HomeMy WebLinkAboutmanual JEFFERSON COUNTY
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
AGENDA REQUEST
TO: Board of County Commissioners
Mark McCauley, Interim County Administrator
FROM: Cliff Moore, Director, WSU Jefferson County Extension
DATE: September 13, 2021
SUBJECT: Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee Dive Safety Manual
STATEMENT OF ISSUE:
In addition to its county advisory role, the Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee
(MRC) engages in several on-the-ground marine stewardship projects in East Jefferson County.
One of its most successful projects involves maintaining buoy fields, or voluntary no-anchor
zones, that have effectively encouraged boaters to anchor outside of critical eelgrass and shellfish
habitats in three locations (near Port Townsend, Port Hadlock and Mystery Bay). MRC
volunteers who are highly skilled certified divers have in large part maintained these buoys since
they were first established in 2004. While these divers have upheld high standards for safe diving
practices, these practices have not been written into a dive safety manual until now. By adopting
a dive safety manual, the MRC aims to ensure that diving for MRC projects is conducted in a
manner designed to minimize accidental injury, as well as to conform to applicable rules and
regulations of the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries (L&I).
ANALYSIS:
The attached Dive Safety Manual has been reviewed and approved by Philip Hunsucker,
Jefferson County Chief Civil Deputy Prosecuting Attorney.
FISCAL IMPACT:
No fiscal impact.
RECOMMENDATION:
Adoption of the Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee Dive Safety Manual.
REVIEWED BY:
Ailt
Mark McCauley terim County Adminis Date
Jefferson County
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Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee
Dive Safety Manual
2021
Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee
WSU Jefferson County Extension
121 Oak Bay Road
Port Hadlock, WA 98370
360-379-5610 x230
www jeffersonmrc.org
MRC Emergency Telephone Numbers
In the case of any emergency FIRST contact emergency services at: 911/VHF Ch.16
Then contact:
= MRC Chair—Neil Harrington (360) 681-4634
• MRC Staff—Monica Montgomery (360) 379-5610 x230
Hyperbaric Chambers in the MRC's Area of Operation
• Virginia Mason Hospital (Seattle) Emergency Room (206) 583-6433
Hyperbaric Unit 24-Hour Consultation (206) 583-6543
• Divers Institute of Technology (Seattle) (206) 783-5543
• US Naval Undersea Warfare Center(Keyport) 24-hour(360) 396-2111
Daytime(360) 396-2522
• Hyperbaric Healing Center(Port Orchard) (360) 876-4200
• St. Joseph's Medical Center(Tacoma) (253)426-6630
• Kadlec Medical Center(Richland) (509) 942-2835
Other Important Telephone Numbers
• US Coast Guard Rescue Coord. Center Washington, Oregon (206) 220-7001
• British Columbia Rescue Coord. Center(Victoria) (800) 567-5111
Emergency Radio Frequencies
• Coast Guard VHF Channel 16
• Canadian Coast Guard VHF Channel 16
• Citizen Band (CB) Channel 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. GENERAL POLICY 1
1.A.DIVING STANDARDS 1
Purpose 1
Prohibitions on Diving During MRC Dive Operations 1
1.B.MRC DIVING OPERATIONS 2
Dive Safety Manual Sets Diving Standards 2
MRC Responsibility 2
Dive Safety Officer (DSO) Qualifications and Responsibility 3
Lead Diver (LD)Responsibilities 3
Limits on Destruction of Records 4
2. DIVING STANDARDS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) 4
2.A.ACCREDITATION OF DIVERS 4
2.B CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE TO FOLLOW THIS DIVE SAFETY MANUAL 5
2.C.PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES 5
Dive Plans S
Pre-dive Safety Checks 6
2.D.DIVING PROCEDURES 7
Dive Planning Standards 7
Refusal to Dive 7
Termination of the Dive 7
Emergencies and Deviations from Regulations 7
2.E.POST-DIVE PROCEDURES 8
Post-Dive Safety Checks 8
2.F.EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 8
2.G.FLYING AFTER DIVING OR ASCENDING TO ALTITUDE(OVER 8
1000 FEET) 8
2.H.RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS 9
Personal Diving Log 9
Required Incident Reporting 9
3. DIVING EQUIPMENT 10
3.A.GENERAL POLICY 10
3.B.EQUIPMENT 10
Regulators 10
Gauges 10
Scuba Cylinders 11
Backpacks 11
Flotation Devices 11
Determination of Decompression Status: Dive Tables, Dive Computers 11
Additional Equipment 12
3.C.AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 12
Handheld underwater power tools 12
Lift Bags 12
3.D. SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 12
First-Aid Supplies and Communications 12
Dive Safety Manual 13
APPENDIX A. MRC DIVER WAIVER 1
APPENDIX B. DIVE PLAN LOG 4
APPENDIX C. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 5
APPENDIX D. POST-DIVE NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 6
APPENDIX E. MRC DIVING INCIDENT REPORT 8
APPENDIX F. SCUBA LINE PULL SIGNALS 9
APPENDIX G. CHAPTER 296-37 WASHINGTON ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 10
1. GENERAL POLICY
The Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee (MRC) shall maintain a dive safety program
that will ensure that all diving under its auspices is conducted in a manner designed to minimize
accidental injury or occupational illness, and to conform to applicable rules and regulations of the
Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. The MRC has prepared this Dive Safety
Manual, which shall set forth policies, responsibilities, organization, regulation, and procedures
for safety in diving operations conducted by the MRC.
This Dive Safety Manual provides important updates and effective requirements, practices, and
procedures necessary for safely conducting diving operations.
1.A. DIVING STANDARDS
Purpose
The purpose of this Dive Safety Manual is to ensure that all MRC diving operations are conducted
in a manner that will maximize protection of the divers from accidental injury or illness, and to set
standards for training and certification. A copy of this Dive Safety Manual must be available to all
personnel covered by its scope, including each dive team member, and present at all dive locations
as required by Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 296-37-530.
This Dive Safety Manual applies specifically to diving conducted during MRC dive operations.
Additionally, it incorporates standards for commercial diving operations, Chapter 296-37 WAC
(see Appendix G), which are the minimum standards for diving in this Dive Safety Manual.
Prohibitions on Diving During MRC Dive Operations
MRC prohibits the following during its dive operations:
1. No person shall dive during MRC dive operations without being authorized to do so by
the Dive Safety Officer(DSO).
2. Closed circuit diving is prohibited. Only open-circuit Scuba Diving is authorized.
3. Solo diving is prohibited. All divers must use the buddy system.
4. Diving below 40 feet of depth is prohibited.
5. Night dives are prohibited.
6. Technical diving is prohibited. No technical diving(solo, deep, night, rebreather, mixed
gas, overhead environments, etc.) will occur during MRC dive operations.
7. Recreational diving by individual divers is prohibited. MRC does not regulate
recreational diving. Individual divers engaged in recreational diving are responsible for
their own safety.
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8. Diving operations for search and rescue, or for a public safety purpose are prohibited.
Such dives should be conducted under the control of a governmental agency.
9. Diving for research, development, or related purposes involving human subjects is
prohibited.
10. No diver shall be required to be exposed to hyperbaric conditions against their will,except
when necessary to prevent or treat a pressure-related injury.
11.No diver shall be permitted to dive for the duration of any known condition which is
likely to adversely affect the safety and health of the diver or any other participating diver.
1.B. MRC DIVING OPERATIONS
Dive Safety Manual Sets Diving Standards
This Dive Safety Manual establishes the standards for MRC diving operations and incorporates
standards for commercial diving operations, Chapter 296-37 WAC (see Appendix G). These
diving standards include, but are not limited to:
1. Assignments and responsibilities of dive team members.
2. Safety procedures and checklist for diving operations, including pre- and post- dive
procedures.
3. Equipment use and maintenance procedu
res.
4. Emergency procedures.
5. Record keeping.
MRC Responsibility
Because of the potential hazards to health that accompany diving, and in compliance with State
and Federal regulations, the MRC shall:
1. Approve all diving projects;
2. Review and revise the Dive Safety Manual, as necessary;
3. Take disciplinary action for unsafe practices;
4. Advise the MRC Chair and DSO with respect to such programs and facilities as are
necessary to maintain an appropriate program of diving safety for the MRC;
5. Establish and approve training programs through which the applicants for certification can
satisfy the requirements of the MRC's Dive Safety Manual;
Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee - Dive Safety Manual (2021) Page 2
6. Recommend new equipment or techniques; and,
7. Periodically review the DSO's performance and program.
Dive Safety Officer (DSO) Qualifications and Responsibility
The DSO serves as a member of the MRC. The DSO should have broad and technical expertise in
safe diving practices. In addition, the DSO:
1. Shall be appointed by the MRC;
2. Must have been scuba certified for a minimum of 5 years and have performed at least
100 cold water dives;
3. Shall be responsible for the conduct of the MRC diving program. The conduct of training,
approval of dive plans, maintenance of diving records, and ensuring compliance with this
Dive Safety Manual;
4. Shall establish/approve training programs through which divers operating during MRC
dive operations satisfy the requirements of the Dive Safety Manual;
5. Shall have operational responsibility for the local diving program;
6. May permit portions of this program to be carried out by a qualified delegate,although the
DSO may not delegate responsibility for the safe conduct of the local diving program;
7. Shall evaluate equipment and equipment maintenance programs;
incidents arising
of or dangerous
S. Shall investigate and coordinate for reviewsinjuries
from MRC diving. In particular, the DSO will ensure the prompt, detailed
investigation and reporting of any potential injuries or fatalities involving MRC
divers; and,
9. Shall prepare recommendations for consideration by the MRC, such as changes in
policy, procedures, regulations, training programs, equipment acceptance, etc.
Lead Diver(LD) Responsibilities
For each dive, one individual shall be designated as the LD.The DSO can be the LD for a planned
dive. The LD shall be at the dive location during the diving operation and shall be responsible for:
1. Coordination with other known activities in the vicinity, which are likely to interfere
with diving operations;
2. Ensuring all dive team members possess a current diving certification from MRC and
are qualified for the type of diving operation.
3. Planning dives in accordance with Section 2.C.
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4. Ensuring safety and emergency equipment is in working order and at the dive site.
5. Briefing the dive team members on:
a. Dive objectives;
b. Unusual hazards or environmental conditions likely to affect the safety of the diving
operation; and,
c. Modifications to diving or emergency procedures necessitated by the specific
diving operation.
6. Suspending diving operations if in their opinion conditions are not safe.
7. Reporting to the DSO and or the MRC any physical problems or adverse physiological
effects including symptoms of pressure-related injuries.
Limits on Destruction of Records
1. Records and documents required by this standard shall be retained by the MRC:
a. Dive Safety Manual for diving safety—current document only.
b. Records of dive — one (1) year, except five (5) years where there has been an
incident of pressure-related injury or diving accident.
c. Pressure-related injury assessment—five (5)years.
d. Equipment inspection and testing records — current entry or tag, or until
equipment is withdrawn from service. In the event of an accident all records for
the equipment shall be kept for five(5)years.
e. Records of hospitalization—five (5)years.
2. DIVING STANDARDS FOR SCUBA(OPEN CIRCUIT,COMPRESSED AIR)
2.A.ACCREDITATION OF DIVERS
Divers may only engage in MRC diving operations if they:
1. Are scuba certified from a professional scuba diving organization, such as the National
Association of Underwater Instructors(NAUI),the Professional Association of Diving
Instructors (PADI), Scuba Diving International (SDI), Scuba Schools International
(SSI)or other such organization which in the opinion of the Dive Safety Officer(DSO)
requires at least as much training for scuba certification as NAUI, PADI, SDI, or SSI;
Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee - Dive Safety Manual (2021) Page 4
2. Have conducted at least 10 cold water dives within the previous 12 months;
3. Have completed an initial dive with a diver who held a valid certification from MRC
at the time of the initial dive; and,
4. Hold a current MRC dive certification issued by the DSO.
The DSO shall evaluate the diving skills of each diver who requests participation in MRC
diving operations against the criteria above and may issue an MRC dive certification if the
diver satisfies all the criteria above. If the DSO refuses to issue an MRC dive certification to
a diver,the diver may request that the MRC reverse the DSO's decision by written appeal sent
to the MRC no later than 30 days after the DSO's decision.
MRC dive certifications shall be valid for one year from the date of issuance.
2.B CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE TO FOLLOW THIS DIVE SAFETY MANUAL
Failure to comply with the standards in this Dive Safety Manual may be cause for the revocation
or restriction of the diver's certification.
However, if the non-compliance may be excused by the MRC if the non-compliance was
necessary to prevent or minimize a situation, which was likely to cause death, serious physical
harm, or major environmental damage.
A written report of any failure to comply with the standards in this Dive Safety Manual. must be
submitted to the MRC explaining the circumstances and justifications for such action.
2.C.PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES
Dive Plans
Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diver. Before
conducting any diving operations during MRC dive operations, the Lead Diver for a proposed
operation must formulate a dive plan to be reviewed with all divers, and should include the
following:
1. Qualifications and experience of each participating diver.
2. Emergency plan with the following information:
a. Name, telephone number, and relationship of person to be contacted for each diver
in the event of an emergency;
b. Nearest operational recompression chamber;
c. Nearest accessible hospital;
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d. Available means of transport; and,
e. Means of communication that will be used in requesting emergency services.
3. Number of proposed dives.
4. Location(s) of proposed dives.
5. Estimated depth(s) and bottom time(s)anticipated.
6. Decompression status and repetitive dive plans, if required.
7. Proposed work, equipment, and boats to be employed.
8. Any hazardous conditions anticipated.
9. A first-aid kit, emergency oxygen administration kit, AED, appropriate emergency
information, and emergency radio or telephone communication shall be at the dive
location.
10. A set of appropriate diving tables must be available at the dive location unless dive
computers are used. These tables must be at least as safe as the U.S.Navy Diving Tables.
Pre-dive Safety Checks
1. Before each dive, each diver is responsible to:
a. Conduct a functional check of their diving equipment in the presence of the diving
buddy or tender, and review emergency hand signals and techniques;
b. Ensure they are medically fit to engage in diving operations; and,
c. Refuse to dive if, in the diver's judgment, conditions are unfavorable,or if the diver
would be violating the precepts of their training, or of this Dive Safety Manual.
2. Equipment Evaluations:
a. Each diver shall ensure that their equipment is in proper working order and that the
equipment is suitable for the type of diving operation.
b. Each diver shall have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive
buoyancy with their equipment.
3. Site Evaluation. The environmental conditions at the site will be evaluated by the LD
before conducting any dive operations.
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4. Boat Tenders.Boat Tenders are required for divers in current areas where there is a chance
for the divers or the dive boat to be swept away from the dive site, and for diving in areas
with high boat traffic to keep boats away from divers.
2.D. DIVING PROCEDURES
Dive Planning Standards
1. All diving conducted during MRC dive operations(See Section 1.B.)shall be planned and
executed to ensure that every diver involved maintains constant,effective communication
with at least one other comparably equipped and certified diver. This buddy system is
based upon mutual assistance, especially in the case of an emergency.
2. Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diver.
3. If separation occurs,you should conduct an underwater search for one(1)minute, surface
and look for the missing diver's bubbles.When found, if the bubbles are stationary, follow
them down and reunite, or assist the diver. If the bubbles are moving, follow them on the
surface.
Refusal to Dive
1. The decision to dive is that of the diver.A diver may refuse to dive;whenever the diver
believes it is unsafe for them to make the dive (see Section 2.C. Pre-Dive Procedures).
2. Safety. The ultimate responsibility for safety rests with the individual diver. It is the
diver's responsibility and duty to refuse to dive if, in their judgment, conditions are
unsafe or unfavorable, or if the diver would be violating the precepts of his/her training
or the regulations in this Dive Safety Manual.
Termination of the Dive
1. It is the responsibility of the diver to terminate the dive whenever the diver believes it
is unsafe to continue the dive,unless it compromises the safety of another diver already
in the water(see Section 2.C. Pre-Dive Safety Checks).
2. Every dive shall be terminated while there is still sufficient cylinder pressure to permit
the diver to reach the surface safely with 500 PSI of air remaining.
If engaging in a special decompression dive, this 500 PSI air remaining limit must include
decompression time,or to reach safely, an additional air source at the first decompression stop
with 500 PSI remaining in the diver's tank.
Emergencies and Deviations from Regulations
Any diver may deviate from the requirements of this Dive Safety Manual to the extent necessary
to prevent or minimize a situation which is likely to cause death, serious physical harm, or major
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environmental damage.A written report of such actions must be submitted to the MRC explaining
the circumstances and justifications within 24 hours.
2.E. POST-DIVE PROCEDURES
Post-Dive Safety Checks
1. After the completion of every dive, each diver shall report any physical problems,
symptoms of decompression sickness, or equipment malfunctions to the Lead Diver and
seek appropriate medical attention. Any incidents should be reported using the MRC
Diving Incident Report(See Appendix E).
2. When diving outside the no-decompression limits, the divers should remain awake for at
least one hour after diving, and in the company of a dive team member who is prepared to
transport the diver to a hyperbaric chamber if necessary.
2.F.EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
The MRC and the DSO will develop emergency procedures which follow the standards of care
of the community and must include procedures for emergency care, recompression and
evacuation for each dive location (Appendix C). This information must be current and included
in the Dive Plans and Emergency Plans.
2.G.FLYING AFTER DIVING OR ASCENDING TO ALTITUDE(OVER
1000 FEET)
1. Following a Single No-Decompression Dive: Divers should have a minimum preflight
surface interval of 12 hours.
2. Following Multiple Dives per Day or Multiple Days of Diving: Divers should have a
minimum preflight surface interval of 18 hours.
3. Following Dives Requiring Decompression Stops: Divers should have a minimum
preflight surface interval of 24 hours.
4. Before ascending to altitude above (1000 feet) by land transport: Divers should follow
the appropriate guideline for preflight surface intervals unless the decompression
procedure used has accounted for the increase in elevation.
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mow
2.H. RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
Personal Diving Log
The DSO will record all dives occurring during MRC dive operations. The MRC will keep
and maintain records provided by the DSO. Each authorized diver is encouraged to log all
other dives.
Required Incident Reporting
All diving-related incidents or accidents must be reported as soon as possible, but no later than
24 hours to the MRC Chair and DSO(See Inside front cover for Emergency Telephone Numbers).
Use the standard MRC Diving Incident Report to record the incident (See Appendix E). Be sure
to include the circumstances of the incident and the extent of any injuries or illness.
All information must meet the following reporting requirements:
1. The MRC shall record and report diving injuries and illnesses.
2. The following information shall be recorded and retained by the MRC Staff, with the
record of the dive, for a period of five (5)years:
a. Incident Report
b. Written descriptive report to include:
i. Name, address, phone numbers of the principal parties involved;
ii. Summary of experience of divers involved;
iii. Location, description of dive site and description of conditions that led up
to incident, including dive data and dive plan;
iv. Description of symptoms, including depth and time of onset;
v. Description and results of treatment;
vi. Disposition of case; and,
vii. Recommendations to avoid repetition of incident.
3. The MRC shall investigate and document any incident of diving-related injury and
prepare a report. This report must first be reviewed and released by the MRC.
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3. DIVING EQUIPMENT
3.A.GENERAL POLICY
All equipment for scuba training shall meet American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Instructional Standards Minimum Course Content for Entry-Level Scuba Certification and
additional requirements determined by the MRC.
All divers are expected to perform a basic inspection of their own and their buddy's
equipment prior to each dive.
Diving equipment shall be tested and repaired according to the manufacturer's recommended
procedures and specifications and as required in this Dive Safety Manual. If equipment is
subjected to extreme usage under adverse conditions, it requires more frequent testing and
repair.
3.B. EQUIPMENT
All equipment shall be tested on the schedule listed below. Records of testing, repair, and
maintenance shall be in accordance with Section 1.B. with copies retained by the MRC.
Regulator Initially and every 24 months or 100 dives
(whichever comes first)
Gauges Initially and every 24 months or 100 dives
(whichever comes first)
Scuba Cylinders and Valves Annual VIP and 5 years Hydro
Buoyancy Control Devices Initially and every 24 months
Regulators
1. Only the makes and models specifically approved by the DSO shall be used.
2. Scuba regulators shall be inspected and tested prior to first use and every 24 months
or 100 dives (whichever comes first) thereafter.
3. Regulators will consist of a primary second stage and an alternate air source (such as
an octopus second stage or redundant air supply).
Gauges
1. Gauges shall be inspected and tested before first use in an MRC dive operation and every
24 months or 100 dives (whichever comes first) thereafter.
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2. All divers must have an underwater timing device,an approved depth indicator,
and a submersible pressure gauge.
Scuba Cylinders
1. Scuba cylinders shall be designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with
the current Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulations as outlined in CFR 49.
2. Scuba cylinders must be hydrostatically tested in accordance with DOT standards.
3. Scuba cylinders must have an internal inspection at intervals not to exceed 12 months.
4. Scuba cylinder valves shall be functionally tested at intervals not to exceed 12 months.
Backpacks
Backpacks without integrated flotation devices and weight systems shall have a quick release
device designed to permit jettisoning with a single motion from either hand.
Flotation Devices
1. Each diver must, by virtue of a buoyancy-compensating device, have the ability to float
with all his or her gear on. Ideally, the ability to produce floatation (positive buoyancy)
should exceed negative buoyancy by approximately 20 pounds (of lift) for an acceptable
margin of safety.
2. Personal flotation systems, buoyancy compensators, dry suits, or other variable volume
buoyancy compensation devices shall be equipped with an exhaust valve. These devices
shall be functionally inspected and tested at intervals not to exceed twenty-four months.
3. A buoyancy compensator is recommended for:
a. All dry suits, as long as it does not interfere with the operation of the dry suit's
control valves. It is particularly recommended for all non-neoprene dry suits,
where a severe suit failure may result in the diver being negatively buoyant even
after the weight belt is ditched.
b. For any dive that is planned for or may result in a long surface swim.
c. For any "blue water" or mid-water column diving.
d. For any high current dives where the diver may be swept off-station and have to
float on the surface until pickup.
Determination of Decompression Status: Dive Tables,Dive Computers
1. A set of diving tables, approved by the MRC, must be available at the dive location.
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2. Dive computers may be utilized in place of diving tables and must be approved by the
DSO. Dive tables are still required at the site as backup.
Additional Equipment
1. Quick release mechanisms on all weights,backpacks,and buoyancy control devices
designed to permit jettisoning the entire gear. Weights should be capable of one
hand release.
2. Exposure suit or protective clothing appropriate for the environment and the work.
3.C.AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Handheld underwater power tools
The use of surface supplied electrical, pneumatic, and hydraulic handheld tools must be
approved in writing by the DSO.
Requests to use underwater power tools should be submitted with the dive plan.
Handheld electrical tools and equipment used underwater shall be specifically designed for
underwater use.
Electrical tools and equipment supplied with power from the surface shall be de-energized
before being placed into or retrieved from the water.
Hand-held power tools shall not be supplied with power from the dive location until requested
by the diver and tool on/off operation must be under the diver's control.
Lift Bags
Lift Bag operation should be sustained with an air supply that is separate from the diver's air
supply. This mode of operation will prevent excessive depletion of the diver's air supply should
an emergency occur late in the dive during lift bag use.
3.D.SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
First-Aid Supplies and Communications
First-Aid Kit
A first-aid kit adequate for the diving operation shall be available at the dive location.
Emergency Oxygen Kit
An emergency oxygen kit, approved by the MRC Chair and DSO shall be available at the dive
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site. All divers must be trained in the general administration of oxygen for diving injuries and
familiar with the proper assembly and use of the specific kit at the dive site.
Emergency Communications
Portable emergency VHF radio or telephone(standard pay phone or cellular phone) shall
be available on site. Equipment must be checked for proper functioning at the dive site.
Dive Safety Manual
This Dive Safety Manual must be present at all dive sites where MRC diving operations are
conducted.
Automated External Defibrillator(AED)
A portable AED shall be brought on site for every MRC project where MRC diving
operations occur. All MRC divers will be trained in its use prior to going out in the field.
Batteries, condition and pads will be inspected within the week prior to a planned dive by
the DSO.
Diver's Flag
A diver's flag shall be displayed prominently whenever diving is conducted under
circumstances where required or where water traffic is probable.
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APPENDIX A. MRC DIVER WAIVER
JEFFERSON COUNTY MARINE RESOURCES COMA/M EE DIVER WAIVER OF LIABILITY
In consideration of diving during dive operations of the Jefferson County Marine Resources Committee
(MRC), I, , for myself and on behalf of all my personal
representatives, heirs and next of kin do execute and certify the following:
I am a certified diver,trained in safe diving practices,and I am fully informed of,aware of,and
thoroughly understand the inherent hazards and risks associated with scuba diving.
I understand that these risks can lead to severe injury and even loss of life, as well as property
damage and liability to others.I understand hazards include,but are not limited to,decompression
sickness, arterial gas embolism,or other barotrauma injuries which may require treatment in a
recompression chamber,drowning,equipment failure,and other perils of the sea.
I acknowledge that scuba diving is a physically strenuous activity and that I will be exerting
myself during this activity. I understand and agree that scuba diving involves certain risks
whether engaged in depths above or below the recommended 40-foot limitation for MRC diving
activities. I further acknowledge and agree that injuries received may be compounded or
increased by negligent rescue operations or procedures.
I certify that I am making full and honest representations of my skills and dive certifications,and
that I am fully aware of and expressly assume all risks involved in making dives during MRC
dive operations.
I acknowledge that past or present medical conditions may disqualify me for scuba diving. I
declare that I am in good mental and physical fitness for scuba diving,that I am not and will not
be under the influence of alcohol on any dives,that I am not and will not be under the influence
of any drugs while scuba diving.If I am taking medication,I declare that I have seen a physician
who has approved me to scuba dive while under the influence of medications I am taking.
I agree that if I use my own dive equipment, I will not hold the MRC or Jefferson County
responsible for any failure with respect to my dive equipment,including my failure to inspect my
equipment or air supply prior to diving,or for my use of faulty equipment.
I agree to adhere to the MRC policies and procedures delineated for scuba diving in their Dive
Safety Manual.
I hereby assume full responsibility for any and assume all risk of bodily injury,wrongful death,
property loss or damage, and liability to myself or any third party,now and forever,arising out
of my diving with the MRC, whether foreseen or unforeseen, and whether caused by the
negligence of myself,third parties,or the MRC.
I hereby release,waive,discharge and give up any and all claims against the MRC and Jefferson
County, and all of their officers, officials, employees, agents and volunteers (and their
APPENDICES—Page 1
marital communities), for any and all liability, claims and demands by me or made by my
personal representative,heirs,agents,assigns and next of kin,for any and all loss or damage,and
any claim or demands therefore on account of injury,death or loss arising out of or related to my
participating as a scuba diver on any MRC dives.
I further agree separately to indemnify, save, and hold harmless the MRC,Jefferson County
and their officers, officials, employees, agents and volunteers (and their marital
communities)from any toss,liability,damage or cost that they may incur,now and forever,
arising out of or related to my participation as a scuba diver, whether caused by the
negligence of the MRC, or by me.
I affirm that I am not relying on any oral or written representation or statements made by the
MRC, Jefferson County, or any of their officers, officials, employees, agents and
volunteers,other than what is set forth in this document. I farther agree this document shall
be interpreted in accordance with dive laws of the State of Washington and the United States.
I agree that if any provision of this Waiver is found to be unenforceable or invalid,that
provision shall be severed from this release. The remainder of the Waiver will then be
construed as though the unenforceable provision had never been contained in this release.
All other provisions shall survive.
I certify that I have read the MRC Dive Safety Manual and will adhere to the dive safety
guidelines set forth in the MRC Dive Safety Manual. I also certify that I have been
approved by the MRC to conduct scuba diving activities during MRC dive operations.
I certify that the personal dive equipment I use will be up to date in its service and
maintenance (by a manufacture approved service provider/facility), as well as in good
working order. I also certify that I have provided the MRC with records of my equipment
maintenance, or in absence of maintenance records acknowledge that my equipment is in
good working order, recently serviced, and that I assume all responsibility for my own
equipment and release the MRC from any liability.
ACCORDINGLY, WITH FULL UNDERSTANDING, BEING OF RIGHT MIND AND DULY
TRAINED, I, , BY THIS INSTRUMENT, EXEMPT AND
RELEASE THE MARINE RESOURCES COMMITTEE AND JEFFERSON COUNTY, AND
THEIR OFFICERS,OFFICIALS,EMPLOYEES,AGENTS AND VOLUNTEERS(AND THEIR
MARITAL COMMUNITIES) FROM ALL LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR
PERSONAL INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE OR WRONGFUL DEATH, HOWEVER
CAUSED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO EQUIPMENT FAILURE AND
NEGLIGENCE, WHETHER PASSIVE OR ACTIVE. I ACKNOWLEDGE I HAVE READ
AND FULLY UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL DANGERS INCIDENTAL TO MY
PARTICIPATION AS A SCUBA DIVER, AM FULLY AWARE OF THE LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES DESIGNING THIS INSTRUMENT, AND THEREBY ASSUME ALL
RISKS FOR DIVING AS AN INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBLE FOR MY OWN DIVE SAFETY.
I HAVE SIGNED THIS DOCUMENT FREELY AND VOLUNTARILY WITHOUT ANY
INDUCEMENT, ASSURANCE OR GUARANTEE BEING MADE TO ME. I INTEND MY
APPENDICES—Page 2
SIGNATURE TO BE A COMPLETE AND UNCONDITIONAL RELEASE OF LIABILITY TO
THE GREATEST EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW.
I UNDERSTAND THAT THIS WAIVER SHALL BE VALID FOR ONE(1)YEAR FROM THE
DATE OF MY SIGNATURE.
I have read this document, I understand it, and I agree to be bound by it.
DIVER NAME(PRINTED) DIVER SIGNATURE DATE
DIVER PHONE NUMBER EMERGENCY CONTACT NAME& RELATIONSHIP
EMERGENCY CONTACT PHONE NUMBER
APPENDICES—Page 3
APPENDIX B. DIVE PLAN LOG
Date of Dive(s) Dive#
Lead Diver Dive Site
Dive Team Members
Repetitive Dive Profile? If yes, number of dives
Purpose
Start time Air IN Max Depth
Average
Finish time Air OUT Depth
Total time Conditions
Dive Plan Profile Description
Observations/Remarks
APPENDICES—Page 4
APPENDIX C. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
1. GUIDELINES FOR FIELD MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING
a. Accurate diagnosis is sometimes difficult for a diving accident; signs and
symptoms may be equivocal, difficult to define, wax and wane, and change in
location and nature and sometimes in character.
b. Decompression sickness tends to progress from minor to major involvement,
however, may diminish in severity or show no change.
c. Several independent problems are often present together.
d. Delays in treatment bring risk of further involvement, render existing conditions
more difficult to resolve, and may contribute to reoccurrence of symptoms after
treatment.
e. The magnitude of exposure (or closeness to table limits) is not a reliable guide to
the severity of the potential involvement. Even dive profiles well within the
decompression limits have resulted in decompression sickness.
f. Denial or fear of potential hassle, embarrassment, errors in judgment, etc.
precipitate many unnecessary delays.
2. RECOGNITION OF DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
Symptoms will appear 50% of the time within 1 hour after the dive.
Symptoms will appear 90% of the time within 6 hours after the dive.
Symptoms will appear 99% of the time within 12 hours after the dive.
Symptoms may appear within 24 -48 hours after the dive, however this is rare.
Symptoms occurring after this delay often result in non-recognition of their cause.
3. DOCUMENTATION
With pencil and paper reconstruct dive profiles and unusual occurrences, note significant
medical history, and note current medications.
APPENDICES—Page 5
APPENDIX D. POST-DIVE NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
rOn-Site Neurological Assessment for Divers
11151 ORY
last Name First Name NI
DATE. TIME .181 nun) t ,plete,1 hy.---
Symptoms began: Wbat symptoms art you feeling?
J aekire tt.':t' J Numbness and tingles LoceUtMn
J Our ng decent J Dc fitness(light headednes5) J D+tticutty breathing
a At hnttorn J Vestige,(spnn ng) J Visual dicturnaire
J Our rig,ascent a Ringing or butting in ear Other
J Al t ecu motet} stup J Detre3Sed hearing Otter
J On wmia;e J Rash dead itch:ng Other
Breathing gas
History of last dive J Ali
J Nam* _--
tell Wv,Oita I In LS++crs J Tr.r'ux 02 • _---Hc•'o
TM!03_ a Other
Tma<.to Unusual features
J Rapid ascent
J M;ssed decompresslon
Nanrt:m Sa'ett J Out et air.rscertt
_ Star_ a Dttttculty tguaiitini'
Dive planning
_ a One cnrnrtltec
Bmnl TL^It
1 Dive tahie
J 0t"rt
Pain
Where?
Does it change stmttt rrosetnent?J Yes J No Rate the rain 0 1 2 3 4 5 t, 7 8 9 10
Other conditions
Naasra vomiting? J Yes J No Able to urinate,J Yes a No J Unsure
Diffecutly waikln_;? J Yes J NO DWI(oily with balance? a Ye, a No
Armlet;we.rkness? J Ye, a No
Pre-existing conditions that might influence findings
From observer te.fi dive buddy.companion)
Confirm profile inforrnabun wilt an oh,crvcr and list additional or conflktrmmg
information.
ii19. DAN
1.919-6$4 40AN
APPENDICES—Page 6
NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Vital S)Ans:Puts!,ru;•r Mn; Re-p .11vns dim n'ooJ pressure
MENTAL FUNCTION
Consciousness: Orientation:
J Alrt J Person (whit is your name')
J F".r< t:i'rr'Jrt'you')
J PJ;n(u' J Ture tev.:r .etc v.Irat Lm it Is?)
Ability to follow commands:A,I,the C;.er to 511:k out your tongue a ti clo,e your
J 1'r: J tr}J
Expression: Soy'red white and blue' .r 'no ifs ands er tub' J Yr..1 J No
Name 3 objects(r R,(emh, mask.scuh.t cy1.1Ge1) J Yes .3 No
Read and interpret a sentence: J Yes J '.o
Example:The small boy walked to the lake with a!urge dog.'
Judpnent: Memory: 3 Ito•r.-s i r'.irult.5
.Vi y J'e'ycU h�'rc� at';:C:t 3 cbj•_i t. I.;iIa11:_v ci l':t
J YL's J NJ J J NO
Cakulations:((rctee mis'.c•~I 93 86 79. 72,65. 5:3. 51, 4 37. 3U 23 Ii, 9
Ab c to conip'rle? J Yr J NO
Abstract reasoning:provverbs:In;er;rii a pro•vert such a; r.rC in IN-2 IIar:J 6
v•crth hso tit the hush.'Or 'A strch in Univ. set,es nine.'
Cn;ld tl.e Ciser a Iasn 1ne prrr.eth? J Yes J No
CRANIAL NERVES
EYES I nns.trd left Right Up I)n•n•n ?ly-tad rout(eye tnitcitlng) J Yr's J N
CT/CC ur) c:rc'Cfk thcdiiir(t:':rr:);kuk
FACE Close eyes and cmr'e ItlAR:NC:Symmetrical ;>1 toc:t J Yt s J Nc
fs the face symmrtnc al' J 1'rs J Nn
LIGHT TOIXIII:forehead IJRJ Cheek L J R J 1.'rw t J R J C^;n t J R J
Ide t4'y any urea rear vc tt>`'J'ver i'1'r;'!f*'s altcwd Sensation
MOTOR FUNCTION
Gro;ld>E;sc4le N.t ruxrrnr rl i0) Moscmcftt t?ut Ncd1., 13). Ncn!JI!,)
Arms Shou'Sers l_ It Legs: Iuptlexns L_N_
Biceps L_ It Qu.sdreeps L_ R__
Ttkcps L_R_ HamsUlni4s L_._ R
Ebert spread L_R_ lout(up) l_ R_,_ •
Grip uTength l_R_ Loot(do .nl L_R_ ..
SENSORY FUNCTION
Slreulr it ary,;re•-•t at:Ire•Jlyurr oT rtyhf»r!1 dA(rttlieJ serration us•rkJ
�►e sy mtv)is Mow.
LIGHT TOUCH:X PIN P BOTH B
COORDINATION AND BALANCE ();.11K J N!)rmal J%VThNy J l:'1i~Ir to fnrpI W U� : t -
FINGER NOSE-I INC I R:Al'e In comy*ete? J Yes J tin •�
UMME NTS:
taysas£LUI h ratio*
APPENDICES—Page 7
APPENDIX E. MRC DIVING INCIDENT REPORT
MRC DIVING INCIDENT REPORT
SECTION I.DIVING ACCIDENT VICTIM GENERAL INFORMATION
DIVER NAME TIME of INCIDENT DATE of INCIDENT
DIVER CERTIFICATION DIVE UNIT LOCATION of INCIDENT
DIVER CURRENT MEDICATIONS DIVER CURRENT HEALTH PROBLEMS
AGE SEX(M/F) HIGHEST DIVE CERTIFICATION LEVEL CERTIFYING DIVING ASSOCIATION
TOTAL#of TOTAL# TOTAL#of DIVES in PREVIOUS DIVE INCIDENTS and DATES
YEARS DIVING of DIVES the PAST 6 MONTHS
SECTION II.DIVE INFORMATION—Incident Dive
NAME of ON-SITE LEAD DIVER AIR TEMP('F) WATER TEMP('F) U/W VISIBILITY(Fr) CURRENT SPEED(KTs)
NAME of DIVE BUDDY DIVE PURPOSE DIVE LOCATION
DIVE BUDDY AFFILIATION DIVE PLATFORM SURFACE CONDITIONS
TYPE of DIVE DIVES CONDUCTED WITH
#of DIVES on #of DIVES on
DAY of INCIDENT PREVIOUS DAY DUTY non-DUTY Dive Tables Dive Computer(Model )
Was this dive typical of the diver's normal If NO,explain:
type of diving? YES NO
Describe any problems encountered during
the incident dive or previous dives:
SECTION IV.DIVE PROFILES—Day of Incident(Additional dive profiles for the day of the diving incident can be attached to this form.)
Max Bottom Surface Deco Safety Cold or Fast Incident
Dive Stop Profile
# Start Time Depth Time End Time Interval Stop? Stop? (Depth/Time) Arduous? Ascent? Dive?
(Feet) (Minutes) (HH:MM) (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
APPENDICES—Page 8
APPENDIX F. SCUBA LINE PULL SIGNALS
SCUBA Diving Line Pull Signals
2-2-2 Pulls I am fouled and need assistance of another diver
3-3-3 Pulls I am fouled but can clear myself
4-4-4 Pulls Haul me up immediately
All signals are to be answered as received except for the emergency signal 4-4-4.
Tender to Diver Diver to Tender
"Are you alright?" "I am alright"or"I am on
1 Pull When descending, one pull 1 Pull bottom."
means"Stop."
"Going down."
2 Pulls During ascent, 2 pulls means 2 Pulls "Lower or give me slack."
"You have dome up too far-go
back down until we stop you."
3 Pulls "Stand by to come up." 3 Pulls "Take up my slack."
4 Pulls "Come up." 4 Pulls "Haul me up."
2-1 Pulls "I understand."
2-1 Pulls "I understand." 3-2 Pulls "More air."
4-3 Pulls "Less air."
APPENDICES—Page 9
APPENDIX G. CHAPTER 296-37 WASHINGTON ADMINISTRATIVE CODE
Chapter 296-37 WAC Introduction
Commercial Diving Operations
Chapter 296-37 WAC
Safety Standards for Commercial Diving Operations
(Form Number F414-039-000)
LAST UPDATED 07/01/2015
This book contains rules Safety Standards for commercial diving operations,as adopted under
the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973 (Chapter 49.17 RCW).
The rules in this book are effective July 2015. A brief promulgation history, set within brackets
at the end of each section,gives statutory authority,administrative order of promulgation,and
date of adoption of filing.
TO RECEIVE E-MAIL UPDATES:
Sign up at 1ttps://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/WADLI/subscriber/r ew?topic id=WADLI 19
TO PRINT YOUR OWN PAPER COPY OR TO VIEW THE RULE ONLINE:
Go to https://www.lni.wa.gov/safety-health/safety-rules/rules-by-chapter/?chapter=3 i
DOSH CONTACT INFORMATION:
❑ Physical address:
7273 Linderson Way
Tumwater,WA 98501-5414
(Located off I-5 Exit 101 south of Tumwater.)
❑ Mailing address:
DOSH Standards and Information
PO Box 44810
Olympia, WA 98504-4810
❑ Telephone: 1-800-423-7233
❑ For all L&I Contact information, visit https://www.lni.wa.gov/agency/contact
Also available on the L&I Safety&Health website:
❑ DOSH Core Rules
❑ Other General Workplace Safety&Health Rules
❑ Industry and Task-Specific Rules
❑ Proposed Rules and Hearings
❑ Newly Adopted Rules and New Rule Information
❑ DOSH Directives (DD's)
❑ Seelhttp://www.Lni.wa.gov/safety-health/
APPENDICES—Page 10
Chapter 296-37 WAC Table of Contents
Commercial Diving Operations
Chapter 296-37 WAC
COMMERCIAL DIVING OPERATIONS
LAST UPDATED 07/01/2015
WAC Page
WAC 296-37-510 Scope and application 1
WAC 296-37-512 Variance and procedure. 3
WAC 296-37-515 Definitions. 3
WAC 296-37-520 Qualifications of dive team. 5
WAC 296-37-525 Medical requirements. 6
WAC 296-37-530 Safe practices manual. 8
WAC 296-37-535 Predive procedures. 8
WAC 296-37-540 Procedures during dive. 10
WAC 296-37-545 Postdive procedures 11
WAC 296-37-550 Scuba diving. 13
WAC 296-37-555 Surface-supplied air diving. 14
WAC 296-37-560 Mixed-gas diving. 15
Page i
Chapter 296-37 WAC Table of Contents
Commercial Diving Operations
WAC 296-37-565 Liveboating. 16
WAC 296-37-570 Equipment 17
WAC 296-37-575 Recordkeeping requirements. 21
WAC 296-37-580 Reserved. 22
WAC 296-37-585 Appendix A to chapter 296-37 WAC--
Examples of conditions which may restrict or limit exposure
to hyperbaric conditions. 22
WAC 296-37-590 Appendix B to chapter 296-37 WAC--
Guidelines for scientific diving. 23
WAC 296-37-595 Appendix C to chapter 296-37 WAC--
Alternative conditions under WAC 296-37-510(7) for
recreational diving instructors and diving guides. 23
Page ii
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
Chapter 296-37 WAC
COMMERCIAL DIVING OPERATIONS
LAST UPDATED 07/01/2015
WAC 296-37-510 Scope and application
(1) The requirements included in this vertical chapter shall apply throughout the state wherever
diving takes place within the jurisdiction of the department of labor and industries. These
requirements shall also be applicable to those diving related and supportive work activities
not at the diving site but which have a direct effect on the safety of the diving operations.
Examples may include but are not limited to: The supply of breathing air or gas; the
supply of materials, equipment or supplies required by this chapter;the maintenance of
diving equipment.
(2) This standard applies to diving and related support operations conducted in connection with
all types of work and employments, including general industry,construction, ship
repairing, shipbuilding, shipbreaking and longshoring. However,this standard does not
apply to any diving operation:
(a) Performed solely for instructional purposes,using open-circuit,compressed-air
SCUBA and conducted within the no-decompression limits;
(b) Performed solely for search,rescue,or related public safety purposes by or under the
control of a governmental agency; or
(c) Governed by 45 CFR Part 46 (Protection of Human Subjects,United States
Department of Health and Human Services) or equivalent rules or regulations
established by another federal agency,which regulate research,development, or
related purposes involving human subjects.
(d) Defined as scientific diving and which is under the direction and control of a diving
program containing at least the following elements:
(i) Diving safety manual which includes at a minimum: Procedures covering all
diving operations specific to the program;procedures for emergency care,
including recompression and evacuation; and criteria for diver training and
certification.
(ii) Diving control(safety)board,with the majority of its members being active
divers,which shall at a minimum have the authority to: Approve and monitor
diving projects; review and revise the diving safety manual; assure compliance
with the manual; certify the depths to which a diver has been trained;take
disciplinary action for unsafe practices; and, assure adherence to the buddy
system(a diver is accompanied by and is in continuous contact with another
diver in the water) for SCUBA diving.
Page 1
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(3) This chapter shall augment the requirements of the general safety and health standard,
chapter 296-24 WAC,the general occupational health standard, chapter 296-62 WAC,and
safety and health core rules, chapter 296-800 WAC. In instances where this chapter is in
direct conflict with the requirements of any general horizontal standard,the requirements
of this chapter shall apply.
(4) Hoisting gear used in diving operations shall be inspected and certified as required by
chapter 296-56 WAC, safety standards for longshore, stevedore and related waterfront
operations.
(5) Application in emergencies. An employer may deviate from the requirements of this
standard to the extent necessary to prevent or minimize a situation which is likely to cause
death, serious physical harm, or major environmental damage,provided that the employer:
(a) Notifies the assistant director of the department of labor and industries in Olympia or
the regional administrator for the region within 48 hours of the onset of the
emergency situation indicating the nature of the emergency and extent of the
deviation from the prescribed regulations; and
(b) Upon request from the authority notified, submits such information in writing.
(6) Employer obligation. The employer shall be responsible for compliance with:
(a) All provisions of this standard of general applicability; and
(b) All requirements pertaining to specific diving modes to the extent diving operations
in such modes are conducted.
(7) Alternative requirements for recreational diving instructors and diving guides. Employers
of recreational diving instructors and diving guides are not required to comply with the
decompression-chamber requirements specified by WAC 296-37-545(2)(b)and(3)(c)(iii),
and WAC 296-37-560(2)(a)when they meet all of the following conditions:
(a) The instructor or guide is engaging solely in recreational diving instruction or dive-
guiding operations;
(b) The instructor or guide is diving within the no-decompression limits in these
operations;
(c) The instructor or guide is using a nitrox breathing-gas mixture consisting of a high
percentage of oxygen(more than 22%by volume)mixed with nitrogen;
(d) The instructor or guide is using an open-circuit, semiclosed-circuit, or closed-circuit
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus(SCUBA); and
(e) The employer of the instructor or guide is complying with all requirements of
Appendix C of this subpart.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,.050,and.060. 04-18-078(Order 04-22),§296-37-510,filed 08/31/04,effective
11/01/04. RCW 49.17.010,.040,and.050. 01-11-038,(Order 99-36),§296-37-510,filed 05/09/01,effective 09/01/01. Statutory
Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096(Order 94-07), .§296-37-510,filed 7/20/94,effective 9/20/94. Statutory Authority:
Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.17].050 and[49.171.060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06), .§296-37-510,filed 10/30/92,
effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 87-02-002(Order 86-44), .§296-37-510,filed 12/26/86;81-
07-048(Order 81-4),.§296-37-510,filed 3/17/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30
and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-510,filed 10/2/78.]
Page 2
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
WAC 296-37-512 Variance and procedure.
Realizing that conditions may exist in operations under which certain state standards will not
have practical application, the director of the department of labor and industries or his/her
authorized representative may, pursuant to this section, RCW 49.17.080 and/or 49.17.090 and
appropriate administrative rules of this state and the department of labor and industries and upon
receipt of application and after adequate investigation by the department, permit a variation from
these requirements when other means of providing an equivalent measure of protection are
afforded. Such variation granted shall be limited to the particular case or cases covered in the
application for variance and may be revoked for cause.
The permit for variance shall be conspicuously posted on the premises and shall remain posted
during the time it is in effect. All requests for variances from safety and health standards
included in this or any other chapter of Title 296 WAC, shall be made in writing to the director
of the department of labor and industries at Olympia, Washington, or his/her duly authorized
representative, or the assistant director, Department of Labor and Industries, P.O. Box 44600,
Olympia, Washington 98504-4600. Variance application forms may be obtained from the
department upon request.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096(Order 94-07),296-37-512,filed 7/20/94,effective 9/20/94. Statutory
Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-512,
filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-515 Definitions.
As used in this standard, the listed terms are defined as follows:
(1) "Acfm": Actual cubic feet per minute.
(2) "ASME Code or equivalent": ASME(American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, or an equivalent code which the employer
can demonstrate to be equally effective.
(3) "ATA": Atmosphere absolute.
(4) "Bell": An enclosed compartment,pressurized(closed bell) or unpressurized(open bell),
which allows the diver to be transported to and from the underwater work area and which
may be used as a temporary refuge during diving operations.
(5) "Bottom time": The total elapsed time measured in minutes from the time when the diver
leaves the surface in descent to the time that the diver begins ascent.
(6) "Bursting pressure": The pressure at which a pressure containment device would fail
structurally.
(7) "Cylinder": A pressure vessel for the storage of gases.
(8) "Recompression/decompression chamber": A pressure vessel for human occupancy
such as a surface decompression chamber, closed bell, or deep diving system used to
decompress divers and to treat decompression sickness.
(9) "Decompression sickness": A condition with a variety of symptoms which may result
from gas or bubbles in the tissues of divers after pressure reduction.
Page 3
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(10) "Recompression/decompression table": A profile or set of profiles of depth-time
relationships for ascent rates and breathing mixtures to be followed after a specific depth-
time exposure or exposures.
(11) "Dive-guiding operations": The leading of groups of trained sports divers,who use open-
circuit, semiclosed-circuit,or closed-circuit SCUBA,to local undersea diving locations for
recreational purposes.
(12) "Dive location": A surface or vessel from which a diving operation is conducted.
(13) "Dive-location reserve breathing gas": A supply system of air or mixed-gas(as
appropriate)at the dive location which is independent of the primary supply system and
sufficient to support divers during the planned decompression.
(14) "Dive team": Divers and support employees involved in a diving operation, including the
designated person-in-charge.
(15) "Diver": An employee working in water using underwater apparatus which supplies
compressed breathing gas at the ambient pressure.
(16) "Diver-carried reserve breathing gas": A diver-carried supply of air or mixed gas (as
appropriate) sufficient under standard operating conditions to allow the diver to reach the
surface, or another source of breathing gas, or to be reached by a standby diver.
(17) "Diving mode": A type of diving requiring specific equipment,procedures and techniques
(SCUBA, surface-supplied air, or mixed gas).
(18) "Fsw": Feet of seawater(or equivalent static pressure head).
(19) "Heavy gear": Diver-worn deep-sea dress including helmet,breastplate, dry suit,
weighted shoes.
(20) "Hyperbaric conditions": Pressure conditions in excess of surface pressure.
(21) "Inwater stage": A suspended underwater platform which supports a diver in the water.
(22) "Liveboating": The practice of supporting a surfaced-supplied air or mixed gas diver
from a vessel which is underway.
(23) "Mixed-gas diving": A diving mode in which the diver is supplied in the water with a
breathing gas other than air.
(24) "No-decompression limits": The depth-time limits of the"no-decompression limits and
repetitive dive group designation table for no-decompression air dives,"U.S.Navy Diving
Manual or equivalent limits which the employer can demonstrate to be equally effective.
(25) "Psi(g)": Pounds per square inch(gauge).
(26) "Recreational diving instruction": The training of diving students in the use of
recreational diving procedures and the safe operation of diving equipment, including open-
circuit, semiclosed-circuit, or closed-circuit SCUBA during dives.
(27) "Scientific diving"means diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific,
research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform
scientific research tasks. Scientific diving does not include performing any tasks usually
associated with commercial diving such as: Placing or removing heavy objects
underwater; inspection of pipelines and similar objects; construction; demolition; cutting or
welding; or the use of explosives.
Page 4
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(28) "SCUBA diving": A diving mode independent of surface supply in which the diver uses
open circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
(29) "Standby diver": A diver at the dive location properly equipped and available to assist a
diver in the water.
(30) "Surface-supplied air diving": A diving mode in which the diver in the water is supplied
from the dive location with compressed air for breathing.
(31) "Treatment table": A depth-time and breathing gas profile designed to treat
decompression sickness.
(32) "Umbilical": The composite hose bundle between a dive location and a diver or bell, or
between a diver and a bell, which supplies the diver or bell with breathing gas,
communications,power, or heat as appropriate to the diving mode or conditions, and
includes a safety line between the diver and the dive location.
(33) "Volume tank": A pressure vessel connected to the outlet of a compressor and used as an
air reservoir.
(34) "Working pressure": The maximum pressure to which a pressure containment device
may be exposed under standard operating conditions.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,and.060. 04-18-078(Order 04-22),§296-37-515,filed 08/31/04,effective
11/01/04. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.171.050 and[49.17].060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06),§
296-37-515,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 87-02-002(Order 86-44),§296-
37-515,filed 12/26/86.Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW.78-10-094
(Order 78-18),.§296-37-515,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-520 Qualifications of dive team.
(1) General.
(a) Each dive team member shall have the experience or training necessary to perform
assigned tasks in a safe and healthful manner.
(b) Each dive team member shall have experience or training in the following:
(i) The use of tools, equipment and systems relevant to assigned tasks;
(ii) Techniques of the assigned diving mode; and
(iii) Diving operations and emergency procedures.
(c) All dive team members shall be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid
(American Red Cross standard course or equivalent).
(d) Dive team members who are exposed to or control the exposure of others to
hyperbaric conditions shall be trained in diving-related physics and physiology.
(2) Assignments.
(a) Each dive team member shall be assigned tasks in accordance with the employee's
experience or training, except that limited additional tasks may be assigned to an
employee undergoing training provided that these tasks are performed under the
direct supervision of an experienced dive team member.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(b) The employer shall not require a dive team member to be exposed to hyperbaric
conditions against the employee's will, except when necessary to complete
decompression or treatment procedures.
(c) The employer shall not permit a dive team member to dive or be otherwise exposed
to hyperbaric conditions for the duration of any temporary physical impairment or
condition which is known to the employer and is likely to affect adversely the safety
or health of a dive team member.
(3) Designated person-in-charge.
(a) The employer or an employee designated by the employer shall be at the dive
location in charge of all aspects of the diving operation affecting the safety and health
of dive team members.
(b) The designated person-in-charge shall have experience and training in the conduct of
the assigned diving operation.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18),§296-
37-520,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-525 Medical requirements.
(1) General.
(a) The employer shall determine that dive team members who are, or are likely to be,
exposed to hyperbaric conditions are medically fit to perform assigned tasks in a safe
and healthful manner.
(b) The employer shall provide each dive team member who is, or is likely to be,
exposed to hyperbaric conditions with all medical examinations required by this
standard.
(c) All medical examinations required by this standard shall be performed by, or under
the direction of, a physician at no cost to the employee.
(2) Frequency of medical examinations. Medical examinations shall be provided:
(a) Prior to initial hyperbaric exposure with the employer,unless an equivalent medical
examination has been given within the preceding 12 months and the employer has
obtained the results of the examination and an opinion from the examining physician
of the employee's medical fitness to dive or to be otherwise exposed to hyperbaric
conditions;
(b) At one year intervals from the date of initial examination or last equivalent
examination; and
(c) After an injury or illness requiring in-patient hospitalization.
(3) Information provided to examining physician. The employer shall provide the following
information to the examining physician:
(a) A copy of the medical requirements of this standard; and
(b) A summary of the nature and extent of hyperbaric conditions to which the dive team
member will be exposed, including diving modes and types of work to be assigned.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(4) Content of medical examinations.
(a) Medical examinations conducted initially and annually shall consist of the following:
(i) Medical history;
(ii) Diving-related work history;
(iii) Basic physical examination;
(iv) The tests required by Table 1; and
(v) Any additional tests the physician considers necessary.
(b) Medical examinations conducted after an injury or illness requiring in-patient
hospitalization shall be appropriate to the nature and extent of the injury or illness as
determined by the examining physician.
Test Initial Annual
Examination Reexamination
Chest x ray x
Visual acuity x
Color blindness x
EKG: Standard 12L1 x
Hearing test x x
Hematocrit or x x
hemoglobin
Sickle cell index x
White blood count x x
Urinalysis x x
1 To be given to the employee once, at age 35 or over.
(5) Physician's written report.
(a) After any medical examination required by this standard, the employer shall obtain a
written report prepared by the examining physician containing:
(i) The results of the medical examination; and
(ii) The examining physician's opinion of the employee's fitness to be exposed to
hyperbaric conditions, including any recommended restrictions or limitations to
such exposure (see WAC 296-37-585).
(b) The employer shall provide the employee with a copy of the physician's written
report.
(6) Determination of employee fitness.
(a) The employer shall determine the extent and nature of the dive team member's fitness
to engage in diving or be otherwise exposed to hyperbaric conditions consistent with
the recommendations in the examining physician's report.
(b) If the examining physician has recommended a restriction or limitation on the dive
team member's exposure to hyperbaric conditions, and the affected employee does
not concur, a second physician selected by the employee shall render a medical
opinion on the nature and extent of the restriction or limitation, if any.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(c) If the recommendation of the second opinion differs from that of the examining (first)
physician, and if the employer and employee are unable to agree on the nature and
extent of the restriction or limitation, an opinion from a third physician selected by
the first two physicians shall be obtained.
The employer's determination of the dive team member's fitness shall be consistent
with the medical opinion of the third physician, unless the employer and employee
reach an agreement which is otherwise consistent with the recommendation or
opinion of at least two of the physicians involved.
(d) Nothing in this procedure shall be construed to prohibit either a dive team member
from accepting, or an employer from offering, an assignment which is otherwise
consistent with at least one medical opinion while a final determination on the
employee's fitness is pending.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,040,.050,and.060. 09-01-058(Order 08-27),§296-37-525,filed 12/23/08,effective
03/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-
18),§296-37-525,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-530 Safe practices manual.
(1) General. The employer shall develop and maintain a safe practices manual which shall be
made available at the dive location to each dive team member.
(2) Contents.
(a) The safe practices manual shall contain a copy of this standard and the employer's
policies for implementing the requirements of this standard.
(b) For each diving mode engaged in, the safe practices manual shall include:
(i) Safety procedures and checklists for diving operations;
(ii) Assignments and responsibilities of the dive team members;
(iii) Equipment procedures and checklists; and
(iv) Emergency procedures for fire, equipment failure, adverse environmental
conditions, and medical illness and injury.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18),§296-
37-530,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-535 Predive procedures.
(1) General. The employer shall comply with the following requirements prior to each diving
operation, unless otherwise specified.
(2) Emergency aid. A list shall be kept at the dive location of the telephone or call numbers of
the following:
(a) An operational decompression chamber(if not at the dive location);
(b) Accessible hospitals;
(c) Available physicians;
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(d) Available means of transportation; and
(e) The nearest U.S. Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Center.
(3) First-aid supplies.
(a) A first-aid kit appropriate for the diving operation and approved by a physician shall
be available at the dive location.
(b) When used in a decompression chamber or bell,the first-aid kit shall be suitable for
use under hyperbaric conditions.
(c) In addition to any other first-aid supplies, an American Red Cross standard first-aid
handbook or equivalent, and a bag-type manual resuscitator with transparent mask
and tubing shall be available at the dive location.
(4) Planning and assessment. Planning of a diving operation shall include an assessment of the
safety and health aspects of the following:
(a) Diving mode;
(b) Surface and underwater conditions and hazards;
(c) Breathing gas supply(including reserves);
(d) Thermal protection;
(e) Diving equipment and systems;
(f) Dive team assignments and physical fitness of dive team members (including any
impairment known to the employer);
(g) Repetitive dive designation or residual inert gas status of dive team members;
(h) Decompression and treatment procedures (including altitude corrections); and
(i) Emergency procedures.
(5) Hazardous activities. To minimize hazards to the dive team, diving operations shall be
coordinated with other activities in the vicinity which are likely to interfere with the diving
operation.
(6) Employee briefing.
(a) Dive team members shall be briefed on:
(i) The tasks to be undertaken;
(ii) Safety procedures for the diving mode;
(iii) Any unusual hazards or environmental conditions likely to affect the safety of
the diving operation; and
(iv) Any modifications to operating procedures necessitated by the specific diving
operation.
(b) Prior to making individual dive team member assignments, the employer shall inquire
into the dive team member's current state of physical fitness, and indicate to the dive
team member the procedure for reporting physical problems or adverse physiological
effects during and after the dive.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(7) Equipment inspection. The breathing gas supply system including reserve breathing gas
supplies,masks, helmets, thermal protection, and bell handling mechanism (when
appropriate) shall be inspected prior to each dive.
(8) Warning signal. When diving from surfaces other than vessels in areas capable of
supporting marine traffic, a rigid replica of the international code flag"A" at least one
meter in height shall be displayed at the dive location in a manner which allows all-round
visibility, and shall be illuminated during night diving operations.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18),§296-
37-535,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-540 Procedures during dive.
(1) General. The employer shall comply with the following requirements which are applicable
to each diving operation unless otherwise specified.
(2) Water entry and exit.
(a) A means capable of supporting the diver shall be provided for entering and exiting
the water.
(b) The means provided for exiting the water shall extend below the water surface.
(c) A means shall be provided to assist an injured diver from the water or into a bell.
(3) Communications.
(a) An operational two-way voice communication system shall be used between:
(i) Each surface-supplied air or mixed-gas diver and a dive team member at the
dive location or bell (when provided or required); and
(ii) The bell and the dive location.
(b) An operational, two-way communication system shall be available at the dive
location to obtain emergency assistance.
(4) Decompression tables. Decompression, repetitive, and no-decompression tables (as
appropriate) shall be at the dive location.
(5) Dive profiles. A depth-time profile, including when appropriate any breathing gas
changes, shall be maintained for each diver during the dive including decompression.
(6) Hand-held power tools and equipment.
(a) Hand-held electrical tools and equipment shall be deenergized before being placed
into or retrieved from the water.
(b) Hand-held power tools shall not be supplied with power from the dive location until
requested by the diver.
(7) Welding and burning.
(a) A current supply switch to interrupt the current flow to the welding or burning
electrode shall be:
(i) Tended by a dive team member in voice communication with the diver
performing the welding or burning; and
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(ii) Kept in the open position except when the diver is welding or burning.
(b) The welding machine frame shall be grounded.
(c) Welding and burning cables, electrode holders, and connections shall be capable of
carrying the maximum current required by the work, and shall be properly insulated.
(d) Insulated gloves shall be provided to divers performing welding and burning
operations.
(e) Prior to welding or burning on closed compartments, structures or pipes, which
contain a flammable vapor or in which a flammable vapor may be generated by the
work,they shall be vented, flooded, or purged with a mixture of gases which will not
support combustion.
(8) Explosives.
(a) Employers shall transport, store, and use explosives in accordance with this section
and applicable provisions of chapter 296-52 WAC.
(b) Electrical continuity of explosive circuits shall not be tested until the diver is out of
the water.
(c) Explosives shall not be detonated while the diver is in the water.
(9) Termination of dive. The working interval of a dive shall be terminated when:
(a) A diver requests termination;
(b) A diver fails to respond correctly to communications or signals from a dive team
member;
(c) Communications are lost and cannot be quickly reestablished between the diver and a
dive team member at the dive location, and between the designated person-in-charge
and the person controlling the vessel in liveboating operations; or
(d) A diver begins to use diver-carried reserve breathing gas or the dive-location reserve
breathing gas.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18),§296-
37-540,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-545 Postdive procedures.
(1) General. The employer shall comply with the following requirements which are applicable
after each diving operation, unless otherwise specified.
(2) Precautions.
(a) After the completion of any dive, the employer shall:
(i) Check the physical condition of the diver;
(ii) Instruct the diver to report any physical problems or adverse physiological
effects including symptoms of decompression sickness;
(iii) Advise the diver of the location of a decompression chamber which is ready for
use; and
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(iv) Alert the diver to the potential hazards of flying after diving.
(b) For any dive outside the no-decompression limits, deeper than 100 fsw or using
mixed gas as a breathing mixture, the employer shall instruct the diver to remain
awake and in the vicinity of the decompression chamber which is at the dive location
for at least one hour after the dive (including decompression or treatment as
appropriate).
(3) Recompression capability.
(a) A decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver at the surface to a
minimum of 165 fsw(6 ATA) shall be available at the dive location for:
(i) Surface-supplied air diving to depths deeper than 100 fsw and shallower than
220 fsw;
(ii) Mixed gas diving shallower than 300 fsw; or
(iii) Diving outside the no-decompression limits shallower than 300 fsw.
(b) A decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver at the surface to the
maximum depth of the dive shall be available at the dive location for dives deeper
than 300 fsw.
(c) The decompression chamber shall be:
(i) Dual-lock;
(ii) Multiplace; and
(iii) Located within five minutes of the dive location.
(d) The decompression chamber shall be equipped with:
(i) A pressure gauge for each pressurized compartment designed for human
occupancy;
(ii) A built-in-breathing-system with a minimum of one mask per occupant;
(iii) A two-way voice communication system between occupants and a dive team
member at the dive location;
(iv) A viewport; and
(v) Illumination capability to light the interior.
(e) Treatment tables, treatment gas appropriate to the diving mode, and sufficient gas to
conduct treatment shall be available at the dive location.
(f) A dive team member shall be available at the dive location during and for at least one
hour after the dive to operate the decompression chamber(when required or
provided).
(4) Record of dive.
(a) The following information shall be recorded and maintained for each diving
operation:
(i) Names of dive team members including designated person-in-charge;
(ii) Date,time, and location;
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(iii) Diving modes used;
(iv) General nature of work performed;
(v) Approximate underwater and surface conditions (visibility,water temperature
and current); and
(vi) Maximum depth and bottom time for each diver.
(b) For each dive outside the no-decompression limits, deeper than 100 fsw or using
mixed gas, the following additional information shall be recorded and maintained:
(i) Depth-time and breathing gas profiles;
(ii) Decompression table designation(including modification); and
(iii) Elapsed time since last pressure exposure if less than 24 hours or repetitive dive
designation for each diver.
(c) For each dive in which decompression sickness is suspected or symptoms are evident,
the following additional information shall be recorded and maintained:
(i) Description of decompression sickness symptoms (including depth and time of
onset); and
(ii) Description and results of treatment.
(5) Decompression procedure assessment. The employer shall:
(a) Investigate and evaluate each incident of decompression sickness based on the
recorded information, consideration of the past performance of decompression table
used, and individual susceptibility;
(b) Take appropriate corrective action to reduce the probability of recurrence of
decompression sickness; and
(c) Prepare a written evaluation of the decompression procedure assessment, including
any corrective action taken,within 45 days of the incident of decompression sickness.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18),§296-
37-545,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-550 Scuba diving.
(1) General. Employers engaged in scuba diving shall comply with the following
requirements,unless otherwise specified.
(2) Limits. scuba diving shall not be conducted:
(a) At depths deeper than 130 fsw;
(b) At depths deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-decompression limits unless a
decompression chamber is ready for use;
(c) Against currents exceeding one knot unless line-tended; or
(d) In enclosed or physically confining spaces unless line-tended.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(3) Procedures.
(a) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water.
(b) A diver shall be line-tended from the surface, or accompanied by another diver in the
water in continuous visual contact during the diving operations.
(c) A diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry when diving is conducted
in enclosed or physically confining spaces and shall have positive means of
communication with the diver or divers within the space.
(d) A diver-carried reserve breathing gas supply shall be provided for each diver
consisting of:
(i) A manual reserve (J valve); or
(ii) An independent reserve cylinder with a separate regulator or connected to the
underwater breathing apparatus.
(e) The valve of the reserve breathing gas supply shall be in the closed position prior to
the dive.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.17].050 and[49.17].060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06),§296-37-
550,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 81-07-048(Order 81-4),§296-37-550,
filed 3/17/81.Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW.78-10-094(Order
78-18),§296-37-550,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-555 Surface-supplied air diving.
(1) General. Employers engaged in surface-supplied air diving shall comply with the
following requirements, unless otherwise specified.
(2) Limits.
(a) Surface-supplied air diving shall not be conducted at depths deeper than 190 fsw,
except that dives with bottom times of 30 minutes or less may be conducted to depths
of 220 fsw.
(b) A decompression chamber shall be ready for use at the dive location for any dive
outside the no-decompression limits or deeper than 100 fsw.
(c) A bell shall be used for dives with an inwater decompression time greater than 120
minutes, except when heavy gear is worn or diving is conducted in physically
confining spaces.
(3) Procedures.
(a) Each diver shall be continuously tended while in the water.
(b) A diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry when diving is conducted
in enclosed or physically confining spaces.
(c) Each diving operation shall have a primary breathing gas supply sufficient to support
divers for the duration of the planned dive including decompression.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(d) For dives deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-decompression limits:
(i) A separate dive team member shall tend each diver in the water;
(ii) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water;
(iii) A diver-carried reserve breathing gas supply shall be provided for each diver
except when heavy gear is worn; and
(iv) A dive-location reserve breathing gas supply shall be provided.
(e) For heavy-gear diving deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-decompression limits:
(i) An extra breathing gas hose capable of supplying breathing gas to the diver in
the water shall be available to the standby diver.
(ii) An inwater stage shall be provided to divers in the water.
(f) Except when heavy gear is worn or where physical space does not permit, a diver-
carried reserve breathing gas supply shall be provided whenever the diver is
prevented by the configuration of the dive area from ascending directly to the surface.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18),§296-
37-555,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-560 Mixed-gas diving.
(1) General. Employers engaged in mixed-gas diving shall comply with the following
requirements, unless otherwise specified.
(2) Limits. Mixed-gas diving shall be conducted only when:
(a) A decompression chamber is ready for use at the dive location; and
(b) A bell is used at depths greater than 220 fsw or when the dive involves inwater
decompression time of greater than 120 minutes, except when heavy gear is worn or
when diving in physically confining spaces; or
(c) A closed bell is used at depths greater than 300 fsw, except when diving is conducted
in physically confining spaces.
(3) Procedures.
(a) A separate dive team member shall tend each diver in the water.
(b) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water.
(c) A diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry when diving is conducted
in enclosed or physically confining spaces.
(d) Each diving operation shall have a primary breathing gas supply sufficient to support
divers for the duration of the planned dive including decompression.
(e) Each diving operation shall have a dive-location reserve breathing gas supply.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(f) When heavy gear is worn:
(i) An extra breathing gas hose capable of supplying breathing gas to the diver in
the water shall be available to the standby diver; and
(ii) An inwater stage shall be provided to divers in the water.
(g) An inwater stage shall be provided for divers without access to a bell for dives deeper
than 100 fsw or outside the no-decompression limits.
(h) When a closed bell is used, one dive team member in the bell shall be available and
tend the diver in the water.
(i) Except when heavy gear is worn or where physical space does not permit, a diver-
carried reserve breathing gas supply shall be provided for each diver:
(i) Diving deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-decompression limits; or
(ii) Prevented by the configuration of the dive area from directly ascending to the
surface.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.17].050 and[49.171.060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06),
§296-37-560,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and
43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-560,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-565 Liveboating.
(1) General. Employers engaged in diving operations involving liveboating shall comply with
the following requirements.
(2) Limits. Diving operations involving liveboating shall not be conducted:
(a) With an inwater decompression time of greater than 120 minutes;
(b) Using surface-supplied air at depths deeper than 190 fsw, except that dives with
bottom times of 30 minutes or less may be conducted to depths of 220 fsw;
(c) Using mixed gas at depths greater than 220 fsw;
(d) In rough seas which significantly impede diver mobility or work function; or
(e) In other than daylight hours.
(3) Procedures.
(a) The propeller of the vessel shall be stopped before the diver enters or exits the water.
(b) A device shall be used which minimizes the possibility of entanglement of the diver's
hose in the propeller of the vessel.
(c) Two-way voice communication between the designated person-in-charge and the
person controlling the vessel shall be available while the diver is in the water.
(d) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(e) A diver-carried reserve breathing gas supply shall be carried by each diver engaged in
liveboating operations.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.171.050 and[49.171.060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06),
§296-37-565,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 87-02-002(Order 86-44),
§296-37-565,filed 12/26/86.Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW.
78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-565,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-570 Equipment.
(1) General.
(a) All employers shall comply with the following requirements, unless otherwise
specified.
(b) Each equipment modification, repair,test, calibration or maintenance service shall be
recorded by means of a tagging or logging system, and include the date and nature of
work performed, and the name or initials of the person performing the work.
(2) Air compressor system.
(a) Compressors used to supply air to the diver shall be equipped with a volume tank
with a check valve on the inlet side, a pressure gauge, a relief valve, and a drain
valve.
(b) A compressor shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated
air into the air-supply system and shall be equipped with a suitable in-line particulate
filter followed by a bed of activated charcoal and, if necessary, a moisture absorber to
further assure breathing air quality. These filters should be placed before any
receiver and after the discharge in the compressor. If an oil-lubricated compressor is
used, it shall be equipped with a carbon monoxide alarm or an equally as effective
alternative if approved by the department.
(i) If a carbon monoxide alarm is used, it shall be calibrated to activate at or below
10 parts per million carbon monoxide at least once per month. A calibration
and maintenance log shall be kept and shall be available for review and copying
by the director or his or her designee. The log shall identify the test method,
date, time of test, results, and the name of the person performing the test. The
log shall be retained for at least one year from the date of the test.
(ii) If the use of an alarm at the compressor will not effectively provide warning to
the diver or tender of a carbon monoxide problem, a remote alarm or other
means of warning the wearer shall be used.
(iii) Breathing air couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for nonrespirable
plant air or other gas systems to prevent inadvertent servicing of air-line
breathing apparatus with nonrespirable gases.
(c) Respirable air supplied to a diver shall not contain:
(i) A level of carbon monoxide (CO) greater than 20 ppm;
(ii) A level of carbon dioxide (CO2) greater than 1,000 ppm;
(iii) A level of oil mist greater than 5 milligrams per cubic meter; or
(iv) A noxious or pronounced odor.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(d) Compressor systems providing surface air to divers must have a low pressure warning
device installed at the air purification system inlet to alert dive tenders of low air
pressure.
The minimum alarm setting shall be 45 Psi plus an additional 15 Psi for each working
atmosphere.
1 ATM.=33 fsw or 15 Psi
2 ATM.=66 fsw or 30 Psi
3 ATM.= 99 fsw or 45 Psi
4 ATM.= 132 fsw or 60 Psi
5 ATM.= 165 fsw or 75 Psi
6 ATM.= 198 fsw or 90 Psi
(e) The output of air compressor systems shall be tested for air purity every six months
by means of samples taken at the connection to the distribution system, except that
nonoil lubricated compressors need not be tested for oil mist.
(3) Breathing gas supply hoses.
(a) Breathing gas supply hoses shall:
(i) Have a working pressure at least equal to the working pressure of the total
breathing gas system;
(ii) Have a rated bursting pressure at least equal to four times the working pressure;
(iii) Be tested at least annually to 1.5 times their working pressure; and
(iv) Have their open ends taped, capped or plugged when not in use.
(b) Breathing gas supply hose connectors shall:
(i) Be made of corrosion-resistant materials;
(ii) Have a working pressure at least equal to the working pressure of the hose to
which they are attached; and
(iii) Be resistant to accidental disengagement.
(c) Umbilicals shall:
(i) Include a safety line which shall be attached in a manner to remove strain from
the air supply hose;
(ii) Be marked in 10-foot increments to 100 feet beginning at the diver's end, and in
50 foot increments thereafter;
(iii) Be made of kink-resistant materials; and
(iv) Have a working pressure greater than the pressure equivalent to the maximum
depth of the dive (relative to the supply source) plus 100 psi.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(4) Buoyancy control.
(a) Helmets or masks connected directly to the dry suit or other buoyancy-changing
equipment shall be equipped with an exhaust valve.
(b) A dry suit or other buoyancy-changing equipment not directly connected to the
helmet or mask shall be equipped with an exhaust valve.
(c) When used for SCUBA diving, a buoyancy compensator shall have an inflation
source separate from the breathing gas supply.
(d) An inflatable flotation device capable of maintaining the diver at the surface in a
face-up position,having a manually activated inflation source independent of the
breathing supply, an oral inflation device, and an exhaust valve shall be used for
SCUBA diving.
(5) Compressed gas cylinders. Compressed gas cylinders shall:
(a) Be designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable
provisions of WAC 296-24-295 and 296-24-940 of the General safety and health
standards.
(b) Be stored in a ventilated area and protected from excessive heat;
(c) Be secured from falling; and
(d) Have shut-off valves recessed into the cylinder or protected by a cap, except when in
use or manifolded, or when used for CUBA diving.
(6) Recompression/decompression chambers.
(a) Each recompression/decompression chamber manufactured after the effective date of
this standard, shall be built and maintained in accordance with the ASME Code or
equivalent.
(b) Each recompression/decompression chamber manufactured prior to the effective date
of this standard shall be maintained in conformity with the code requirements to
which it was built, or equivalent.
(c) Each recompression/decompression chamber shall be equipped with:
(i) Means to maintain the atmosphere below a level of 25%oxygen by volume;
(ii) Mufflers on intake and exhaust lines,which shall be regularly inspected and
maintained;
(iii) Suction guards on exhaust line openings; and
(iv) A means for extinguishing fire, and shall be maintained to minimize sources of
ignition and combustible material.
(7) Gauges and timekeeping devices.
(a) Gauges indicating diver depth which can be read at the dive location shall be used for
all dives except SCUBA.
(b) Each depth gauge shall be deadweight tested or calibrated against a master reference
gauge every six months, and when there is a discrepancy greater than two percent of
full scale between any two equivalent gauges.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(c) A cylinder pressure gauge capable of being monitored by the diver during the dive
shall be worn by each SCUBA diver.
(d) A timekeeping device shall be available at each dive location.
(8) Masks and helmets.
(a) Surface-supplied air and mixed-gas masks and helmets shall have:
(i) A nonreturn valve at the attachment point between helmet or mask and hose
which shall close readily and positively; and
(ii) An exhaust valve.
(b) Surface-supplied air masks and helmets shall have a minimum ventilation rate
capability of 4.5 acfm at any depth at which they are operated or the capability of
maintaining the diver's inspired carbon dioxide partial pressure below 0.02 ATA
when the diver is producing carbon dioxide at the rate of 1.6 standard liters per
minute.
(9) Oxygen safety.
(a) Equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over forty percent by volume
oxygen shall be designed for oxygen service.
(b) Components (except umbilicals) exposed to oxygen or mixtures containing over forty
percent by volume oxygen shall be cleaned of flammable materials before use.
(c) Oxygen systems over 125 psig and compressed air systems over 500 psig shall have
slow-opening shut-off valves.
(10) Weights and harnesses.
(a) Except when heavy gear is worn, divers shall be equipped with a weight belt or
assembly capable of quick release.
(b) Except when heavy gear is worn or in SCUBA diving, each diver shall wear a safety
harness with:
(i) A positive buckling device;
(ii) An attachment point for the umbilical to prevent strain on the mask or helmet;
and
(iii) A lifting point to distribute the pull force of the line over the diver's body.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,.040, .050,and.060. 04-18-078(Order 04-22),§296-37-570,filed 08/31/04,effective
11/01/04. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.171.050 and[49.17].060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06),
§296-37-570,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 87-02-002(Order 86-44),
§296-37-570,filed 12/26/86.Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW.
78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-570,filed 10/2/78.]
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
WAC 296-37-575 Recordkeeping requirements.
(1) Recording and reporting. The employer must comply with chapter 296-27 WAC for
recording work-related injuries and illnesses and reporting to the department any work-
related fatality, inpatient hospitalization, amputation, or the loss of an eye.
(2) Availability of records.
(a) Upon the request of the director of the department of labor and industries or his duly
authorized designees, the employer shall make available for inspection and copying
any record or document required by this standard.
(b) Records and documents required by this standard shall be provided upon request to
employees, designated representatives, and the assistant director in accordance with
chapter 296-802 WAC. Safe practices manuals (WAC 296-37-530), depth-time
profiles (WAC 296-37-540), recording of dives (WAC 296-37-545), decompression
procedure assessment evaluations (WAC 296-37-545), and records of hospitalizations
(chapter 296-27 WAC) shall be provided in the same manner as employee exposure
records or analyses using exposure or medical records. Equipment inspections and
testing records which pertain to employees (WAC 296-37-570) shall also be provided
upon request to employees and their designated representatives.
(c) Records and documents required by this standard shall be retained by the employer
for the following period:
(i) Dive team member medical records(physician's reports) (WAC 296-37-525) -
Five years;
(ii) Safe practices manual(WAC 296-37-530) - Current document only;
(iii) Depth-time profile (WAC 296-37-540) -Until completion of the recording of
dive, or until completion of decompression procedure assessment where there
has been an incident of decompression sickness;
(iv) Recording dive (WAC 296-37-545) one year, except five years where there has
been an incident of decompression sickness;
(v) Decompression procedure assessment evaluations (WAC 296-37-545) - Five
years;
(vi) Equipment inspections and testing records (WAC 296-37-570) - Current entry
or tag, or until equipment is withdrawn from service;
(vii) Records of hospitalizations (WAC 296-27-02107) -Five years.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(d) After the expiration of the retention period of any record required to be kept for five
years, the employer shall forward such records to the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The
employer shall also comply with any additional requirements set forth in chapter 296-
802 WAC.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, and .050. 15-11-066 (Order 14-24), § 296-37-575, filed 05/09/15, effective date
07/01/15. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order 12-20), § 296-37-575, filed 12/04/12,
effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.060. 08-05-012, §296-37-575,filed 2/8/08,
effective 4/1/08; Statutory Authority: 07-03-163, § 296-37-575, filed 1/24/07, effective 4/1/07; 04-10-026, § 296-37-575, filed
4/27/04,effective 8/1/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,[49.171.040,and[49.171.050. 01-11-038,§296-37-575,filed 5/9/01,
effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096(Order 94-07),§296-37-575,filed 7/20/94,effective 9/20/94.
Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.171.050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-37-
575,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 87-02-002(Order 86-44),§296-37-575,
filed 12/26/86. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 81-18-029 (Order 81-21), § 296-37-575, filed
8/27/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050, 49.17.240, and chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-
18),§296-37-575,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-580 Reserved.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.17].050 and[49.17].060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06), .§296-37-
580,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22
RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-580,filed 10/2/78.1
WAC 296-37-585 Appendix A to chapter 296-37 WAC--
Examples of conditions which may restrict or limit exposure
to hyperbaric conditions.
(1) The following disorders may restrict or limit occupational exposure to hyperbaric
conditions depending on severity, presence of residual effects, response to therapy, number
of occurrences, diving mode, or degree and duration of isolation.
(a) History of seizure disorder other than early febrile convulsions.
(b) Malignancies(active)unless treated and without recurrence for five years.
(c) Chronic inability to equalize sinus and/or middle ear pressure.
(d) Cystic or cavitary disease of the lungs.
(e) Impaired organ function caused by alcohol or drug use.
(f) Conditions requiring continuous medication for control(e.g., antihistamines, steroids,
barbiturates, mood altering drugs, or insulin).
(i) Meniere's disease.
(ii) Hemoglobinopathies.
(iii) Obstructive or restrictive lung disease.
(iv) Vestibular end organ destruction.
(v) Pneumothorax.
Page 22
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
vi Cardiac abnormalities (e.g.,pathological heart block, valvular disease,
) p g
intraventricular conduction defects other than isolated right bundle branch
block, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease).
(vii) Juxta-articular osteonecrosis.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.171.050 and[49.171.060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06), .§296-37-
585,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,49.17.050,49.17.240,and chapters 42.30 and 43.22
RCW. 78-10-094(Order 78-18), .§296-37-585,filed 10/2/78.]
WAC 296-37-590 Appendix B to chapter 296-37 WAC--
Guidelines for scientific diving.
This appendix contains guidelines that will be used in conjunction with WAC 296-37-510 (2)(e)
to determine those scientific diving programs which are exempt from the requirements for
commercial diving. The guidelines are as follows:
(1) The diving control board consists of a majority of active scientific divers and has
autonomous and absolute authority over scientific diving program's operations.
(2) The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of science; therefore,
information and data resulting from the project are nonproprietary.
(3) The tasks of a scientific diver are those of an observer and data gatherer. Construction and
trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not included
within scientific diving.
(4) Scientific divers,based on the nature of their activities, must use scientific expertise in
studying the underwater environment and, therefore, are scientists or scientists in training.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040,[49.17].050 and[49.171.060. 92-22-067(Order 92-06), .§296-37-
590,filed 10/30/92,effective 12/8/92.]
WAC 296-37-595 Appendix C to chapter 296-37 WAC--
Alternative conditions under WAC 296-37-510(7) for
recreational diving instructors and diving guides.
(Mandatory)
WAC 296-37-510(7) specifies that an employer of recreational diving instructors and diving
guides (hereafter, "divers" or"employees")who complies with all of the conditions of this
appendix need not provide a decompression chamber for these divers as required under WAC
296-37-545(2)(b) and(3)(c) or WAC 296-37-560(2)(a).
(1) Equipment requirements for rebreathers.
(a) The employer must ensure that each employee operates the rebreather(i.e.,
semiclosed-circuit and closed-circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatuses
(hereafter, "SCUBAs")) according to the rebreather manufacturer's instructions.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(b) The employer must ensure that each rebreather has a counterlung that supplies a
sufficient volume of breathing gas to their divers to sustain the divers' respiration
rates, and contains a baffle system and/or other moisture separating system that keeps
moisture from entering the scrubber.
(c) The employer must place a moisture trap in the breathing loop of the rebreather, and
ensure that:
(i) The rebreather manufacturer approves both the moisture trap and its location in
the breathing loop; and
(ii) Each employee uses the moisture trap according to the rebreather
manufacturer's instructions.
(d) The employer must ensure that each rebreather has a continuously functioning
moisture sensor, and that:
(i) The moisture sensor connects to a visual (e.g., digital, graphic, analog) or
auditory(e.g., voice, pure tone)alarm that is readily detectable by the divers
under the diving conditions in which the diver operates, and warns the diver of
moisture in the breathing loop in sufficient time to terminate the dive and return
safely to the surface; and
(ii) Each diver uses the moisture sensor according to the rebreather manufacturer's
instructions.
(e) The employer must ensure that each rebreather contains a continuously functioning
CO2 sensor in the breathing loop , and that:
(i) The rebreather manufacturer approves the location of the CO2 sensor in the
breathing loop;
(ii) The CO2 sensor is integrated with an alarm that operates in a visual(e.g., digital,
graphic, analog) or auditory(e.g., voice, pure tone) mode that is readily
detectable by each diver under the diving conditions in which the diver
operates; and
(iii) The CO2 alarm remains continuously activated when the inhaled CO2 level
reaches and exceeds 0.005 atmospheres absolute (ATA).
(f) Before each day's diving operations, and more often when necessary, the employer
must calibrate the CO2 sensor according to the sensor manufacturer's instructions,
and ensure that:
(i) The equipment and procedures used to perform this calibration are accurate to
within 10% of a CO2 concentration of 0.005 ATA or less;
(ii) The equipment and procedures maintain this accuracy as required by the sensor
manufacturer's instructions; and
(iii) The calibration of the CO2 sensor is accurate to within 10% of a CO2
concentration of 0.005 ATA or less.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(g) The employer must replace the CO2 sensor when it fails to meet the accuracy
requirements specified in(f)(iii)of this subsection,and ensure that the replacement
CO2 sensor meets the accuracy requirements specified in(f)(iii)of this subsection
before placing the rebreather in operation.
(h) As an alternative to using a continuously functioning CO2 sensor,the employer may
use a schedule for replacing CO2-sorbent material provided by the rebreather
manufacturer. The employer may use such a schedule only when the rebreather
manufacturer has developed it according to the canister-testing protocol specified
below in Condition 11, and must use the canister within the temperature range for
which the manufacturer conducted its scrubber canister tests following that protocol.
Variations above or below the range are acceptable only after the manufacturer adds
that lower or higher temperature to the protocol.
(i) When using CO2-sorbent replacement schedules,the employer must ensure that each
rebreather uses a manufactured(i.e., commercially prepacked),disposable scrubber
cartridge containing a CO2-sorbent material that:
(i) Is approved by the rebreather manufacturer;
(ii) Removes CO2 from the diver's exhaled gas; and
(iii) Maintains the CO2 level in the breathable gas (i.e., the gas that a diver inhales
directly from the regulator)below a partial pressure of 0.01 ATA.
(j) As an alternative to manufactured,disposable scrubber cartridges,the employer may
fill CO2 scrubber cartridges manually with CO2-sorbent material when:
(i) The rebreather manufacturer permits manual filling of scrubber cartridges;
(ii) The employer fills the scrubber cartridges according to the rebreather
manufacturer's instructions;
(iii) The employer replaces the CO2-sorbent material using a replacement schedule
developed under(h)of this subsection; and
(iv) The employer demonstrates that manual filling meets the requirements specified
in(i)of this subsection.
(k) The employer must ensure that each rebreather has an information module that
provides:
(i) A visual(e.g., digital, graphic,analog)or auditory(e.g.,voice,pure tone)
display that effectively warns the diver of solenoid failure(when the rebreather
uses solenoids)and other electrical weaknesses or failures(e.g., low battery
voltage);
(ii) For a semiclosed-circuit rebreather, a visual display for the partial pressure of
CO2, or deviations above and below a preset CO2 partial pressure of 0.005
ATA; and
(iii) For a closed-circuit rebreather,a visual display for: Partial pressures of 02 and
CO2, or deviations above and below a preset CO2 partial pressure of 0.005 ATA
and a preset 02 partial pressure of 1.40 ATA or lower; gas temperature in the
breathing loop; and water temperature.
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(1) Before each day's diving operations, and more often when necessary, the employer must
ensure that the electrical power supply and electrical and electronic circuits in each
rebreather are operating as required by the rebreather manufacturer's instructions.
(2) Special requirements for closed-circuit rebreathers.
(a) The employer must ensure that each closed-circuit rebreather uses supply-pressure
sensors for the 02 and diluent(i.e., air or nitrogen) gases and continuously
functioning sensors for detecting temperature in the inhalation side of the gas-loop
and the ambient water.
(b) The employer must ensure that:
(i) At least two 02 sensors are located in the inhalation side of the breathing loop;
and
(ii) The 02 sensors are: Functioning continuously; temperature compensated; and
approved by the rebreather manufacturer.
(c) Before each day's diving operations, and more often when necessary, the employer
must calibrate 02 sensors as required by the sensor manufacturer's instructions. In
doing so, the employer must:
(i) Ensure that the equipment and procedures used to perform the calibration are
accurate to within 1% of the 02 fraction by volume;
(ii) Maintain this accuracy as required by the manufacturer of the calibration
equipment;
(iii) Ensure that the sensors are accurate to within 1% of the 02 fraction by volume;
(iv) Replace 02 sensors when the fail to meet the accuracy requirements specified in
(c)(iii) of this subsection; and
(v) Ensure that the replacement 02 sensors meet the accuracy requirements
specified in (c)(iii)of this subsection before placing a rebreather in operation.
(d) The employer must ensure that each closed-circuit rebreather has:
(i) A gas-controlled package with electrically operated solenoid 02-supply valves;
(ii) A pressure-activated regulator with a second-stage diluent-gas addition valve;
(iii) A manually operated gas-supply bypass valve to add 02 or diluent gas to the
breathing loop; and
(iv) Separate 02 and diluent-gas cylinders to supply the breathing-gas mixture.
Page 26
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(3) 02 concentration in the breathing gas.
The employer must ensure that the fraction of 02 in the nitrox breathing-gas mixture:
(a) Is greater than the fraction 02 in compressed air(i.e., exceeds 22%by volume);
(b) For open-circuit SCUBA,never exceeds a maximum fraction of breathable 02 of
40%by volume or a maximum 02 partial pressure of 1.40 ATA,whichever exposes
divers to less 02; and
(c) For a rebreather, never exceeds a maximum 02 partial pressure of 1.40 ATA.
(4) Regulating 02 exposures and diving depth.
(a) Regarding 02 exposure,the employer must:
(i) Ensure that the exposure of each diver to partial pressures of 02 between 0.60 and 1.40
ATA does not exceed the 24-hour single-exposure time limits specified either by the
2001 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Diving Manual(the 2001
NOAA Diving Manual),or by the report entitled Enriched Air Operations and
Resource Guide published in 1995 by the Professional Association of Diving
Instructors(known commonly as the"1995 DSAT Oxygen Exposure Table");and
(ii) Determine a diver's 02-exposure duration using the diver's maximum 02
exposure (partial pressure of 02)during the dive and the total dive time(i.e.,
from the time the diver leaves the surface until the diver returns to the surface).
(b) Regardless of the diving equipment used,the employer must ensure that no diver
exceeds a depth of 130 feet of sea water(fsw)or a maximum 02 partial pressure of
1.40 ATA,whichever exposes the diver to less 02.
(5) Use of no-decompression limits.
(a) For diving conducted while using nitrox breathing-gas mixtures,the employer must
ensure that each diver remains within the no-decompression limits specified for
single and repetitive air diving and published in the 2001 NOAA Diving Manual or
the report entitled"Development and Validation of No-Stop Decompression
Procedures for Recreational Diving: The DSAT Recreational Dive Planner,"
published in 1994 by Hamilton Research Ltd. (known commonly as the "1994 DSAT
No-Decompression Tables").
(b) An employer may permit a diver to use a dive-decompression computer designed to
regulate decompression when the dive-decompression computer uses the no-
decompression limits specified in(a)of this subsection, and provides output that
reliably represents those limits.
(6) Mixing and analyzing the breathing gas.
(a) The employer must ensure that:
(i) Properly trained personnel mix nitrox-breathing gases, and that nitrogen is the
only inert gas used in the breathing-gas mixture; and
(ii) When mixing nitrox-breathing gases,they mix the appropriate breathing gas
before delivering the mixture to the breathing-gas cylinders,using the
continuous-flow or partial-pressure mixing techniques specified in the 2001
NOAA Diving Manual, or using a filter-membrane system.
Page 27
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(b) Before the start of each day's diving operations, the employer must determine the 02
fraction of the breathing-gas mixture using an 02 analyzer. In doing so,the employer
must:
(i) Ensure that the 02 analyzer is accurate to within 1% of the 02 fraction by
volume.
(ii) Maintain this accuracy as required by the manufacturer of the analyzer.
(c) When the breathing gas is a commercially supplied nitrox breathing-gas mixture,the
employer must ensure that the 02 meets the medical USP specifications(Type I,
Quality Verification Level A)or aviator's breathing-oxygen specifications(Type I,
Quality Verification Level E)of CGA G-4.3-2000(Commodity Specification for
Oxygen). In addition,the commercial supplier must:
(i) Determine the 02 fraction in the breathing-gas mixture using an analytic method
that is accurate to within 1%of the 02 fraction by volume;
(ii) Make this determination when the mixture is in the charged tank and after
disconnecting the charged tank from the charging apparatus;
(iii) Include documentation of the 02-analysis procedures and the 02 fraction when
delivering the charged tanks to the employer.
(d) Before producing nitrox breathing-gas mixtures using a compressor in which the gas
pressure in any system component exceeds 125 pounds per square inch(psi),the:
(i) Compressor manufacturer must provide the employer with documentation that
the compressor is suitable for mixing high-pressure air with the highest 02
fraction used in the nitrox breathing-gas mixture when operated according to the
manufacturer's operating and maintenance specifications;
(ii) Employer must comply with(e)of this subsection,unless the compressor is
rated for 02 service and is oil-less or oil-free; and
(iii) Employer must ensure that the compressor meets the requirements specified in
paragraphs(i)(1)and(i)(2)of§ 1910.430 whenever the highest 02 fraction used
in the mixing process exceeds 40%.
(e) Before producing nitrox breathing-gas mixtures using an oil-lubricated compressor to
mix high-pressure air with 02, and regardless of the gas pressure in any system
component,the:
(i) Employer must use only uncontaminated air(i.e.,air containing no hydrocarbon
particulates) for the nitrox breathing-gas mixture;
(ii) Compressor manufacturer must provide the employer with documentation that
the compressor is suitable for mixing the high-pressure air with the highest 02
fraction used in the nitrox breathing-gas mixture when operated according to the
manufacturer's operating and maintenance specifications;
(iii) Employer must filter the high-pressure air to produce 02-compatible air;
Page 28
Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(iv) The filter-system manufacturer must provide the employer with documentation
that the filter system used for this purpose is suitable for producing 02-
compatible air when operated according to the manufacturer's operating and
maintenance specifications; and
(v) Employer must continuously monitor the air downstream from the filter for
hydrocarbon contamination.
(f) The employer must ensure that diving equipment using nitrox breathing-gas mixtures
or pure 02 under high pressure (i.e., exceeding 125 psi)conforms to the 02-service
requirements specified in paragraphs (i)(1) and (i)(2) of§ 1910.430.
(7) Emergency egress.
(a) Regardless of the type of diving equipment used by a diver(i.e., open-circuit SCUBA
or rebreathers), the employer must ensure that the equipment contains (or
incorporates) an open-circuit emergency-egress system (a"bail-out" system) in which
the second stage of the regulator connects to a separate supply of emergency
breathing gas, and the emergency breathing gas consists of air or the same nitrox
breathing-gas mixture used during the dive.
(b) As an alternative to the "bail-out" system specified in (a) of this subsection, the
employer may use:
(i) For open-circuit SCUBA, an emergency-egress system as specified in §
1910.424 (c)(4); or
(ii) For a semiclosed-circuit and closed-circuit rebreather, a system configured so
that the second stage of the regulator connects to a reserve supply of emergency
breathing gas.
(c) The employer must obtain from the rebreather manufacturer sufficient information to
ensure that the bail-out system performs reliably and has sufficient capacity to enable
(8) Treating diving-related medical emergencies.
(a) Before each day's diving operations, the employer must:
(i) Verify that a hospital, qualified health care professionals, and the nearest Coast
Guard Coordination Center(or an equivalent rescue service operated by a state,
county, or municipal agency) are available to treat diving-related medical
emergencies;
(ii) Ensure that each dive site has a means to alert these treatment resources in a
timely manner when a diving-related medical emergency occurs; and
(iii) Ensure that transportation to a suitable decompression chamber is readily
available when no decompression chamber is at the dive site, and that this
transportation can deliver the injured diver to the decompression chamber
within four hours travel time from the dive site.
(b) The employer must ensure that portable 02 equipment is available at the dive site to
treat injured divers. In doing so, the employer must ensure that:
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(i) The equipment delivers medical-grade 02 that meets the requirements for
medical USP oxygen (Type I, Quality Verification Level A) of CGA G-4.3-
2000 (Commodity Specification for Oxygen);
(ii) The equipment delivers this 02 to a transparent mask that covers the injured
diver's nose and mouth; and
(iii) Sufficient 02 is available for administration to the injured diver from the time
the employer recognizes the symptoms of a diving-related medical emergency
until the injured diver reaches a decompression chamber for treatment.
(c) Before each day's diving operations,the employer must:
(i) Ensure that at least two attendants, either employees or nonemployees, qualified
in first-aid and administering 02 treatment, are available at the dive site to treat
diving-related medical emergencies; and
(i) Verify their qualifications for this task.
(9) Diving logs and no-decompression table.
(a) Before starting each day's diving operations, the employer must:
(i) Designate an employee or nonemployee to make entries in a diving log; and
(ii) Verify that this designee understands the diving and medical terminology, and
proper procedures, for making correct entries in the diving log.
(b) The employer must:
(i) Ensure that the diving log conforms to the requirements specified in paragraph
(d) (Record of dive) of§ 1910.423; and
(ii) Maintain a record of the dive according to § 1910.440 (Recordkeeping
requirements).
(c) The employer must ensure that a hard copy of the no-decompression tables used from
the dives (as specified in subsection (6)(a) of this section) is readily available at the
dive site, whether or not the divers use dive-decompression computers.
(10) Diver Training.
The employer must ensure that each diver receives training that enables the diver to
perform work safely and effectively while using open-circuit SCUBAs or rebreathers
supplied with nitrox breathing-gas mixtures. Accordingly, each diver must be able to
demonstrate the ability to perform critical tasks safely and effectively, including,but not
limited to: Recognizing the effects of breathing excessive CO2 and 02; taking appropriate
action after detecting excessive levels of CO2 and 02; and properly evaluating, operating,
and maintaining their diving equipment under the diving conditions they encounter.
(11) Testing protocol for determining CO2 limits of rebreather canisters.
(a) The employer must ensure that the rebreather manufacturer has used the following
procedures for determining that the CO2-sorbent material meets the specifications of
the sorbent material's manufacturer:
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(i) The North Atlantic Treating Organization CO2 absorbent-activity test;
(ii) The RoTap shaker and nested-sieves test:
(iii) The Navy Experimental Diving Unit(NEDU)-derived Schlegal test; and
(iv) The NEDU MeshFit software.
(b) The employer must ensure that the rebreather manufacturer has applied the following
canister-testing materials,methods,procedures, and statistical analyses:
(i) Use of a nitrox breathing-gas mixture that has an 02 fraction maintained at 0.28
(equivalent to 1.4 ATA of 02 at 130 fsw, the maximum 02 concentration
permitted at this depth);
(ii) While operating the rebreather at a maximum depth of 130 fsw,use of a
breathing machine to continuously ventilate the rebreather with breathing gas
that is at 100%humidity and warmed to a temperature of 98.6 degrees F (37
degrees C) in the heating-humidification chamber;
(iii) Measurement of the 02 concentration of the inhalation breathing gas delivered
to the mouthpiece:
(iv) Testing of the canisters using the three ventilation rates listed in Table I below
(with the required breathing-machine tidal volumes and frequencies, and CO2-
injection rates,provided for each ventilation rate):
Table I--Canister Testing Parameters
Ventilation rates Breathing machine Breathing machine CO2 injection rates
(Lpm, ATPS(1)) tidal volumes frequencies (Lpm, STPD(2))
(L) (breaths per min.)
22.5 1.5 15 0.90
40.0 2.0 20 1.35
62.5 2.5 25 2.25
(1)ATPS means ambient temperature and pressure, saturated with water.
(2) STPD means standard temperature and pressure, dry; the standard temperature is 32 degrees F
(0 degrees C).
(v) When using a work rate (i.e.,breathing-machine tidal volume and frequency)
other than the work rates listed in the table above, addition of the appropriate
combinations of ventilation rates and CO2-injection rates;
(vi) Performance of the CO2 injection at a constant(steady) and continuous rate
during each testing trial;
(vii) Determination of canister duration using a minimum of four water temperatures,
including 40, 50, 70, and 90 degrees F (4.4, 10.0, 21.1, and 32.2 degrees C,
respectively);
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Chapter 296-37 WAC Commercial Diving Operations
(viii)Monitoring of the breathing-gas temperature at the rebreather mouthpiece(at
the "chrome T"connector) and ensuring that this temperature conforms to the
temperature of a diver's exhaled breath at the water temperature and ventilation
rate used during the initial testing trail;(')
(ix) Implementation of at least eight testing trials for each combination of
temperature and ventilation-0O2-injection rates (for example, eight testing trials
at 40 degrees F using a ventilation rate of 22.5 Lpm at a CO2-injection rate of
0.90 Lpm);
(x) Allowing the water temperature to vary no more than 2.0 degrees F (1.0 degree
C) between each of the eight testing trials, and no more than 1.0 degree F (0.5
degree C)within each testing trial;
(xi) Use of the average temperature for each set of eight testing trials in the
statistical analysis of the testing-trial results, with the testing-trial results being
the time taken for the inhaled breathing gas to reach 0.005 ATA of CO2 (i.e., the
canister-duration results);
(xii) Analysis of the canister-duration results using the repeated-measures statistics
described in NEDU Report 2-99;
(xiii) Specification of the replacement schedule for the CO2-sorbent materials in
terms of the lower prediction line (or limit) of the 95%confidence interval; and
(xiv) Derivation of replacement schedules only by interpolating among, but not
extrapolating beyond, the depth, water temperatures, and exercise levels used
during canister testing.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,and.060. 04-18-078(Order 04-22),§296-37-595,filed 08/31/04,effective
11/01/04].
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