HomeMy WebLinkAbout111022 FW_ Tree C accumulation increases with tree size
________________________________
From: Cyndy Bratz
Sent: Thursday, November 10, 2022 12:09:20 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada)
To: Greg Brotherton; Heidi Eisenhour; Kate Dean; csenka.fc@dnr.wa.gov
Cc: Malloree Weinheimer; Catharine Copass
Subject: Tree C accumulation increases with tree size
________________________________
ALERT: BE CAUTIOUS This email originated outside the organization. Do not open attachments or click on links if you are not expecting them.
________________________________
Greetings Commissioners
I am responding to Commissioner Brotherton's comment/question from the Nov 7 BOCC Workshop on DNR Carbon Project Phase II. At this workshop, we heard Csenka Favorini-Csorba's presentation
on Phase II of the DNR Carbon Project. The DNR presentation included language to the effect of 'small trees remove atmospheric carbon at a faster rate than large trees'.
During the question/comment period following Csenka's presentation, I mentioned a peer-reviewed article published in the journal Nature, entitled Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases
continuously with tree size, which I had emailed to the BOCC a few days prior to the Nov 7 Workshop. Greg's question was whether this article pertained only to tropical forests. Here
is language specifically from this article, to answer this:
- “Here we present a global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species,showing that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size. Thus, large,
old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees; at the extreme, a single big tree can add the same amount
of carbon to the forest within a year as is contained in an entire mid-sized tree.” (p. 90, paragraph 1)
- “…we conducted a global analysis in which we directly estimated mass growth rates from repeated measurements of 673,046 trees belonging to 403 tropical, subtropical and temperate
tree species, spanning every forested continent.” (p. 90, paragraph 3)
- Table 1 (Sample sizes and tree growth trends by continent) shows that in North America the sample size was 110,153 trees, consisting of 89 different species and 98.9% of species
showed increasing mass growth rate in the largest trees. (p. 92, top of page)
- The Methods section of the article indicates that in the temperate western USA, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), western hemlock and mountain
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla and T. mertensiana), along with several species of true fir (Abies), were included in the study. (Methods, Effects of possible allometric biases)
In addition to answering Greg’s question, I noticed one more item of interest in this article (bold italics added, footnotes not included but can be found in the article):
- “A widely held assumption is that after an initial period of increasing growth, the mass growth rate of individual trees declines with increasing tree size4,5,13–16. Although
the results of a few single-species studies have been consistent with this assumption15, the bulk of evidence cited in support of declining growth is not based on measurements of individual
treemass growth. Instead, much of the cited evidence documents either the well-known age-related decline in net primary productivity (hereafter ‘productivity’) of even-aged forest stands10
(in which the trees are all of a similar age) or size-related declines in the rate of mass gain unit leaf area (or unit leaf mass)8-10.” (p. 90, paragraph 2)
- “Our data set included many natural and unmanaged forests in which the growth of smaller trees was probably reduced by asymmetric competition with larger trees. To explore the
effects of competition, we calculated mass growth rates for 41 North American and European species that had published equations for diameter growth rate in the absence of competition.”
(p. 91, paragraph 2)
The authors appear to be stating that past studies were conducted on single-species, even-aged forest stands – commercial forests. And that this study included many natural and unmanaged
forests.
I downloaded a pdf of the complete article, which is attached here.
Hope this is helpful.
- Cyndy
玁㞒ฟ縑㒏㸳⣱꠸厃뢷譱淃酲鐬擰፤쮑⨷䖘訋ྣ儳繬襒圂⪖爴陒睫耩⪎튫煨늅幄闂ᑴ寸룎稇坹疯ᮄﭤ㵠鶫택ↆঌʣ珁ꓝꏇ謀囆ꍥ뭰嗕囖봉搙뻊뢼瀄郴ꍨ͢�鈿눹邗Ꚗ鋵嬜餶✞䫏焆天㭑�줂▃⎼拼芙⾫醮᜶䦡ㄱ⭇쪨蟧䛾Ӿ潃睼磶ꋏ⯞涢갸꜎瞍퇍腝䮞맷鹪쪣敒犭媛ﺜ踠⣼ꑀ菳靃䆍ꯠꥭ鏳䶽﬩軬舅ر斱㶳淃䚠嫛廔簋ł貑㲍꧖㒑ﰄ䋬ꤕꪭ傴䯾챐ಆꂯ䑞譫㢨瘢勻銼竹ᥤꏦ㓴䩭ࠎ륀꿈仇⮙啢Ԡḥ䝃
턓謁�浨骡뛌畳ᶯ珋⩰튜멏닍┃ᘠ愕譛ﰬ툖嗿跧瓋䴃슀姑Ꙅ䬴떄꛲鍠ꀯ㗧笗㲄壃儫츠⨔嵉떥ʙ慷㘫고쭪蔧鉛万؍굪甤╂̩邻嬕ᴥ摧麡税瓯㎘ቊ툙鄬亠᳞鬅編騁麏촐溾趯嚴⁕⊐㑌弗錯犑햙ౖ☴蕍蝎唫奊뜑린뺤잮瀽瞞拥⍖岜�䓦蒻�뒚ཫ啠沌藿Ꮘ눪⻨滑⦽ૼ뵟䀸㫖쯋쁭䥔⠙䖚孶㕭ꚷ嚸႐㎹蘺잗託퉲ᳩ쁷鏰㠎⺟⫐誻褬ꨕ荗ᄲ搖튞쮛⤵⢉⣵㡊躂㩑ꍶ毅ㅩ꿛ཕ긺毘ᨛ籚췞㬭熽Ǹ药䏒칺㻔ꀘꃳ�⩰작ᅏ銖犺俊펁탰硩㓰耼䱻
᭺�쓱饚穽Ꝋ阺슉☳籞腁뼻ಁ퍾헷멅�ᔜჃ龂⮗퍓墨ᒼ༸ㅓৈ㭦䠋岙≗윂鯄濶䱛抇贻矁⋽鼯Ⱜ雔菤턤�训鞰ᅮ�뺛ا䔸単杳鶋㋆驍䴈⏡Ⳃ똺㱧ꍀ뫳롫ྦ햿꜆맃짧䌆뛾偢傰뇸Ṩ믵쾎ᣨ�쏠뒝ꑳ⪋갺ꂜꑛ雌䳗潺嵶絶鼤㽶伯圠ᾏ㺈렊꺿设姃븁⚋腼䢶鈈ᇄ�킖窎扞㯊㨿稭挑�잀剆䵆ᚶ킈㳤贴䊏�ꏢ炑烞㤍ⸯ럐ᧄ뒽씓諻㲁Ṃ謡ퟀ�촅쭤涗螷Ꙩ귀ꯋ꺾惞쿷狾�ዤ㩩㰯㾍뫲衺鳘ށ폰핎댁槃酴鷽ꮩᕁᖚ㬳ἶ⼯啕
ֆ⏕䉶朗摋丒䉩䥦岆졐ࢱ핽ᩎ䢊酅桩쥓ꕮ䨺♙썢蜢䖩㡤㪳㤆キ팔㟔멗寉ﯮួ쒾�絪魼㫻싹䅜륪쾚ꝓꘑ䛺㠵鸞봜Ⴛ鮑쉅뜺뀒⎬凋ℎ씶㖛ﰶ�痏鱽ጢᅦ嬥꒥ꂬꊢꐘ뙪筭켎춛鿴离嵽⼗笄翨鶷蛨띲鍒쩐垑覔슠춉縐亯ଢ଼ﭔ⊊姕雸ண㸾쩂驋帇샵耮蚚멖뎉慂ᰢ뀗뽽ᒐ╄쓅骁챼濧솧咲㊩ꁵ癰騞ਡ梵䷙吴匞᷵埧뻺䃠ၣ歯㭲꒜ꇃ甫ꨀ劷譶懝婱侫櫔碝媍铮⦓띻㠭坈༓䩢�ྯ鴟ﬕ뒁㳖ᝯ쎷棯誖砚�슙癝ꮻ�ᦒ챈∺勰锲祙룜椳饽
玼袉ꕤ鸵Ⳋ䍚争⪮呑⮌ͩᘼݚꁿᨻ쪚苬咋월諾抟馻Ტ᪣쁻䚌�ﳜ벆ꏲ黡ꁶ惰ⲑ夹玪瞜䆀ﯨ蓕峑蔯섘柧័洩ⶥ٨ྞᏽ支ᕮ䒖༩⚖≰큓쐔保椖횟씽嶇㨒篑ꯇ�嫑齏窲䚃阧鞭⡭轜蘣궨䟐זּഝ石౨馵勥♍岾博⇨쌃莽çጫ忲ᔒ闟⬽蕻孿㲦ླ㰞ຘ╪睘�╭钭꽬頉㭷◆辸ﵹ毁웸㏐뮦젧흭髋꓅噌휢犁্䦵宋赊牅΅쯨볚㣤◢䱼直埖䣛䶻쑱㨅惦辊⏎ꔓ吃饹䭉Ⓤ拹퀠졚ﺁン㗴⸈ꋀᯪ볳杤ﴷ�ꖀ警䖥酤翂Ⴓ､৪똶뱸蚖
덩榔ꀩ鬳찫ꮤ평՜䔼슍쓄쑄쥚嶓៧ᒟ�ኣ䏇㳖琤栿곿衾唿丫짲䏴蟑잲竴ⶐ䏊ꠔ猉낣떪랇嶯먞⫙｡ﯦ꯲꿛庆깰簼�ṧ�䝞⭇膝욢멼⤩뒋岠垫딙╦ꢥ龑ྡ뜒䝻䣸ℊᜐᚔ櫑확삣㡺ⓗ䔠芢ㅔ衐Გ९ꋻ릿龳垖肶쪦⫆靈⩨늚戵컏鄺ᒥᬷ鐍堉鱫ี땋魄霂ᶜ됔붑䄽룈␂�ꏖ犹櫌็燈ꤊ쫂羇ﮭ悾ꞝ䷚苿᭮茝紿�Ὠ֓덥뉆ﾉ怓̀ㄗൈ湥獤牴慥൭湥潤橢㜍‴‰扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮⼠畓瑢灹启灹ㅥ⼠湅潣楤杮⼠楗䅮獮䕩据摯湩䘯湯䑴獥
牣灩潴㔷〠删⼠慂敳潆瑮⼠䅄䥍乇䄫癤㑐䑄㈲′䰯獡䍴慨㐸⼠楗瑤獨嬍㐠㘱〠㐠㜴〠㌠㔹〠〠㐠㤸〠〠〠㌠㔷〠〠〠〠〠㐠㜴㐠㜲㌠㔹崍⼠楆獲䍴慨㔶㸍ാ湥潤橢㜍‵‰扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯⼠汆条㈳⼠瑓浥⁖‰䘯湯乴浡䐯䵁䝉⭎摁偶䐴㉄㈲⼠䡘楥桧⁴㘴‸䘯湯䉴潂൸⁛㈭㠱ⴠ㈲‹㠷‱㘷ര⁝䤯慴楬䅣杮敬〠⼠敄捳湥⁴ㄭ〷⼠慃䡰楥桧⁴㘶‶䘯湯䙴汩㍥㜠‶‰⁒䄯捳湥⁴㘶‶䌯慨卲瑥⠠猯慰散䰯䔯启刯匯䄯䌯䠯ഩ㸾攍摮扯൪㘷〠
漠橢㰍‼䰯湥瑧㘴‵匯扵祴数⼠祔数䌱⼠楆瑬牥⼠汆瑡䑥捥摯㸾猍牴慥੭鱸轍䡏愔옘᧟列㾠ณ喝䑖疊憝睙㨓谥옛뭚罪ᙄꔯ䴋管㩐큗㨡䄔䈐혞Ӄ؋䋊晠롐椅�刊䑛⢴ࡴ濞嵹珖鹼⏀譁鈌｀ஹ�퍫颩䓣冣㗟☣ꋝ調攃�횏⊇ﮣ샿⒦蝨㠎℉ꂰ戛蜐쵃遙Ł減巀薘‗蒤ꈴ뫑錬痂㥛劥憸뼫˔⣶ꇘꠖ륇鈍嗕⯌噚い汮荣쓮퉀塝ⶇ㖥籯�筤ᗃ䧒ᢿ焏懚푱彑쀦銬㦋ђ턇劭憩炑뫌텭ꔢ녱憫냗榈㈪ත�႘ⱟ쬟쒊挽춃秜ᬼꏄ敬╪蓹硿
揲譠䛕ჟ며럤纗꾫뮞ₙⲙ龑⋭豥ꛤ밲猛櫻�㚠�賰ᵑ�뗡ꁝ⺽迍焍�籏…礥⮶玼签羔鲽伟긅쳞厦ಬ�偲対䃙뿙⫖웊菷ᢖ㢞휨饄扩ԇ쒒൷湥獤牴慥൭湥潤橢㜍‷‰扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮⼠畓瑢灹启灹ㅥ⼠湅潣楤杮⼠慍剣浯湡湅潣楤杮⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯㜠‸‰⁒䈯獡䙥湯⁴䐯䵁䑆⭐效癬瑥捩乡略䱥協摴刭浯湡⼠慌瑳桃牡㈠㠰⼠楗瑤獨嬍㈠㠷〠〠〠〠〠〠〠㈠㤵㈠㤵〠〠〠〠㈠㠷〠㔠㘵㔠㘵㔠㘵㔠㘵㔠㘵㔠㘵㔠㘵〠㔠㘵〠〠〠〠〠〠〠
〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠㠠ㄷ〠〠〠〠〠〠㔠㐷〠〠〠〠〠〠㈠㤵〠㈠㤵〠〠〠㔠㜳〠㔠㜳㔠㌹㔠㜳〠㔠㐷㔠㘵㈠㈲〠㔠㤱㈠㈲㠠㌵㔠㘵㔠㐷〠〠㌠㌳㔠〰㌠㔱㔠㘵〠㜠㠵〠㔠〰〠〠〠〠〠㔠〰〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠㔠〰〠〠㔠〰〠㔠〰㔠〰〠〠㔠〰㔠〰㔠〰㔠〰㔠〰〠〠㔠〰〠〠〠〠〠㔠〰〠㔠〰㔠〰〠〠〠㈠㠷〠〠〠〠〠㔠〰崍⼠楆獲䍴慨㈳㸍ാ湥潤橢㜍‸‰
扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯⼠汆条㈳⼠瑓浥⁖㔸⼠潆瑮慎敭⼠䅄䙍偄䠫汥敶楴慣敎敵呌瑓ⵤ潒慭䘯湯䉴潂൸⁛ㄭ㘶ⴠㄲ‴〱㘷㤠㈵崍⼠瑉污捩湁汧‰䐯獥散瑮ⴠ㐲‷䌯灡效杩瑨㜠㜲⼠潆瑮楆敬″㤷〠删⼠獁散瑮㜠㈱⼠瑓浥⁈㔷⼠桃牡敓⁴⼨湥慤桳漯敮䴯愯猯猯慰散术爯漯眯琯栯支瀯牡湥敬瑦礯瀯牡湥楲桧⽴敺潲瀯牥潩⽤楦敶氯戯慲正瑥敬瑦洯戯慲正瑥楲桧⽴⽔⽵⽮⽫⽤⽩⽣睴⽯潦牵琯牨敥猯硩支杩瑨ഩ㸾攍摮扯൪㤷〠漠橢㰍‼䰯湥瑧㔲
⼠畓瑢灹启灹ㅥ⁃䘯汩整䘯慬整敄潣敤㸍ാ瑳敲浡栊糞策ᑘᗗ憟믘촘癒䰜뉘褻冠芞벮䄤酀ꂇ荐ꊏ갋Ҳ던Ƞ薉ፘ쑑㚠됦贆퇱诤ꔑ鉖⫆校ᇰ쟇亊ꬢ咈᪭곏퍧瞯듑ꟽ뻽枽ﳯ硫�玜냯ꞌ쌇겲钘㆐⤭⠫峅楒낮頔驦馗珓⮲䌊学䵋䙧㨫祖収⠡谯연Ⱈ�㣹ꕝ幖�￭쿌虚�怘夽䓿틫魪䥥蕑ℸ⨺頪톎䏡摣ᢰḑ℞䴎횅덼嶘幝ᜭ鑧堕䭭㚭蕓ス䱔⤨朑嶻讔춳曥ꕛ쿻㍿ⴔꋥ챉馱촊⚥疢�ᒳ䮚췲▶魦撘噛竰ꦩꂼ勈ጓ讦ꫦ銂䪖䥳墵⥢霰鮕씋⊊疛鋙ㄢ勝굦庨
Ꙫ粋즛ⵖ⽎俍ᘉ敍抅ꦩꑚ洤◦䨖䛓陁넲泀カ맑饸勍桞꠩墰쫋썃斦룧䲝ଔ词ꟿ咘阣虡貱쌷ჸ秦আ顥윓㌌憕㲒ᒘ☏鏝岘馆デ虖瀉魫擁ᇌ篦콖慎닗笿笄郱珶뢧黛콪㱷喻呣⪵धᤣ躤≬햷햣땦毓垬ힾ座蘏넑郡砲ꖈ쁣긡叁瞩륦৪재ˣ쏆ᔦᏴ썮况⋭䍹衫橇ꅞ틛꽠牡쭉꿙ᰜ豼蓳ࡠౙⅣ࿎권渰였叫⁉ᓠ쓃ᱎ᭽菿贃㮃煊ÿꏿﷂ焠谦ᨎෂ䡠踫㣅㐿옮셱롃۞�삫坱腽ฃꈹ閩Ẕ㶉胠ݶw৮�讌ۀ暶јメա䈬�鰢瞠Ꭼ긞ᒃ萈痀诒ㅫ̅瀱ꐭ
ꓼ泗咫窚煀ᗎ襒ᕘ웹�䡴㕷櫉荍Ფ�㊃ꛬૉ鹊휠렟䝱鴧跈㜟ⅳ䢎谰ネ깦㣀ꔯ牀搱꽇腵ᾏ㜼ᳮ૾ᯇ꣘겧条퐏�ᥤ琾㩤ﯸِ羍棼ᛝ뗝ᛯ䱄쩊�덽惞㠤约ࣀ㨁Ṹ鋰풙桢ᶃ鱶菰ꅑꋟ븷ᢔ몂뤲꺺泭䝜䉁穼扡浭뫃穨⌐炱컓錩穩灞咙탑ㆍ衶ⶹ꤅곱퐯巁⍕痞૫ኽ䦄ᰲ灶녊䌳﯀虤헻뚪�畷ۨꙎꂄ婪豎뫯蹩罜嗷훰ᆂౠ芸栗�⨬갱�謇끔졿姱ꘉ�㉽鐜ᶓ䏼꿘ࣸ徃赎鲜㔻柗㸝总ᗠ산Ř濔㵏쎅顴薗踚菛뀹䃘퍑莏㻮誌莹
횙˔䌚�≡莻뒦虍ꔡ閥낕퉁㦶ᵒ�⾁ာ佺屵龳ᖚ霟料䲌ⰿ匿꤃䕰歈頋岶翏朙䯍膇錏῀㵆ಸ尯㿏�㪿뎾磭龗蘆⾲̰㤯藪잳㺜乤鱊䩫칉篞꽉ⶁ䀍⭂ᮕ䈰睫묨簝�ꇗ棜値뫮몡❂蛥톪썵쳡彃럂ꕣၫ⦗⪃楪랊㩕瘵嘖瀍쪰쁷膩皕佗갬騦폜黃玳臰⫓✿晁뿨ὶ㧙餉➏䟴褑餦賶퉎痮틐ⵛﷳ䣊ᅈﰖᤦ弽뾛壵志ặ彻췿�㻫쓿弸嵘믷ꮵ䭴㸛㍪譀鸚댝吭忏秋荝⹌瞼멳캎蓚�ℍە㾾暲ජ驪尅�휺埨眇㒵﨏톧뷙ꚴ뗞
䜡⨷㔖蘘힡ϐ쀢닷�쌖㉄溥ﳞᵨ謲൮�࠷柞췚ᾩ㐚樫㈇펖ꁄ嚿㮶ӳ똣↬뙗퇎쑡�挔챰푥叙븻淙⑨导닉ﾚᗚᬀ箅㫐䡥ꂐ�荛у帡ㆂ蹮衰賒⢆禭撖ꨝ攆Ĕꚟ硬팅虅〙ሒ횈垁৯�⸍⸐㡯已杚챪ٻㅍ缁ᅉ튺ꪟ쁿忎ᶆ֧듴玿ྰ䟘Ⅽō槨ߠꕠ⎒ዄ狾嫂㟵댥链쎪駩䐘穥⋱ା➡㹻ꋫ天稈谭久䯏鼟䑮ፕᙸ츠ﯝ㳊咷띬鬌깥埛皆習鏽省竩⾼뽃㠚◓쿴滛虆뽕瘆褚◆屐狳㵐你�彩楙ሶ옊㋑䓑�崬瓾爓ﶉ監〕霄⽂ₘ
蕋悄嘝钪ꍘ졺㎡㎀욏떀湮䅮딨ꑯ＿鮵䒠럶�낻繭Ẋ副浓爿雪㓜ꦷꭸ䴟䯻賀얙䔹껺姊툻䥵䪳饧欍缈䋥窱왉쮵䎵７왏댉퍊긩鞽諢過��怬运₢䟪ธ၁ᄼ掆䘔쑍ᣡ瞬苸�뺙玾齅袈㏄䏠ꨯ㑝驾욃铯폹㒝൸冁⺇ு蝺氺ﳼ⼨넚堕刚퉼龎ꠎ厑簜柟夰釀罍_멞ꂇͮ믯瞓嬛ﰌ룅খ矯᷺뛾濹軇칗䃘竏껐�䒋ℷ텠韨⪵�圧ꭝ骗㭘礧⟆鼩究煻㬒咶䓧◚酡庯廇ﰒﵵꥉ첐䯯樁摺�皩䫭튝ᅌ⓭肴苔眿ᆾ헻᷈ʘ羏뷚佗�횮偀ⷃ썓
朖�곪킦婈꺟하舚ኌફꌥᢟꣃ䈑옠곕䦺폸鐏唰礣૨㥓䚈˄꼩맒륰鍶앒ື頱ৰ蠲茢須魜⊋ꕕ噯ᓕ櫩㙪봶亗ꮭ뙚�뮪䗰뷫۽䢍䰏䆶╠�펱ᶯ쵍朖ᛞ︬삀跎㝷溺ꁽ麖螑䜫⩆萏ॿ0�ၡ攍摮瑳敲浡攍摮扯൪〸〠漠橢㰍‼匯⁍⸰㈰⼠祔数⼠硅䝴瑓瑡匯⁁慦獬㸾攍摮扯൪ㄸ〠漠橢㰍‼匯⁍⸰㈰〰㐰⼠祔数⼠硅䝴瑓瑡匯⁁牴敵㸍ാ湥潤橢㠍′‰扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮⼠畓瑢灹启灹ㅥ⼠湅潣楤杮⼠楗䅮獮䕩据摯湩䘯湯䑴獥牣灩潴㌸〠删⼠慂敳潆
瑮⼠䅄䭎偉䄫癤㑐㐱䙂⁂䰯獡䍴慨㌵⼠楗瑤獨嬍㠠㌳㠠㌳〠〠㠠㌳崍⼠楆獲䍴慨㤴㸍ാ湥潤橢㠍″‰扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯⼠汆条㐳⼠瑓浥⁖‰䘯湯乴浡䐯乁䥋⭐摁偶ㄴ䈴䉆⼠䡘楥桧⁴㐴′䘯湯䉴潂൸⁛㈭‰㈭㠰ㄠ〰‰㜷ര⁝䤯慴楬䅣杮敬〠⼠敄捳湥⁴㈭㔰⼠慃䡰楥桧⁴ㄷ′䘯湯䙴汩㍥㠠‴‰⁒䄯捳湥⁴㤶‶䌯慨卲瑥⠠猯慰散是癩⽥睴⽯湯⥥㸍ാ湥潤橢㠍‴‰扯൪㰼⼠敌杮桴ㄠ㜳⼠畓瑢灹启灹ㅥ⁃䘯汩整䘯慬整敄潣敤㸍ാ瑳敲
浡栊拞恤摡摠ᑤ煲盐⥌》㐱牱ɳ誉郾ᇦＫ㓧㟼묄脈려풑ā茣茐茰̘⌫ጣ벫㎎븾垟졿ᜮ利쥽◷缻褃�繋褯뻽勉ǻ鷑ṿ닅㦃鰡輟뭾蕁ȁ
얀瀺攍摮瑳敲浡攍摮扯൪㔸〠漠橢㰍‼启灹䘯湯⁴匯扵祴数⼠祔数‱䔯据摯湩圯湩湁楳湅潣楤杮⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯㠠‶‰⁒䈯獡䙥湯⁴䐯乁䩋⭁摁偶䔳䅁㤹⼠慌瑳桃牡ㄠ㔱⼠楗瑤獨嬍㘠㘶〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠〠㘠㘶崍⼠楆獲䍴慨㠶㸍ാ湥潤橢㠍‶‰扯൪㰼⼠祔数⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯⼠汆条㐳⼠瑓浥⁖‰䘯湯乴浡䐯乁䩋⭁摁偶䔳䅁㤹⼠䡘楥桧⁴㜴′䘯湯䉴潂൸⁛
ㄭ㘵ⴠ㌲‹〱〰㜠㤳崍⼠瑉污捩湁汧‰䐯獥散瑮ⴠ〲‵䌯灡效杩瑨㘠㜸⼠潆瑮楆敬″㜸〠删⼠獁散瑮㜠ㄲ⼠桃牡敓⁴⼨灳捡⽥⽄⥳㸍ാ湥潤橢㠍‷‰扯൪㰼⼠敌杮桴ㄠ㤹⼠畓瑢灹启灹ㅥ⁃䘯汩整䘯慬整敄潣敤㸍ാ瑳敲浡砊掜恤摡摠ᑤ煲狶盔⥌》當둴Ҵ誉都ᇦ添믰培쿍홲ﰋח뾻ࣇ撁醸Ȕ⌁⪃ࡃ⣐♆빒ᴟ㽼뻵ﵟ䆱篴鿈홖蘿�绻謚뻾㟸㟇�翋뇆唂ჼ⇺﨡��䪮뿶�縶椷獽�⺫쒏ﲮ쇾鯾읍㟠魧쭼蝯囯䖿箾秬裡䟞瘫궗�는甬潩ү ᣁᵓ
攍摮瑳敲浡攍摮扯൪㠸〠漠橢㰍‼启灹䘯湯⁴匯扵祴数⼠祔数‱启啯楮潣敤㠠‹‰⁒䔯据摯湩〹〠删⼠潆瑮敄捳楲瑰牯㤠‱‰⁒䈯獡䙥湯⁴䐯乁䭋⭁摁佶㙔㡦捤搴⁉䰯獡䍴慨㈱′圯摩桴൳⁛〲‸㐳″ㄲ‸‰‰‰‰‰‰