorers. Ethnohistoric Period Ethnohistoric economies of people in southern Puget Sound were structured upon a variable rotation of seasonally available resources. Permanent villages provided a central hub from which seasonal activities radiated. During the spring, summer and fall, temporary camps were utilized while traveling to obtain resources, which included foodstuffs such as fish, shellfish, waterfowl, deer, elk, roots and berries. Salmon is argued to be the single most important food source and was caught in weirs, traps, nets and other fashioned implements (Smith 1940). In the project area, a variety of fish, including steelhead and cutthroat trout and four species of salmon, were available for harvest from the Dosewallips and Duckabush Rivers. Plant gathering activities included collection of roots, bulbs and reeds from available wetland, estuary and forest Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 6 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION environments. Foods collected at temporary/seasonal camps were often transported to villages and prepared for later use. The proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort is located within the traditional territory of the Tuwaduq people, now known as the Skokomish Tribe. Tuwaduq territory included the shores and drainages of Hood Canal, from Port Ludlow in the north to the Skokomish River in the south (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992). The Treaty of Point -No -Point of 1855 resulted in many Tuwaduq, Klallam and Chimakum people being compelled to move to the 3,840 -acre Skokomish Reservation, located on the lower Skokomish River (Ruby and Brown 1992). Nine Tuwaduq winter village communities were documented within the Hood Canal area; two of these were located at the mouth of the Dosewallips and Duckabush Rivers (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992). The ethnographic village of duxyabu's, or `place of crooked -jaw salmon' is indicated at the Duckabush River, 1/4 mile southwest of the project area. This name refers to both the river and to the winter village located there. During the salmon season, Tuwaduq and Klallam visitors would camp nearby. A notable village leader in the early nineteenth century was a warrior named h"ah"a'k's_b (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992). The second ethnographic village, duswa'ylups or "place of thieves, selfish people, people who'll take it away from you" was located two miles north of the project area at the mouth of the Dosewallips River. The name refers to the village, the river and to a mountain far inland (on the left if traveling upstream) (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992). Culturally significant places are recorded in the project vicinity (see Appendix A; Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992:41-42). The southeast tip of Black Point is named k"aca'p, from which Quatsap Point was derived. A small lake north of Quatsap Point, qaqaq—le'w—t, was the domain of guardian spirits (swa'das) that took the form of reptiles. It is said that when loggers drained the lake long ago, the swa'das reptiles came rushing down the outlet. The loggers fled, except for one who was later found dead on the spot and with contorted limbs, struck down by these spirits. Lastly, the point on the south side of the mouth of Pleasant Harbor is named q'cgc', or "between two creeks". Two ethnographic camping sites are also located within 0.25 mile of the project area. Immediately north of Quatsap Point, on Old Orchard Beach, is Vak'a'cgs, or "between two points". This place is recorded as a seasonal camping site. At the mouth of Pleasant Harbor, on the north side, is cCo'ca't_d, or "bar across mouth of channel". This name refers to Pleasant Harbor, a camping site located there, as well as a seasonal fishing station (Figure 3). According to information provided by the Skokomish Tribe, the project area is an important Tuwaduq cultural landscape. The locale figures prominently in the creation story of Thunderbird battling Wolf; and, Tuwaduq people have always used the area for a variety of spiritual activities. Information from the Tribe indicates certain landscape components have greater potentials for having archaeological deposits: kettles and marshes, the bluff margin, and the area directly adjacent to Pleasant Harbor. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 7 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 3. Native camp on the spit at the northern mouth of Pleasant Harbor, looking southwest. Photo taken by Asahel Curtis, before 1910. Washington State Historical Society photo, courtesy of Bailey and Bailey 1997:13. Historic Period The first exploration and mapping of Puget Sound is credited to Captain George Vancouver in 1792, under the auspices of the British Royal Navy. Vancouver surveyed much of the Sound, but the exploration did not extend inland and failed to record the Columbia, Puyallup, Nisqually and Fraser Rivers (Morgan 1979: 16). Decades later, in 1841, the Wilkes Expedition traveled to chart what was then called Oregon Territory. The territory was jointly occupied by the United States and Britain, but the British Hudson Bay Company held primary economic control within the territory. In an attempt to increase American presence in the Oregon Territory, the Wilkes Expedition produced the first detailed map and commercialized the potential for economic development. Four years after the arrival of the Wilkes party, more Americans began to settle in the area. Washington Territory was created in 1853 (Ficken 2002). The first white inhabitants began to settle along the Hood Canal at the mouths of the Duckabush and Dosewallips Rivers about this time. Although other Euro -Americans had visited the area, Elwell Brinnon is considered to be the first non -Native American to settle there permanently. In the mid 1850s, Mr. Brinnon settled on a claim at the mouth of the Duckabush River and married a Klallam woman named Kate, sister of Chief Chetzemoka. In the 1860s, he sold his Duckabush claim to recent arrival Thomas Pierce and moved to the mouth of the Dosewallips River (Hermanson 2001: 54) (Figure 4). Pierce began hand -logging the Brinnon Flats in 1859 for the nearby Washington Mill Company in Seabeck, across Hood Canal. John Clements, who came from Maine and settled in the area in the 1870s, drove logs down the Dosewallips River and hauled them to the beach with oxen. These and other early settlers would tow their harvested timber across the canal to the closest Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 8 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION mill, located at Seabeck or to the Pope and Talbot facility at Port Gamble (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 95). Euro -American settlement in the Brinnon area increased in the mid -1860s following the endorsement of the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres to new settlers who lived on and improved their land for five years. After relocating to the Dosewallips, Brinnon continued to acquire homestead rights of other relocating settlers through purchase, and by the 1870s owned nearly all the property in the lower Dosewallips Valley; however, he sold tracts of his land to new -coming settlers (Balch 1947). In the 1860s, records refer to the district from the Duckabush River to the Dosewallips River as Quackaboor, sometimes spelled Quagaboor. In the 1870s and 1880s, the name Ducaboos was used exclusively. Thomas and Mary Pierce established the first school of the area in 1881, primarily for their eight children. The school was built at the head of Pleasant Harbor in order to make it available to children living in the Duckabush as well as the Dosewallips area (Bailey and Bailey 1997). Local settlers first applied for a post office in 1886, but the post office was not established until May 1888. The names Quagaboor and Ducaboos were difficult to pronounce for some settlers, so it was decided to call the post office Brinnon to honor Ewell Brinnon, who had assumed a position of leadership in the small community (Bailey and Bailey 1997). After statehood in 1889, the two precincts at the river mouths were referred to as Brinnon and Duckabush. A post office was also located for a short time at Pleasant Harbor, operated from 1891 to 1893 by John Freeney. A telegraph office was operated at Pleasant Harbor in the 1890s by a Civil War veteran named Dawson, who also resided in a house at the head of the harbor (Balch 1947; Bailey and Bailey 1997: 125). Like other settlements along Hood Canal, Brinnon was isolated and only served at first by small sailing vessels, later replaced by steamboats. However, Brinnon was more isolated than most communities, positioned forty miles south of Port Townsend and forty miles north of Shelton (Jefferson County Historical Society 1966: 170). At first, Brinnon had no dock for boats to land and to discharge passengers and freight. Passengers and freight were rowed ashore in a smaller boat and livestock were thrown overboard to swim ashore, where they were recaptured (Bailey and Bailey 1997:126). In the late 1800s, a dock was built, which extended from a road attached to the general store and post office (Figure 5). This addition greatly improved Brinnon's ability to transport freight and passengers. The railroad boom of the 1890s brought hope to Brinnon area residents that a rail line would soon service their town. In anticipation, towns were platted all along the canal. The town site of Arbaculla had been laid out in Pleasant Harbor. However, the boom burst, followed by the depression of the late 1800s and many claims, including Arbaculla, were deserted (Balch 1947; Bailey and Bailey 1997: 3). For twenty-six years, the residents of Brinnon and Duckabush struggled and petitioned for a road to be built between Quilcene and Duckabush. Finally, in 1896, a road was completed that connected Duckabush and Brinnon to Quilcene (Jefferson County Historical Society 1966: 174). Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 9 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION S H 3 Erma � 9 �o R I i l r fJr,F� dInck rlulnt � fI aan a b a r �1n19uial lana Figure 4. 1893 map of project area, indicating historic settlement locations (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 197). Figure 5. 1910-1926 map of project area, indicating historic settlement locations and railroad structures (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 198). Logging was the economic life -blood of the early settlers to the Brinnon area. Starting with hand logging, evolving to ox teams, horse teams, then railroad and logging trucks, Brinnon has been witness to all methods of moving logs from the dense forests of the Olympic Peninsula (Bailey and Bailey 1997:15). Early homesteader Robert Whitney came to the Brinnon area in 1874 and logged at Brinnon, Point Whitney (his namesake), Pleasant Harbor and Duckabush. Sometime between 1874 and 1886, Whitney ran a logging camp located at Pleasant Harbor (Figure 6) (Bailey and Bailey 1997:102). At the turn of the century, James Izett built Brinnon's first logging railroad on the south side of the Dosewallips drainage, terminating just north of the Brinnon dock (Figure 5). In 1920, the Webb Logging Company built a railroad up the Duckabush River drainage that terminated at Pleasant Harbor. Also located at Pleasant Harbor was the Webb Logging Camp and a large log chute used to bring the timber down from the rail line to the waters edge (Bailey and Bailey 1997:15,124). Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 10 of 31 �i.'.,...• '�rati ;Ml �-,..f..4+.....-w•B'1 nn Brinii oL qg el ii, Dock am. nom, i 9 /o r N A ll a�Hall •7 ■.Ra r . nl ©lnck rolnt � K •ti�in nr-• 0 H°binenn ,r] Cnargv xw°xd b f Uny tnn 1910-1926 Figure 5. 1910-1926 map of project area, indicating historic settlement locations and railroad structures (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 198). Logging was the economic life -blood of the early settlers to the Brinnon area. Starting with hand logging, evolving to ox teams, horse teams, then railroad and logging trucks, Brinnon has been witness to all methods of moving logs from the dense forests of the Olympic Peninsula (Bailey and Bailey 1997:15). Early homesteader Robert Whitney came to the Brinnon area in 1874 and logged at Brinnon, Point Whitney (his namesake), Pleasant Harbor and Duckabush. Sometime between 1874 and 1886, Whitney ran a logging camp located at Pleasant Harbor (Figure 6) (Bailey and Bailey 1997:102). At the turn of the century, James Izett built Brinnon's first logging railroad on the south side of the Dosewallips drainage, terminating just north of the Brinnon dock (Figure 5). In 1920, the Webb Logging Company built a railroad up the Duckabush River drainage that terminated at Pleasant Harbor. Also located at Pleasant Harbor was the Webb Logging Camp and a large log chute used to bring the timber down from the rail line to the waters edge (Bailey and Bailey 1997:15,124). Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 10 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION rri . ,'lam !� � � � ,.>� . • _ j' 7. 41 S •' - _ Figure 6. Robert Whitney logging camp at Pleasant Harbor (Bailey and Bailey 1997:102) One historic homestead (Thompson/Robinson) is indicated on historic maps within the proposed Golf Resort development area (Figures 4 and 5). The property was originally surveyed in March 1896 and was the thirty-five acre homestead of settler Nels Thompson. It was sold in 1906 and changed hands three times before being purchased in 1940 by the son of Ephraim Robinson; Ephraim and Sarah Robinson lived in the house in the early 1900s (Figure 7) (Bailey and Bailey 1997). Figure 7. Thompson/Robinson homestead located on Black Point, near the mouth of the Duckabush River. Ephraim Robinson pictured on porch, early 1900s (Bailey and Bailey 1997: 159). Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 11 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION BACKGROUND RESEARCH This cultural resource assessment was conducted by consulting archived records at DAHP for previously recorded sites within and immediately surrounding the project area, reviewing documented ethnographic and cultural resource investigations in the local area, and examining pertinent historical maps, documents and locally compiled histories. WSHS contacted technical staff of the Skokomish Tribe, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, Suquamish Tribe, and Squaxin Island Tribe to elicit information regarding potential culturally sensitive areas in the local area (Appendix A). Literature review was initially followed by a visual reconnaissance field -visit to verify secondary information and to observe contemporary project area conditions. PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS Previously recorded archaeological sites, cultural resources surveys, historical properties on the National Register of Historical Places (NRNP) and the Washington Heritage Register (WHR), and historic structure inventory forms were reviewed on February 15, 2006. No cultural resources surveys have been previously conducted in the project area or within the immediate vicinity. Additionally, no previously recorded archaeological sites are located within one mile of the project area. Nearby recorded historic sites include the remains of the Webb Logging Railroad, located five miles up the Duckabush River drainage. Twenty-four site locations were recorded and inventoried up the Duckabush River, near Little Hump (elevation 1600 feet), including the remains of the logging railroad, trestles, skid sleds, spurs, camps and associated dumps, and other miscellaneous logging debris (Western Heritage 1983). The recorded logging camps contained the remains of tin cans, stove pipe, broken crockery and other historic debris. The twenty-four sites recorded by this survey were inventoried and may be eligible for inclusion on the NRHP. However, eligibility could not be determined without a more detailed assessment of these remains (Whitlam 1984). ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIALS AND EXPECTATIONS Based on the environmental, cultural and archaeological background of the project area, the vicinity of the Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort is considered to have high potential for archaeological deposits. Specifically, the headlands of Pleasant Harbor would have provided a protected area for occupation, an excellent area for canoe launching and a resource rich environment for the collection of shellfish, fish, waterfowl and berries. The presence of the two known ethnographic village sites (north and south of project area) signifies substantial activity in the immediate area. Ethnographic accounts also state that during the salmon season, it was common for some Tuwaduq to camp nearby (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992: 41). Archaeological remains of unrecorded village activity areas, short-term camps, or other cultural phenomena could be present at Pleasant Harbor within the area slated for development. In addition, the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer of the Skokomish Indian Tribe has identified numerous culturally significant locations, both within and in the vicinity of the project area (see Appendix A). The DAHP Archaeological Predictive Model for the Hood Canal (2006) classifies the project area as having very high potential for archaeological resources; however, it should be noted that the confidence level corresponding to this classification in the model is "low" in the Golf Resort area and "moderate" in the Marina area. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 12 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Any pre -contact archaeological sites present on the southern end of Black Point could potentially be smaller or more ephemeral than any at Pleasant Harbor, primarily due to the nature of the landform. The southern portion of Black Point is composed of glacial till and is an actively eroding 60-80 ft. tall bluff. Access to this portion of the landform would be relatively difficult and occupation of this area would be unlikely due to its proximity to higher probability habitation locations, such as the mouth of the Duckabush River, Pleasant Harbor, Quatsap Point and Old Orchard Beach. Any archaeological evidence previously located at the southern margin of the landform likely would have eroded to the beach below due to the wave processes that are actively undercutting the bluff. Substantial erosion was noted during survey of the project, and is confirmed with the comparison of present bluff condition to aerial shoreline photographs taken in 1994, which indicate a more gradual slope of the southern Black Point bluff (Department of Ecology 2006). Pre -contact utilization of Black Point likely would have been transitory in nature, and evidence may present itself in the form of bark -stripped trees, lithic scatters, caches and gear storage sites. Additionally, the Skokomish THPO has indicated that the kettles on Black Point may have special cultural significance to Skokomish people. The probability for historical cultural resources within the project area is considered to be high. Locally compiled histories indicate several historical structures were/are present within or adjacent to the proposed project boundaries. A portion of the Webb Logging Railroad and associated log chute (Figure 5) was present in the area currently staged for development as retail space and staff housing. The northeast margin of the proposed marina development is located within or near the area inhabited by the Webb Logging Camp. Additionally, several structures, including the first schoolhouse in the area, the Dawson home, post office and telegraph station, were located at the head of Pleasant Harbor in the area slated for town home development. On Black Point, the Thompson/Robinson homestead is indicated by local historic maps as existing within the boundaries of the Golf Resort development. FIELD METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS Archaeological survey concentrated on those environments where sites are typically found (e.g., along the bluff, along the harbor and beach, vantage points). High probability environments were identified in the survey plan (WSHS 2006) using topographic data, the DAHP Predictive Model for South Puget Sound/Hood Canal, and cultural information from the Tribe. Identification of cultural resources sites for Pleasant Harbor comprised two simultaneous efforts; identification of locations culturally important to the Tuwaduq and identification of archaeological resources. A systematic archaeological survey of the Pleasant Harbor project area was conducted over five days by two archaeologists (October 26 and November 13-16, 2006) aimed at identifying previously unrecorded archaeological sites within the project area. Both the State and the Tribe were notified in advance and invited to observe field investigations. As discussed above, the survey was based on preliminary meetings and discussions with all interested parties, as included a site visit by all parties on September 15, 2006. The survey was resource driven, as opposed to impact driven. That is, survey considered the entire project area in attempting to intensively examine those locations most likely to contain archaeological deposits. Final construction Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 13 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION designs are not yet available; thus, a survey directed at specific impact areas was not possible at the time the survey was conducted. Field investigations included three components: pedestrian survey; small-scale shovel excavations or other subsurface investigations; and, inventory and documentation of cultural and historic properties. Cultural information provided by the Tribe indicated the need to examine the kettle margins and basins in addition to high points or high viewshed areas (e.g., the upper bluff on the south side of Black Point) within the project area. WSHS investigated all culturally sensitive places identified by the Tribe. Prior to survey, it was anticipated that some culturally significant places would not have expected archaeological correlates. That is, places important in Tuwaduq mythology might not necessarily be archaeologically verifiable. Pedestrian Survey An initial pedestrian survey of the entire project area was conducted over the course of one day (Figure 8). Unpaved roads, trails, and exposed road cuts were examined for archaeological deposits (Figure 9). The nature of the glacial soils meant that any archaeological materials that may have been impacted by the extensive logging and grading activities associated with the RV park development would likely remain in evidence either on the surface or in the road cuts. Two archaeologists surveyed each roadway. Surface visibility ranged from good to excellent with few segments of road covered by grasses or Scotch broom. Examination of the numerous roadways and road cuts within the planned golf resort portion of the project area did not result in the identification of any cultural resources. No indications of lithic scatters, culturally modified trees, fire -cracked rock concentrations, or burials were found. The pedestrian survey also attempted to locate remnants of historic -era logging and homestead structures described above (Figures lOa-10d). Two possible locations were initially identified based on the linear orientation of larger cobbles and small boulders. After closer examination, each area was determined to be related to the RV park and not related to the early 20`h century habitation. These conclusions were based on the immature age of the surrounding trees (Figures 9a and 9b) and the use of mortar, cement, and oven -kilned bricks without maker's marks (Figures 10a and 10b). It is assumed, therefore, than any indication of the Thompson/Robinson homestead has likely been destroyed or removed in the process of constructing the RV park. Pedestrian survey also included examination of the south side of Black Point along the shoreline and the Pleasant Harbor shoreline. Both the harbor and the beach along the south shore were examined at low tide to maximize the shoreline visibility and assess for the greatest possible presence of archaeological materials. No archaeological materials were found along the shoreline on the south side of the project area (Figure 11). Active erosional slumping of the bluff may have concealed any possible signs of occupation, although the tidal fluctuations also may have eroded any previous campsite or evidence of resource procurement. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 14 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL - NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 8. Areas pedestrian surveyed during the course of field investigation for the Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 15 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL - NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 9. West facing photograph of a segment of pedestrian surveyed roadway within the Pleasant Harbor project area. Figures 10a and 10b. Initially suspected location for the Thompson/Robinson homestead based on the tree and rock wall orientation. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 16 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figures 10c and 10d. Second possible location of the Thompson/Robinson homestead. Figure 11. West facing photograph of an examined portion of the shoreline at the base of the erosional bluff. Visibility of the shoreline included approximately a 10-20ft wide segment of land at low tide and the shoreline cuts that permitted a consistent profile of the entire harbor. All exposures were investigated carefully for the presence of shell or features (Figure 12). Vegetation was moved in areas where it concealed the upper portion of the wall profile. Examination of the marina roadway cuts and shoreline exposures also did not result in the identification of any archaeological materials. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 17 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION In accessing the head of Pleasant Harbor, shell was noticed to the east of the project area on Washington State lands, with the same methodology and archaeological techniques used throughout this study. Recent construction within a public parking lot for a fishing dock and boat launch appeared to have uncovered a portion of a shell midden site located roughly 100m to the east of the project area (Figure 13). The site consists of a relatively thin (less than 10cm) layer of shell midden visible at the level head of Pleasant Harbor. Additional diffuse midden is exposed around the periphery of the public fishing dock parking lot (Figure 14). At the east side of the lot is a composting toilet. On the south side of the toilet is a large mature maple tree with shell midden mixed within its root system. The thickest exposure of shell is just west of the channeled stream that flows into Pleasant Harbor from the southeasternmost side. Grading and paving of the parking lot, likely within the past year, may have exaggerated the areal extent of the midden (Figure 14). An archaeological site form has been completed and submitted to DAHP. Figure 12. South -facing photograph illustrating pedestrian survey of the Pleasant Harbor marina shoreline. The observed site components consist solely of shell. No FCR, lithics or other cultural materials were observed. The majority of the shells appeared to be relatively intact suggesting a more recent time frame of occupation. Similarly, the lens appears to contain both native (Ostrea lurida, also known as Ostrea conchaphila) and an introduced species (the Pacific or Japanese Oyster, or Crassostrea gigasfrorn) dating to the early 1900s. It is possible that the site is related to an early homesteader in the area based on the relatively intact shell, the combination of the native and introduced oyster species, and the absence of associated cultural materials. No shell or shell midden was exposed within the project area. Repeated examination of the shoreline and cut banks was conducted and the landforms within the project area limits were determined too steeply sloped for habitation. The distance from the midden exposure also suggests that the shell was confined to level ground adjacent to the creek. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 18 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL -NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 13. Location of Pleasant Harbor Shell Midden site located nearby the project area. Figure 14. South -facing photograph depicting midden exposed at the head of Pleasant Harbor. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 19 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 15. East -facing photograph of the Pleasant Harbor Shell midden area located ca. 100m from the eastern boundary of Cell B of the project area. Shovel Probe Survey Subsurface investigations focused exclusively on archaeologically sensitive landforms; that is, those environments most likely to contain naturally buried archaeology (e.g., kettles, vantage points, the bluff edge). High probability areas in Black Point where buried archaeological deposits might occur (i.e., margins and kettle bases) were sampled using hand -excavated shovel probes. Locations of all probes, shovel scrapes, and wall profiles were mapped on a small-scale project area topographic map (Figure 16). An initial attempt to record each probe using a handheld global positioning system was employed, however the steep sides and depth of the kettles prohibited satellite coverage. Shovel probes were screened in all areas where possible. Instances that did not warrant screening included probes in areas that contained no mineral soil overlying glacial deposits and effectively acted as shovel scrapes, e.g., kettle margins adjacent to roadways or high points that appeared to have been repeatedly graded. Test excavations in the marina area were not conducted based on the extensive visibility afforded by the road cuts and the steeply west to east sloping where roads were not present. In all, 93 shovel probes/scrapes were excavated during the field investigations with 27 probes along the southern bluff, 12 probes on high points, 22 probes in kettle basins and 32 probes along the kettle margins and rims. An additional 3 wall profiles were faced in order to assess the local stratigraphy. Along the kettle margins and within the kettle basins, 54 shovel probes were excavated. Larger kettles received a greater number of excavated probes, e.g., Kettle A (Figure 17), while some kettles, although relatively large at the top, contained an extremely small, flat base (e.g., Kettle F). No testing of the steeply sloped sidewalls was conducted during field examination. Testing Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 20 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL —NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION of the kettle margins proved to be somewhat problematic based on the presence of the park roadways (Figures 18a and 18b). Many such roads encircled the kettles adjacent to the steep slopes. All possible areas to test were examined, either by probing or scraping the surface. Subsurface investigations within the kettle basins was limited to areas that were accessible, that is, some basins were filled with water (e.g., Kettle D) or contained so many fallen trees that finding a location in which to test limited the probing to a single probe (e.g., Kettles E and F). No archaeological materials were identified during shovel probe testing of the kettle basins and margins. No evidence of gear caches, resource procurement tools or fire -cracked rock concentrations were identified. Although the possibility exists that the areas were used, potentially extensively during ethnographic and prehistoric times, no evidence of such use was found. Examination of the high point areas and those with a good viewshed, that is, areas that may have afforded a broad visibility of the surrounding landscape included six identified high points and the bluff on the south side of Black Point. An initial five high points were planned for investigation based on the developed survey plan (WSHS 2006), however one additional high point was added to the investigation. A total of 12 shovel probes and scrapes and one faced profile was excavated and cleared atop the high points within the project area (Figures 19a and 19b). Soils on these points were extremely shallow, likely owing to the fact that of the six high points, all but two appear to have been used at some point for RV park campgrounds. The majority of the soils and native vegetation was cleared at some point in the past. No evidence of prehistoric or historic cultural resources was found during examination of these high points. Severe clearing and logging activities may have removed any indication of past use. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 21 of 31 CONFIDENTIAL — NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Figure 16. Location of all shovel probes, scrapes and faced wall profiles examined during field investigations within the project area. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 22 of 31 Cell D Cell C I Cell a r' In Cell A H10 Point ab K•tll• � H4h Point 5 High Point u KSL E • H•M1• R K.7 D p I Pdnt t • N:•tU•C• . • K•HI• B Hit Point J LEGEND • Np11 Point) •h•.N PSC•• 1rolb.eY.1 • • • en.r+w.nrvn,rt " High P•LM � -•+f, A lMmlfm •n•Y OMMCAMnw• �':�� .r. ;: KIWrt • wn.molm ` o.1Y]Iw MNM.cw�4uriM \�' • lit.t. MIM IYo. Mr>m�i....wld.awm l.V lue Jr/f�f • Figure 16. Location of all shovel probes, scrapes and faced wall profiles examined during field investigations within the project area. Cultural Resource Assessment for the Proposed Pleasant Harbor Marina and Golf Resort, Jefferson County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. Page 22 of 31