HomeMy WebLinkAbout04- SOILS REPORTUnited States
Department of
Agriculture
A product of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey,
a joint effort of the United
States Department of
Agriculture and other
Federal agencies, State
agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment
Stations, and local
participants
Custom Soil Resource
Report for
Jefferson County
Area, Washington
Burkhart Property
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service
June 28, 2021
*Exhibit D*
Preface
Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas.
They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information
about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for
many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban
planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers.
Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste
disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand,
protect, or enhance the environment.
Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose
special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil
properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions.
The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of
soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for
identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.
Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area
planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some
cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/
portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering
applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center
(https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053951).
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are
seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a
foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to
basements or underground installations.
The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States
Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey.
Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available
through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its
programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a
part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
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alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice
and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or
call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
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Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................2
How Soil Surveys Are Made..................................................................................5
Soil Map..................................................................................................................8
Soil Map................................................................................................................9
Legend................................................................................................................10
Map Unit Legend................................................................................................11
Map Unit Descriptions.........................................................................................11
Jefferson County Area, Washington...............................................................13
AmD—Alderwood gravelly loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes..........................13
CfD—Cassolary sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes................................14
SnC—Sinclair gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes........................15
SnD—Sinclair gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes......................16
Soil Information for Forestland...........................................................................18
Suitabilities and Limitations for Use....................................................................18
Land Management..........................................................................................18
Compaction Potential (WA).........................................................................18
Potential for Seedling Mortality....................................................................24
Suitability for Hand Planting........................................................................28
Windthrow Hazard (WA)..............................................................................32
Vegetative Productivity....................................................................................38
Forest Productivity (Tree Site Index): Douglas-fir (King 1966 (795))...........38
Soil Reports........................................................................................................42
Land Management..........................................................................................42
Damage by Fire and Seedling Mortality on Forestland...............................42
Forestland Planting and Harvesting............................................................44
Vegetative Productivity....................................................................................45
Forestland Productivity................................................................................46
Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification, Productivity, and
Plant Composition.................................................................................47
References............................................................................................................51
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How Soil Surveys Are Made
Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous
areas in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous
areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and
limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length,
and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and
native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil
profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The
profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the
soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is
devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other
biological activity.
Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource
areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that
share common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water
resources, soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey
areas typically consist of parts of one or more MLRA.
The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that
is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the
area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind
of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and
miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific
segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they
were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict
with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a
specific location on the landscape.
Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their
characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil
scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only
a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented
by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to
verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.
Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They
noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock
fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them
to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their
properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).
Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil
characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for
comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic
classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character
of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil
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scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the
individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that
they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and
research.
The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the
objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that
have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a
unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable
proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components
of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way
diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such
landforms and landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite
investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.
Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map.
The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of
mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape,
and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the
soil-landscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at
specific locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller
number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded.
These measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color,
depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for
content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil
typically vary from one point to another across the landscape.
Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of
characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct
measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit
component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other
properties.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally
are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists
interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed
characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the
soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through
observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management.
Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new
interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other
sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of
specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management
are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same
kinds of soil.
Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on
such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over
long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example,
soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will
have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict
that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.
After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the
survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and
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identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings,
fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.
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Soil Map
The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of
soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols
displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.
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Custom Soil Resource Report
Soil Map
53161205316170531622053162705316320531637053164205316120531617053162205316270531632053163705316420520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
48° 0' 3'' N 122° 43' 49'' W48° 0' 3'' N122° 43' 23'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 49'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 100 200 400 600
Feet
0 35 70 140 210
Meters
Map Scale: 1:2,450 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Map Unit Polygons
Soil Map Unit Lines
Soil Map Unit Points
Special Point Features
Blowout
Borrow Pit
Clay Spot
Closed Depression
Gravel Pit
Gravelly Spot
Landfill
Lava Flow
Marsh or swamp
Mine or Quarry
Miscellaneous Water
Perennial Water
Rock Outcrop
Saline Spot
Sandy Spot
Severely Eroded Spot
Sinkhole
Slide or Slip
Sodic Spot
Spoil Area
Stony Spot
Very Stony Spot
Wet Spot
Other
Special Line Features
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:20,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Jefferson County Area, Washington
Survey Area Data: Version 19, Jun 4, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 27, 2019—May
10, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
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Map Unit Legend
Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
AmD Alderwood gravelly loam, 15 to
30 percent slopes
2.1 9.8%
CfD Cassolary sandy loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes
11.2 51.8%
SnC Sinclair gravelly sandy loam, 0
to 15 percent slopes
6.3 29.1%
SnD Sinclair gravelly sandy loam, 15
to 30 percent slopes
2.0 9.3%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.
Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and
miscellaneous areas on the landscape.
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The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the
usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate
pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The
delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous
areas.
An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.
Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil
properties and qualities.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for
differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major
horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,
salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas
shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha
silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.
These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.
A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate
pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.
The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar
in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.
An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or
miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present
or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The
pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat
similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas
that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar
interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion
of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made
up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.
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Jefferson County Area, Washington
AmD—Alderwood gravelly loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2t62j
Elevation: 50 to 800 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 60 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 52 degrees F
Frost-free period: 160 to 240 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Alderwood and similar soils:85 percent
Minor components:15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Alderwood
Setting
Landform:Ridges, hills
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope, nose slope, talf
Down-slope shape:Linear, convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Glacial drift and/or glacial outwash over dense glaciomarine
deposits
Typical profile
A - 0 to 7 inches: gravelly loam
Bw1 - 7 to 21 inches: very gravelly sandy loam
Bw2 - 21 to 30 inches: very gravelly sandy loam
Bg - 30 to 35 inches: very gravelly sandy loam
2Cd1 - 35 to 43 inches: very gravelly sandy loam
2Cd2 - 43 to 59 inches: very gravelly sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope:15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 39 inches to densic material
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Very low to moderately
low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 18 to 37 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Forage suitability group: Limited Depth Soils (G002XF303WA)
Other vegetative classification: Limited Depth Soils (G002XF303WA)
Hydric soil rating: No
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Minor Components
Everett
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Kames, eskers, moraines
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
Mckenna
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Depressions, drainageways
Landform position (three-dimensional):Dip
Down-slope shape:Concave, linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Shalcar
Percent of map unit:3 percent
Landform:Depressions
Landform position (three-dimensional):Dip
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Norma
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Depressions, drainageways
Landform position (three-dimensional):Dip
Down-slope shape:Concave, linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Hydric soil rating: Yes
CfD—Cassolary sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2gqc
Elevation: 50 to 500 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 16 to 30 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 50 degrees F
Frost-free period: 160 to 200 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Cassolary and similar soils:100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
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Description of Cassolary
Setting
Landform:Terraces
Parent material:Glacial drift and/or marine deposits
Typical profile
H1 - 0 to 3 inches: sandy loam
H2 - 3 to 23 inches: sandy loam
H3 - 23 to 49 inches: stratified fine sandy loam to silty clay loam
H4 - 49 to 60 inches: sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Well drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20
to 0.57 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 20 to 32 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Moderate (about 8.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Forage suitability group: Sloping to Steep Soils (G002XN702WA)
Other vegetative classification: Sloping to Steep Soils (G002XN702WA)
Hydric soil rating: No
SnC—Sinclair gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2gt6
Elevation: 100 to 690 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 50 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 50 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Sinclair and similar soils:100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Sinclair
Setting
Landform:Terraces
Parent material:Basal till
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Typical profile
H1 - 0 to 8 inches: gravelly sandy loam
H2 - 8 to 25 inches: gravelly sandy loam
H3 - 25 to 60 inches: gravelly sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 15 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 40 inches to densic material
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Very low to moderately
low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 18 to 36 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.3 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4s
Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D
Forage suitability group: Limited Depth Soils (G002XN302WA)
Other vegetative classification: Limited Depth Soils (G002XN302WA)
Hydric soil rating: No
SnD—Sinclair gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2gt7
Elevation: 50 to 690 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 50 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 50 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Sinclair and similar soils:100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Sinclair
Setting
Landform:Terraces
Parent material:Basal till
Typical profile
H1 - 0 to 8 inches: gravelly sandy loam
H2 - 8 to 25 inches: gravelly sandy loam
H3 - 25 to 60 inches: gravelly sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope:15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 40 inches to densic material
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Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Very low to moderately
low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 18 to 36 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.3 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D
Forage suitability group: Limited Depth Soils (G002XN302WA)
Other vegetative classification: Limited Depth Soils (G002XN302WA)
Hydric soil rating: No
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Soil Information for Forestland
Suitabilities and Limitations for Use
The Suitabilities and Limitations for Use section includes various soil interpretations
displayed as thematic maps with a summary table for the soil map units in the
selected area of interest. A single value or rating for each map unit is generated by
aggregating the interpretive ratings of individual map unit components. This
aggregation process is defined for each interpretation.
Land Management
Land management interpretations are tools designed to guide the user in evaluating
existing conditions in planning and predicting the soil response to various land
management practices, for a variety of land uses, including cropland, forestland,
hayland, pastureland, horticulture, and rangeland. Example interpretations include
suitability for a variety of irrigation practices, log landings, haul roads and major skid
trails, equipment operability, site preparation, suitability for hand and mechanical
planting, potential erosion hazard associated with various practices, and ratings for
fencing and waterline installation.
Compaction Potential (WA)
This interpretation is designed to predict the potential for soil compaction from
operation of ground-based equipment for forest harvesting and site preparation
activities when soils are moist. Soil compaction reduces porosity and increases bulk
density by reducing the interaggregate pore space.
Compacted soils are less favorable for good plant growth because of high soil bulk
density and hardness, reduced pore space, and poor aeration and drainage. Root
penetration and growth is decreased in compacted soils because the hardness or
strength of these soils prevents the expansion of roots. Supplies of air, water, and
nutrients that roots need are also less favorable when compaction decreases soil
porosity and drainage.
Interpretation ratings are based on soil properties in the upper 12 inches of the
profile. Factors considered are soil texture, soil structure, and rock fragment
content. Initial ratings are based on the following soil texture groups:
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Low compaction potential: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, loamy coarse sand, sand,
fine sand, coarse sand
Medium compaction potential: silty clay, clay, sandy clay, sandy clay loam, sandy
loams with less than 15 percent clay
High compaction potential: loam, silt, silt loam, silty clay loam, very fine sandy loam,
sandy loams with 15 percent or more clay.
Ratings are reduced by one class, such as from "high" to "medium" for strong soil
structure grade. Ratings are reduced by one class for rock fragment content of 35 to
60 percent by volume, and are reduced by two classes for rock fragment content of
greater than 60 percent.
The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the soil
compaction potential.
A "High" rating indicates that the potential for compaction is significant. The growth
rate of seedlings will be reduced following compaction. After initial compaction, this
soil is still able to support standard equipment, but will continue to compact with
each subsequent pass. The soil is moisture sensitive, exhibiting large changes in
density with changing moisture content.
A "Medium" rating indicates that the potential for compaction is significant. The
growth rate of seedlings may be reduced following compaction. After the initial
compaction (i.e., the first equipment pass), this soil is able to support standard
equipment with only minimal increases in soil density. The soil is intermediate
between moisture insensitive and moisture sensitive.
A "Low" rating indicates that the potential for compaction is insignificant. This soil is
able to support standard equipment with minimal compaction. The soil is moisture
insensitive, exhibiting only small changes in density with changing moisture content.
Numerical ratings indicate the soil compaction potential The ratings are shown in
decimal fractions ranging from 1.00 to 0.00. They indicate gradations between the
point where compaction potential is highest (1.00) and the point at which
compaction potential is lowest (0.00).
The map unit components listed for each map unit in the accompanying Summary
by Map Unit table in Web Soil Survey or the Aggregation Report in Soil Data Viewer
are determined by the aggregation method chosen. An aggregated rating class is
shown for each map unit. The components listed for each map unit are only those
that have the same rating class as listed for the map unit. The percent composition
of each component in a particular map unit is presented to help the user better
understand the percentage of each map unit that has the rating presented.
Other components with different ratings may be present in each map unit. The
ratings for all components, regardless of the map unit aggregated rating, can be
viewed by generating the equivalent report from the Soil Reports tab in Web Soil
Custom Soil Resource Report
19
Survey. Onsite investigation may be needed to validate these interpretations and to
confirm the identity of the soil on a given site.
Custom Soil Resource Report
20
21
Custom Soil Resource Report
Map—Compaction Potential (WA)53161205316170531622053162705316320531637053164205316120531617053162205316270531632053163705316420520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
48° 0' 3'' N 122° 43' 49'' W48° 0' 3'' N122° 43' 23'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 49'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 100 200 400 600
Feet
0 35 70 140 210
Meters
Map Scale: 1:2,450 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Rating Polygons
High
Medium
Low
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Lines
High
Medium
Low
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Points
High
Medium
Low
Not rated or not available
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:20,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Jefferson County Area, Washington
Survey Area Data: Version 19, Jun 4, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 27, 2019—May
10, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Custom Soil Resource Report
22
Tables—Compaction Potential (WA)
Map unit
symbol
Map unit name Rating Component
name (percent)
Rating reasons
(numeric
values)
Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
AmD Alderwood
gravelly loam,
15 to 30
percent slopes
High Alderwood (85%)Soil texture, 0-12
inches (1.00)
2.1 9.8%
Rock fragments,
0-12 inches
(1.00)
Soil structure
grade, 0-12
inches (1.00)
McKenna (5%)Soil texture, 0-12
inches (1.00)
Rock fragments,
0-12 inches
(1.00)
Soil structure
grade, 0-12
inches (1.00)
Norma (2%)Soil texture, 0-12
inches (1.00)
Rock fragments,
0-12 inches
(1.00)
Soil structure
grade, 0-12
inches (1.00)
CfD Cassolary sandy
loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes
Medium Cassolary
(100%)
Rock fragments,
0-12 inches
(1.00)
11.2 51.8%
Soil structure
grade, 0-12
inches (1.00)
Soil texture, 0-12
inches (0.50)
SnC Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 0
to 15 percent
slopes
Medium Sinclair (100%)Rock fragments,
0-12 inches
(1.00)
6.3 29.1%
Soil structure
grade, 0-12
inches (1.00)
Soil texture, 0-12
inches (0.50)
SnD Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 15
to 30 percent
slopes
Medium Sinclair (100%)Rock fragments,
0-12 inches
(1.00)
2.0 9.3%
Soil structure
grade, 0-12
inches (1.00)
Custom Soil Resource Report
23
Map unit
symbol
Map unit name Rating Component
name (percent)
Rating reasons
(numeric
values)
Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Soil texture, 0-12
inches (0.50)
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Medium 19.5 90.2%
High 2.1 9.8%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Options—Compaction Potential (WA)
Aggregation Method: Dominant Condition
Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher
Potential for Seedling Mortality
The ratings in this interpretation indicate the likelihood of death of naturally or
artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristics,
physiographic features, and climatic conditions. Considered in the ratings are
flooding, ponding, depth to a water table, content of lime, reaction, available water
capacity, soil moisture regime, soil temperature regime, aspect, and slope.
The ratings are both verbal and numerical. The soils are described as having a
"low," "moderate," or "high" potential for seedling mortality. "Low" indicates that
seedling mortality is unlikely. Good performance can be expected, and little or no
maintenance is needed. "Moderate" indicates that seedling mortality can occur
because one or more soil properties are less than desirable. Fair performance can
be expected, and some maintenance is needed. "High" indicates that seedling
mortality can occur because of one or more soil properties and that overcoming the
unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly
alteration.
Numerical ratings indicate gradations between the point at which the potential for
seedling mortality is highest (1.00) and the point at which the potential is lowest
(0.00).
The map unit components listed for each map unit in the accompanying Summary
by Map Unit table in Web Soil Survey or the Aggregation Report in Soil Data Viewer
are determined by the aggregation method chosen. An aggregated rating class is
shown for each map unit. The components listed for each map unit are only those
that have the same rating class as listed for the map unit. The percent composition
Custom Soil Resource Report
24
of each component in a particular map unit is presented to help the user better
understand the percentage of each map unit that has the rating presented.
Other components with different ratings may be present in each map unit. The
ratings for all components, regardless of the map unit aggregated rating, can be
viewed by generating the equivalent report from the Soil Reports tab in Web Soil
Survey or from the Soil Data Mart site. Onsite investigation may be needed to
validate these interpretations and to confirm the identity of the soil on a given site.
Custom Soil Resource Report
25
26
Custom Soil Resource Report
Map—Potential for Seedling Mortality
53161205316170531622053162705316320531637053164205316120531617053162205316270531632053163705316420520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
48° 0' 3'' N 122° 43' 49'' W48° 0' 3'' N122° 43' 23'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 49'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 100 200 400 600
Feet
0 35 70 140 210
Meters
Map Scale: 1:2,450 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Rating Polygons
High
Moderate
Low
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Lines
High
Moderate
Low
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Points
High
Moderate
Low
Not rated or not available
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:20,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Jefferson County Area, Washington
Survey Area Data: Version 19, Jun 4, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 27, 2019—May
10, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Custom Soil Resource Report
27
Tables—Potential for Seedling Mortality
Map unit
symbol
Map unit name Rating Component
name (percent)
Rating reasons
(numeric
values)
Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
AmD Alderwood
gravelly loam,
15 to 30
percent slopes
Moderate Alderwood (85%)Available water
(0.50)
2.1 9.8%
CfD Cassolary sandy
loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes
Low Cassolary
(100%)
11.2 51.8%
SnC Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 0
to 15 percent
slopes
High Sinclair (100%)Available water
(1.00)
6.3 29.1%
SnD Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 15
to 30 percent
slopes
High Sinclair (100%)Available water
(1.00)
2.0 9.3%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Low 11.2 51.8%
High 8.3 38.3%
Moderate 2.1 9.8%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Options—Potential for Seedling Mortality
Aggregation Method: Dominant Condition
Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher
Suitability for Hand Planting
Ratings for this interpretation indicate the expected difficulty of hand planting of
forestland plants. The ratings are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer,
content of sand, plasticity index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a
water table, and ponding. It is assumed that necessary site preparation is
completed before seedlings are planted.
The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the degree to
which the soils are suited to this aspect of forestland management. "Well suited"
indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified management
aspect and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no
Custom Soil Resource Report
28
maintenance is needed. "Moderately suited" indicates that the soil has features that
are moderately favorable for the specified management aspect. One or more soil
properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some
maintenance is needed. "Poorly suited" indicates that the soil has one or more
properties that are unfavorable for the specified management aspect. Overcoming
the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly
alteration. "Unsuited" indicates that the expected performance of the soil is
unacceptable for the specified management aspect or that extreme measures are
needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties.
Numerical ratings indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are
shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to 1.00. They indicate gradations
between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the
specified aspect of forestland management (1.00) and the point at which the soil
feature is not a limitation (0.00).
The map unit components listed for each map unit in the accompanying Summary
by Map Unit table in Web Soil Survey or the Aggregation Report in Soil Data Viewer
are determined by the aggregation method chosen. An aggregated rating class is
shown for each map unit. The components listed for each map unit are only those
that have the same rating class as listed for the map unit. The percent composition
of each component in a particular map unit is presented to help the user better
understand the percentage of each map unit that has the rating presented.
Other components with different ratings may be present in each map unit. The
ratings for all components, regardless of the map unit aggregated rating, can be
viewed by generating the equivalent report from the Soil Reports tab in Web Soil
Survey or from the Soil Data Mart site. Onsite investigation may be needed to
validate these interpretations and to confirm the identity of the soil on a given site.
Custom Soil Resource Report
29
30
Custom Soil Resource Report
Map—Suitability for Hand Planting
53161205316170531622053162705316320531637053164205316120531617053162205316270531632053163705316420520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
48° 0' 3'' N 122° 43' 49'' W48° 0' 3'' N122° 43' 23'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 49'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 100 200 400 600
Feet
0 35 70 140 210
Meters
Map Scale: 1:2,450 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Rating Polygons
Unsuited
Poorly suited
Moderately suited
Well suited
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Lines
Unsuited
Poorly suited
Moderately suited
Well suited
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Points
Unsuited
Poorly suited
Moderately suited
Well suited
Not rated or not available
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:20,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Jefferson County Area, Washington
Survey Area Data: Version 19, Jun 4, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 27, 2019—May
10, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Custom Soil Resource Report
31
Tables—Suitability for Hand Planting
Map unit
symbol
Map unit name Rating Component
name (percent)
Rating reasons
(numeric
values)
Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
AmD Alderwood
gravelly loam,
15 to 30
percent slopes
Moderately
suited
Alderwood (85%)Rock fragments
(0.50)
2.1 9.8%
CfD Cassolary sandy
loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes
Well suited Cassolary
(100%)
11.2 51.8%
SnC Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 0
to 15 percent
slopes
Moderately
suited
Sinclair (100%)Sandiness (0.50)6.3 29.1%
SnD Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 15
to 30 percent
slopes
Moderately
suited
Sinclair (100%)Sandiness (0.50)2.0 9.3%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Well suited 11.2 51.8%
Moderately suited 10.4 48.2%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Options—Suitability for Hand Planting
Aggregation Method: Dominant Condition
Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher
Windthrow Hazard (WA)
This interpretation is designed to predict windthrow hazard for commercial forest
tree species when the soils have a high moisture content. Wind is a major cause of
damage in North American forests. In addition to lost timber revenue, windthrow
creates a number of problems for forest managers. Windthrown trees provide bark
beetle habitat, increase fuel loading, and limit the mobility of wildlife and
recreationists. Salvage of windthrow is dangerous and costly, and disrupts
silvicultural and integrated resource management planning. Freshly exposed stand
edges and partially cut stands are particularly prone to wind damage.
Factors considered in the ratings include depth to root-restricting layers such as
bedrock and dense glacial till, depth to a seasonal high water table, landform
Custom Soil Resource Report
32
positions that are exposed to high winds such as mountain ridges, and content of
volcanic cinders and pumice. Rating classes for windthrow hazard are "Low',
"Medium" and "High", based on the following criteria:
• Depth to root-restricting layer
Low - Greater than or equal to 100 cm
Medium - 50 to 99 cm
High - Less than 50 cm
• Depth to seasonal high water table
Low - Greater than or equal to 100 cm
Medium - 50 to 99 cm
High - Less than 50 cm
• Landform positions exposed to high winds
The following term are used to identify these landform positions. Rating classes are
increased by one class, such as from "Low" to "Medium" if these landform positions
are associated with a soil map unit component and depth to root-restricting layer or
water table is less than 100 cm.
Landform - ridge
Hillslope profile - summit
Geomorphic component, mountains - mountaintop
Geomorphic component, hills - interfluve
• Cindery or Pumiceous Taxonomic Particle-Size Class - The rating classes are
increased by one rating class, such as from "Medium" to "High" for soils in these
particle-size classes. These soils have weak cohesion between soil particles, which
makes them more susceptible to windthrow.
The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the
windthrow hazard. Numerical rating are shown in decimal fractions ranging from
1.00 to 0.00. They indicate gradations between the point where windthrow hazard is
highest (1.00) and the point at which windthrow hazard is lowest (0.00).
The map unit components listed for each map unit in the accompanying Summary
by Map Unit table in Web Soil Survey or the Aggregation Report in Soil Data Viewer
are determined by the aggregation method chosen. An aggregated rating class is
shown for each map unit. The components listed for each map unit are only those
Custom Soil Resource Report
33
that have the same rating class as listed for the map unit. The percent composition
of each component in a particular map unit is presented to help the user better
understand the percentage of each map unit that has the rating presented.
Other components with different ratings may be present in each map unit. The
ratings for all components, regardless of the map unit aggregated rating, can be
viewed by generating the equivalent report from the Soil Reports tab in Web Soil
Survey. Onsite investigation may be needed to validate these interpretations and to
confirm the identity of the soil on a given site.
Custom Soil Resource Report
34
35
Custom Soil Resource Report
Map—Windthrow Hazard (WA)53161205316170531622053162705316320531637053164205316120531617053162205316270531632053163705316420520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
48° 0' 3'' N 122° 43' 49'' W48° 0' 3'' N122° 43' 23'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 49'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 100 200 400 600
Feet
0 35 70 140 210
Meters
Map Scale: 1:2,450 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Rating Polygons
High
Medium
Low
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Lines
High
Medium
Low
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Points
High
Medium
Low
Not rated or not available
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:20,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Jefferson County Area, Washington
Survey Area Data: Version 19, Jun 4, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 27, 2019—May
10, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Custom Soil Resource Report
36
Tables—Windthrow Hazard (WA)
Map unit
symbol
Map unit name Rating Component
name (percent)
Rating reasons
(numeric
values)
Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
AmD Alderwood
gravelly loam,
15 to 30
percent slopes
High Alderwood (85%)Depth to root-
restricting layer
(0.50)
2.1 9.8%
Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(0.50)
Exposed
landform
position (0.50)
McKenna (5%)Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(1.00)
Depth to root-
restricting layer
(0.50)
Shalcar (3%)Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(1.00)
Norma (2%)Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(1.00)
CfD Cassolary sandy
loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes
Medium Cassolary
(100%)
Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(0.50)
11.2 51.8%
SnC Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 0
to 15 percent
slopes
Medium Sinclair (100%)Depth to root-
restricting layer
(0.50)
6.3 29.1%
Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(0.50)
SnD Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 15
to 30 percent
slopes
Medium Sinclair (100%)Depth to root-
restricting layer
(0.50)
2.0 9.3%
Depth to
seasonal high
water table
(0.50)
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Medium 19.5 90.2%
Custom Soil Resource Report
37
Rating Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
High 2.1 9.8%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Options—Windthrow Hazard (WA)
Aggregation Method: Dominant Condition
Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher
Vegetative Productivity
Vegetative productivity includes estimates of potential vegetative production for a
variety of land uses, including cropland, forestland, hayland, pastureland,
horticulture and rangeland. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop
yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the
map unit level. Attributes are included for both, although only one or the other is
likely to contain data for any given geographic area. For other land uses,
productivity data is shown only at the map unit component level. Examples include
potential crop yields under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions, forest productivity,
forest site index, and total rangeland production under of normal, favorable and
unfavorable conditions.
Forest Productivity (Tree Site Index): Douglas-fir (King
1966 (795))
The "site index" is the average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees
of a given species attain in a specified number of years. The site index applies to
fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands.
This attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the database. A low
value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the soil component. A
"representative" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the
component. For this attribute, only the representative value is used.
Custom Soil Resource Report
38
39
Custom Soil Resource Report
Map—Forest Productivity (Tree Site Index): Douglas-fir (King 1966 (795))53161205316170531622053162705316320531637053164205316120531617053162205316270531632053163705316420520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
520130 520180 520230 520280 520330 520380 520430 520480 520530 520580 520630
48° 0' 3'' N 122° 43' 49'' W48° 0' 3'' N122° 43' 23'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 49'' W47° 59' 52'' N
122° 43' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 100 200 400 600
Feet
0 35 70 140 210
Meters
Map Scale: 1:2,450 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Rating Polygons
<= 105
> 105 and <= 110
> 110 and <= 111
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Lines
<= 105
> 105 and <= 110
> 110 and <= 111
Not rated or not available
Soil Rating Points
<= 105
> 105 and <= 110
> 110 and <= 111
Not rated or not available
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:20,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Jefferson County Area, Washington
Survey Area Data: Version 19, Jun 4, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 27, 2019—May
10, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Custom Soil Resource Report
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Table—Forest Productivity (Tree Site Index): Douglas-fir (King
1966 (795))
Map unit symbol Map unit name Rating (feet)Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
AmD Alderwood gravelly loam,
15 to 30 percent
slopes
111 2.1 9.8%
CfD Cassolary sandy loam,
15 to 30 percent
slopes
110 11.2 51.8%
SnC Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 0 to 15 percent
slopes
105 6.3 29.1%
SnD Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 15 to 30 percent
slopes
105 2.0 9.3%
Totals for Area of Interest 21.6 100.0%
Rating Options—Forest Productivity (Tree Site Index): Douglas-
fir (King 1966 (795))
Units of Measure: feet
Tree: Douglas-fir
Site Index Base: King 1966 (795)
Aggregation Method: Dominant Component
Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher
Interpret Nulls as Zero: No
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Soil Reports
The Soil Reports section includes various formatted tabular and narrative reports
(tables) containing data for each selected soil map unit and each component of
each unit. No aggregation of data has occurred as is done in reports in the Soil
Properties and Qualities and Suitabilities and Limitations sections.
The reports contain soil interpretive information as well as basic soil properties and
qualities. A description of each report (table) is included.
Land Management
This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil interpretations
related to land management. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and
components for each map unit, limiting features and interpretive ratings. Land
management interpretations are tools designed to guide the user in evaluating
existing conditions in planning and predicting the soil response to various land
management practices, for a variety of land uses, including cropland, forestland,
hayland, pastureland, horticulture, and rangeland. Example interpretations include
suitability for a variety of irrigation practices, log landings, haul roads and major skid
trails, equipment operability, site preparation, suitability for hand and mechanical
planting, potential erosion hazard associated with various practices, and ratings for
fencing and waterline installation.
Damage by Fire and Seedling Mortality on Forestland
This table can help forestland owners or managers plan the use of soils for wood
crops. Interpretive ratings are given for the soils according to the limitations that
affect the potential for fire damage and for seedling mortality. The ratings are both
verbal and numerical.
Rating class terms indicate the potential for fire damage and for seedling mortality.
Low indicates that the soil has features that reduce its potential for fire damage or
seedling mortality. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance
is needed. Moderate indicates that the soil has features that result in a moderate
potential for fire damage or seedling mortality. One or more soil properties are less
than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is
needed. High indicates that the soil has one or more properties that result in a high
potential for fire damage or seedling mortality. Overcoming the unfavorable
properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration.
Numerical ratings in the table indicate gradations between the point at which the
potential for fire damage or seedling mortality is highest (1.00) and the point at
which the potential is lowest (0.00).
The paragraphs that follow indicate the soil properties considered in rating the soils.
More detailed information about the criteria used in the ratings is available in the
"National Forestry Manual," which is available in local offices of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service or on the Internet.
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Ratings in the column potential for damage to soil by fire are based on texture of the
surface layer, content of rock fragments and organic matter in the surface layer,
thickness of the surface layer, and slope. The soils are described as having a low,
moderate, or high potential for this kind of damage. The ratings indicate an
evaluation of the potential impact of prescribed fires or wildfires that are intense
enough to remove the duff layer and consume organic matter in the surface layer.
Ratings in the column potential for seedling mortality are based on flooding,
ponding, depth to a water table, content of lime, reaction, salinity, available water
capacity, soil moisture regime, soil temperature regime, aspect, and slope. The soils
are described as having a low, moderate, or high potential for seedling mortality.
Reference:
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
National forestry manual.
Report—Damage by Fire and Seedling Mortality on Forestland
[Onsite investigation may be needed to validate the interpretations in this table and
to confirm the identity of the soil on a given site. The numbers in the value columns
range from 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the potential limitation.
The table shows only the top five limitations for any given soil. The soil may have
additional limitations]
Damage by Fire and Seedling Mortality on Forestland–Jefferson County Area, Washington
Map symbol and soil name Pct. of
map unit
Potential for damage to soil by fire Potential for seedling mortality
Rating class and limiting
features
Value Rating class and limiting
features
Value
AmD—Alderwood gravelly
loam, 15 to 30 percent
slopes
Alderwood 85 Low Moderate
Available water 0.50
CfD—Cassolary sandy loam,
15 to 30 percent slopes
Cassolary 100 Low Low
Texture/surface depth/rock
fragments
0.10
SnC—Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes
Sinclair 100 Low High
Available water 1.00
SnD—Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 15 to 30 percent
slopes
Sinclair 100 Low High
Available water 1.00
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Forestland Planting and Harvesting
This table can help forestland owners or managers plan the use of soils for wood
crops. Interpretive ratings are given for the soils according to the limitations that
affect planting and harvesting on forestland. The ratings are both verbal and
numerical.
Rating class terms indicate the degree to which the soils are suited to a specified
aspect of forestland management. Well suited indicates that the soil has features
that are favorable for the specified management aspect and has no limitations.
Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed.
Moderately suited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable
for the specified management aspect. One or more soil properties are less than
desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed.
Poorly suited indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable
for the specified management aspect. Overcoming the unfavorable properties
requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. Unsuited indicates
that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified
management aspect or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the
undesirable soil properties.
Numerical ratings in the table indicate the severity of individual limitations. The
ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to 1.00. They indicate
gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative
impact on the specified aspect of forestland management (1.00) and the point at
which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00).
The paragraphs that follow indicate the soil properties considered in rating the soils.
More detailed information about the criteria used in the ratings is available in the
"National Forestry Manual," which is available in local offices of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service or on the Internet.
Ratings in the columns suitability for hand planting and suitability for mechanical
planting are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, content of sand, plasticity
index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding.
The soils are described as well suited, moderately suited, poorly suited, or unsuited
to these methods of planting. It is assumed that necessary site preparation is
completed before seedlings are planted.
Ratings in the column suitability for use of harvesting equipment are based on
slope, rock fragments on the surface, plasticity index, content of sand, the Unified
classification, depth to a water table, and ponding. The soils are described as well
suited, moderately suited, or poorly suited to this use.
Reference:
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
National forestry manual.
Report—Forestland Planting and Harvesting
[Onsite investigation may be needed to validate the interpretations in this table and
to confirm the identity of the soil on a given site. The numbers in the value columns
range from 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the potential limitation.
Custom Soil Resource Report
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The table shows only the top five limitations for any given soil. The soil may have
additional limitations]
Forestland Planting and Harvesting–Jefferson County Area, Washington
Map symbol and soil
name
Pct. of
map
unit
Suitability for hand planting Suitability for use of
harvesting equipment
Suitability for mechanical
planting
Rating class and
limiting features
Value Rating class and
limiting features
Value Rating class and
limiting features
Value
CfD—Cassolary sandy
loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes
Cassolary 100 Well suited Moderately suited Unsuited
Slope 0.50 Slope 0.90
Dusty 0.01
SnC—Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 0 to 15
percent slopes
Sinclair 100 Moderately suited Moderately suited Poorly suited
Sandiness 0.50 Sandiness 0.50 Rock fragments 0.68
Dusty 0.01 Sandiness 0.25
Slope 0.20
SnD—Sinclair gravelly
sandy loam, 15 to
30 percent slopes
Sinclair 100 Moderately suited Moderately suited Unsuited
Sandiness 0.50 Sandiness 0.50 Slope 0.90
Slope 0.50 Rock fragments 0.68
Dusty 0.01 Sandiness 0.25
AmD—Alderwood
gravelly loam, 15 to
30 percent slopes
Alderwood 85 Moderately suited Moderately suited Unsuited
Rock fragments 0.50 Slope 0.50 Slope 0.85
Dusty 0.01 Rock fragments 0.81
Vegetative Productivity
This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present vegetative
productivity data. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and
components for each map unit. Vegetative productivity includes estimates of
potential vegetative production for a variety of land uses, including cropland,
forestland, hayland, pastureland, horticulture and rangeland. In the underlying
database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component.
Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included for both,
although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic
area. For other land uses, productivity data is shown only at the map unit
component level. Examples include potential crop yields under irrigated and
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nonirrigated conditions, forest productivity, forest site index, and total rangeland
production under of normal, favorable and unfavorable conditions.
Forestland Productivity
This table can help forestland owners or managers plan the use of soils for wood
crops. It shows the potential productivity of the soils for wood crops.
Potential productivity of merchantable or common trees on a soil is expressed as a
site index and as a volume number. The site index is the average height, in feet,
that dominant and codominant trees of a given species attain in a specified number
of years. The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands.
Commonly grown trees are those that forestland managers generally favor in
intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis of growth
rate, quality, value, and marketability. More detailed information regarding site index
is available in the "National Forestry Manual," which is available in local offices of
the Natural Resources Conservation Service or on the Internet.
The volume of wood fiber, a number, is the yield likely to be produced by the most
important tree species. This number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year and
calculated at the age of culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI), indicates
the amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand.
Trees to manage are those that are preferred for planting, seeding, or natural
regeneration and those that remain in the stand after thinning or partial harvest.
Reference:
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
National Forestry Manual.
Report—Forestland Productivity
Forestland Productivity–Jefferson County Area, Washington
Map unit symbol and soil
name
Potential productivity Trees to manage
Common trees Site Index Volume of
wood fiber
Cu ft/ac/yr
AmD—Alderwood gravelly
loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Alderwood Douglas-fir 111 157.00 Douglas-fir, Red alder
Pacific madrone ——
Red alder ——
Western hemlock ——
Western redcedar ——
CfD—Cassolary sandy loam, 15
to 30 percent slopes
Cassolary Douglas-fir 110 157.00 Douglas-fir
Western hemlock ——
Western redcedar ——
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Forestland Productivity–Jefferson County Area, Washington
Map unit symbol and soil
name
Potential productivity Trees to manage
Common trees Site Index Volume of
wood fiber
Cu ft/ac/yr
SnC—Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes
Sinclair Douglas-fir 105 143.00 Douglas-fir
Red alder ——
Western hemlock ——
Western redcedar ——
SnD—Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Sinclair Douglas-fir 105 143.00 Douglas-fir
Red alder ——
Western hemlock ——
Western redcedar ——
Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification,
Productivity, and Plant Composition
In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and
amount of rangeland or forest understory vegetation are closely related to the kind
of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and
vegetation and water.
This table shows, for each soil that supports vegetation, the ecological site, plant
association, or habitat type; the total annual production of vegetation in favorable,
normal, and unfavorable years; the characteristic vegetation; and the average
percentage of each species. An explanation of the column headings in the table
follows.
An ecological site, plant association, or habitat type is the product of all the
environmental factors responsible for its development. It has characteristic soils that
have developed over time throughout the soil development process; a characteristic
hydrology, particularly infiltration and runoff that has developed over time; and a
characteristic plant community (kind and amount of vegetation). The hydrology of
the site is influenced by development of the soil and plant community. The
vegetation, soils, and hydrology are all interrelated. Each is influenced by the others
and influences the development of the others. The plant community on an
ecological site, plant association, or habitat type is typified by an association of
species that differs from that of other ecological sites, plant associations, or habitat
types in the kind and/or proportion of species or in total production. Descriptions of
ecological sites are provided in the Field Office Technical Guide, which is available
in local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
Descriptions of plant associations or habitat types are available from local U.S.
Forest Service offices.
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Total dry-weight production is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to
grow annually in a well managed area that is supporting the potential natural plant
community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing
animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody
plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is
expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, normal, and
unfavorable years. In a favorable year, the amount and distribution of precipitation
and the temperatures make growing conditions substantially better than average. In
a normal year, growing conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year,
growing conditions are well below average, generally because of low available soil
moisture. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry moisture content.
Characteristic vegetation (the grasses, forbs, shrubs, and understory trees that
make up most of the potential natural plant community on each soil) is listed by
common name. Under rangeland composition and forest understory, the expected
percentage of the total annual production is given for each species making up the
characteristic vegetation. The percentages are by dry weight for rangeland.
Percentages for forest understory are by either dry weight or canopy cover. The
amount that can be used as forage depends on the kinds of grazing animals and on
the grazing season.
Range management requires knowledge of the kinds of soil and of the potential
natural plant community. It also requires an evaluation of the present range
similarity index and rangeland trend. Range similarity index is determined by
comparing the present plant community with the potential natural plant community
on a particular rangeland ecological site. The more closely the existing community
resembles the potential community, the higher the range similarity index. Rangeland
trend is defined as the direction of change in an existing plant community relative to
the potential natural plant community. Further information about the range similarity
index and rangeland trend is available in the "National Range and Pasture
Handbook," which is available in local offices of NRCS or on the Internet.
The objective in range management is to control grazing so that the plants growing
on a site are about the same in kind and amount as the potential natural plant
community for that site. Such management generally results in the optimum
production of vegetation, control of undesirable brush species, conservation of
water, and control of erosion. Sometimes, however, an area with a range similarity
index somewhat below the potential meets grazing needs, provides wildlife habitat,
and protects soil and water resources.
Reference:
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
National range and pasture handbook.
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Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification, Productivity, and Plant Composition–Jefferson County Area, Washington
Map unit symbol and soil
name
Ecological Site, Plant
Association, or Habitat
Type
Total dry-weight production Characteristic rangeland or
forest understory
vegetation
Composition
Favorable
year
Normal year Unfavorable
year
Rangeland Forest
understory
Lb/ac Lb/ac Lb/ac Pct dry wt Pct dry wt
AmD—Alderwood gravelly
loam, 15 to 30 percent
slopes
Alderwood —————
CfD—Cassolary sandy loam,
15 to 30 percent slopes
Cassolary ————hairy brackenfern
longtube twinflower
oceanspray
red huckleberry
salal
SnC—Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 0 to 15 percent
slopes
Sinclair ————Cascade Oregongrape
evergreen huckleberry
hairy brackenfern
huckleberry
other shrubs
other perennial forbs
salal
trailing blackberry
western swordfern
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Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification, Productivity, and Plant Composition–Jefferson County Area, Washington
Map unit symbol and soil
name
Ecological Site, Plant
Association, or Habitat
Type
Total dry-weight production Characteristic rangeland or
forest understory
vegetation
Composition
Favorable
year
Normal year Unfavorable
year
Rangeland Forest
understory
Lb/ac Lb/ac Lb/ac Pct dry wt Pct dry wt
SnD—Sinclair gravelly sandy
loam, 15 to 30 percent
slopes
Sinclair ————Cascade Oregongrape
evergreen huckleberry
hairy brackenfern
huckleberry
other shrubs
other perennial forbs
salal
trailing blackberry
western swordfern
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References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling
and testing. 24th edition.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of
soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service FWS/OBS-79/31.
Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.
Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States.
Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric
soils in the United States.
National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for
making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577
Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580
Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands
Section.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of
Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical
Report Y-87-1.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/
home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/
detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084
51
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States,
the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook
296. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053624
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land
capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf
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