HomeMy WebLinkAboutLog008
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PENTEC ENVIRONMENTAL
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Delivering smarter solutions
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Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
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Biological Evaluation
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Draft
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Prepared for:
Reid Middleton, Inc.
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Prepared by:
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Pentec Environmental
Project No. 007-040
120 Third Avenue S, Suite 110
Edmonds, WA 98020
(425) 775-4682
July 6, 2000
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JEFFERSON COUNTY ,
DEPT. OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
LOG ITEM
#8
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Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
Biological Evaluation
Draft
Prepared for:
Reid Middleton, Inc.
728 -134th Street SW, Suite 200
Everett, W A 98204
Prepared by:
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Pentec Environmental
Project No. 007-040
120 Third Avenue S, Suite 110
Edmonds, W A 98020
(425) 775-4682
July 6, 2000
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1.0 I ntrod uction ...... .............. ........... ...... ... .... .... ........ ...... ...... ~...... .... ........ ...................... 1
2.0 Project Description ......... ........ ..... ... .... a..a.. .... ........ ..... ........... .......... ......... .... ...~........ 3
2.1 Location and Description of Project Area .......................................................... ............ 3
2.2 Action Area... ....... ........ ....................... .............. ....................... ............... ............. .......... 3
2.3 Project Description ........... ....... ...... .............. ............... .........................:.............. ............ 3
3.0 Species and Habitat .................................. ....................................................... ........ 5
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3.1 Species Information........ ...... ............................ .......................... .......................... .......... 5
3.1.1 Chinook Salmon... ...... ....... .............. ............... ..... ........................... ............ ........ 6
3.1.2 Coho Salmon ..................... ..... ......... ............... .... ......... ........ ....................... ........ 8
3.1.3 Chum Salmon..... ............ ................... ........... ........... ................................. .......... 9
3.1.4 Bull Trout (Native Char) .................................................................................. 11
3.1.5 B aId Eagle ........................................................................................................ 12
3.1.6 Marbled Murrelet.............. ..... ..... .......... ........ ...... ................. ............................. 14
3.1.7 Steller Sea Lion............................. .,..........................................................;....... 16
3.2 Existing Environmental Conditions ............................. ........... ......... ........... ................. 18
3.2.1 Noise .......... ........ .......... ......... ........ ............................... ..... ................................ 19
3.2.2 Water Quality and Stormwater ......................................................................... 19
3.2.3 Sediment Quality.... ........... ......... .............. ........................................................ 20
3.2.4 Habitat............ ....... ........ ....................... ............ ........... ......... ............................ 21
3.2.5 Biota....................... .............. ...................... .......... ....... .............. ....................... 23
4.0 Effects of the Action ............................................................................................. -25
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4.1 Effects Analysis............ ........... .,................. ......... ........... ....... ....... ............ .................... 25
4.1.1 Construction Disturbances........ ........................................................................ 25
4.1.2 Water Quality..... .... ....... ..... ...................... .............. ......... ..~........ .............. ........ 28
4.1.3 Sediment Quality......... ............. ........ ............................ ..................................... 29
4.1.4 Habitat Conditions .... ...... ....... .......... ......... ........................................................ 29
4.1.5 Biota.............. .... ...... ....... ........... ......................... ............. ............. ........... ......... 31
4.1.6 Net Effects of Action.. .............. ................... ........... ....... ............. ...................... 33
4.1.7 Cumulative, Interdependent, and Interrelated Effects ...................................... 33
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(continued)
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4.2 Take Analysis............................................................................................................... 34
4.3 Conservation Measures ... ........ ................ ............... ........ ....... ....... .......... ..... ...... ........... 35
4.4 Determination of Effects ......... ........ ......... ................................. ................................... 35
4.4.1 Salmonids ......................................................................................................... 36
4.4.2 Birds..... ...... ...... ........................................... ...................... ............................... 36
4.4.3 Marine Mammals. ....... ........................................ ........... ......... ......... ................. 36
5.0 References........ ............. .......... ..................... ..... ............. ....................................... 37
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Figures
Tables
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Appendices:
A-Agency Response to Information Request
B-Photographs
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LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 1 Site vicinity map.
Figure 2 Plan view of proposed marina.
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Figure 3 Timing of salmon freshwater life phases in the Quilcene Basin.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Pathways and indicators for evaluating salmon habitat in the urban estuary.
Table 2 Summary of sediment metals concentrations (mglkg) in Port Ludlow Marina
sediments collected between 1987 and 1995 compared with their respective
Sediment Quality Standards.
Table 3 Net effects of the action on relevant pathways and indicators.
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. PORT LUDLOW MARINA EXPANSION
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) formalized the listing of Puget Sound
chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon
(0. keta) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on May 24, 1999, and
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March 25, 1999, respectively. NMFS has designated the coho salmon (0. kisutch) as a candidate
for listing. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)
in Puget Sound as threatened, effective December 1, 1999. Section 7 of the ESA requires that
any action by a federal agency is "not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any [listed]
species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species...." The
Port Ludlow Marina Expansion project qualifies as such an action. Under ESA Section 7(c), the
lead federal agency, in this case the US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), must prepare a
biological evaluation (BE) of the potential influence of its action (permitting the expansion of the
Port Ludlow Marina) on listed species or their critical habitat. Depending on the conclusion of
the BE, the Corps may be required to confer formally with NMFS or USFWS regarding the
project.
This BE is being prepared for Corps review and possible submittal to NMFS and USFWS as
an aid to ESA decision-making regarding the potential effects of the Port Ludlow Marina
Expansion project. This BE addresses the potential effects of the proposed project on chinook
salmon, coho salmon, and bull trout, and their habitat. In addition, the bald eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus) and marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) are federally listed
threatened species that may occur in the project area and are addressed in this BE. The Steller
sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), which has not been reported in, nor is it considered likely to be
found in, Port Ludlow, is also addressed in this BE because of its status as a threatened species.
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Other threatened or endangered species that may occur in Puget Sound include 'the humpback
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae; endangered) and the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea;
endangered). However, these species are extremely unlikely to occur in the project area (defined
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in Section 2.1) and are therefore not covered in this BE. Appendix A provides copies of agency
correspondence regarding listed species that may occur in the project area.
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2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .
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2.1 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA
The "project area" is where the proposed action will take place. In this case, Port Ludlow
Marina is located in Port Ludlow Bay, Jefferson County, Washington (Township 28 North,
Range 01 East, Section 16) (Figures 1 and 2). Port Ludlow Bay, located on the west shore of
Admiralty Inlet at the mouth of Hood Canal, is a 2.2-mi2, J-shaped tidal basin. The bay extends
'- from the mouth of Ludlow Creek 3.5 mi to Admiralty Inlet.
The eastern approach to the bay is characterized by a submerged sill having an average depth
of 24 ft mean sea level (MSL). This sill forms a submerged basin open to the north. The average
depth at the mouth of the bay is 82 ft. From this point, the bottom of the basin slopes upward for
a distance of 0.5 mi to a depth of 50 to 60 ft. From here, the depth of the bay remains fairly
uniform between 50 and 60 ft throughout most of its length to within 0.5 mi of Ludlow Creek.
The innermost 0.5 mi of the bay has an average depth of 16 ft MSL (Jefferson County 1993).
2.2 ACTION AREA
The "action area" includes all areas at and around the project that would be affected directly
or indirectly by the proposed action. In this case, the action area is defined as the entire Port
Ludlow Marina, which is open to Port Ludlow Bay.
2.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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Port Ludlow Marina has 300 slips in its current configuration and can accommodate vessels
up to 170 ft in length. Under the proposed marina expansion, 100 slips will be added, with slips
varying in length from 35 to 60 ft. An existing kayak float within the marina will also be
upgraded. The proposed replacement kayak float will be constructed using plastic pontoons for
floatation and timber for the decking and connection system. The float cross section will consist
of three pontoons. A space will be left open between each of the pontoons in the cross section.
The two gaps between the three pontoons will be spanned by grating or sandblasted plexiglass
instead of timber decking, which will allow light to penetrate beneath the float. Approximately
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40 to 60 concrete or steel piles will be installed using a barge-mounted pile driver. It is
anticipated that the work will begin in the fall of 2001 and will require about 4 to 6 months to
complete.
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3.0 SPECIES AND HABITAT
3.1 SPECIES INFORMATION
The action area has been defined as the entire Port Ludlow Marina and the western portion of
Port Ludlow. Although no studies have been conducted on the river of origin of juvenile
salmonids in Port Ludlow, it expected that salmonid use of Port Ludlow is extensive. Port
Ludlow is located at the mouth of Hood Canal; thus, chinook salmon, coho salmon, and
summer-run chum salmon, along with other salmonids from a number of river basins within the
Hood Canal basin, may use Port Ludlow. The listed Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon are
known to use the area, and Puget Sound chinook salmon likely use Port Ludlow (Cameron, R.,
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife [WDFW], pers. comm., 2000). The larger rivers
within the Hood Canal basin with summer-run chum, chinook salmon, and/or coho salmon
include the Skokornish, Hamma Hamma, Duckabush, Dosewallips, and Quilcene river systems.
The river basin closest to Port Ludlow that contains both Puget Sound chinook salmon and Hood
Canal summer-run churn salmon is the Quilcene River system, located roughly 38 rni south of
Port Ludlow, draining to Quilcene Bay on Hood Canal. The river contains runs of fall chinook,
coho, and summer-run chum salmon (Williams et al. 1975). For purposes of this assessment the
Quilcene River system is considered to be a representative source of chinook salmon,
summer-run chum salmon, and coho salmon that occur in the action area.
Surveys conducted in the Big Quilcene River indicate that there is not a distinct bull
trout/Dolly Varden (see Section 3.1.4.2) stock in the river (WDPW 1998a). Hood Canal bull
trout/Dolly Varden are currently separated into three distinct stocks, all located within the
Skokomish River basin (WDFW 1998a). Thus, any bull trout that may occur in Ludlow Bay
originate in rivers other than the Quilcene River system.
In addition to chinook and coho salmon and bull trout, the bald eagle and marbled murrelet
may also occur in the project vicinity. The life histories and stock status of these avian species
are also discussed in this document. Discussion of Steller sea lions, which have not been
recorded in Port Ludlow, but could potentially occur, is also included.
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3.1.1 Chinook Salmon
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3.1.1.1 Life History
Chinook salmon prefer to spawn and rear in the mainstem of rivers and larger streams
(Williams et aI. 1975, Healey 1991). In the Qui1cene River system, the Big Qui1cene River is the
only system containing sufficient flows during the late summer-early fall spawning migration
period to accommodate a sustained run of fall chinook. Occasionally a few chinook are observed
spawning in the Little Qui1cene River, although it is felt that these are strays from the run
destined for the Big Quilcene. This is an introduced stock of chinook and a large portion of adult
returns is attributed to hatchery production (Williams et al. 1975).
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The adult chinook spawning migration begins in early September and continues into
mid-October. Spawning commences in mid-September and terminates early in November. The
Federal Fish Hatchery at river mile (RM) 2.8 at the mouth of Penny Creek is the upper limit of
salmon migration. The lower 2 mi of the river provide excellent spawning habitat and is used
extensively by chinook spawners. Following incubation and subsequent emergence, the majority
of chinook fry rear in the system from 90 to 120 days before entering the estuary, with the major
outmigration between April and June (Figure 3) (Williams et al. 1975).
In watersheds with an unaltered estuary, chinook smolts spend a prolonged period (several
days to several weeks) during their spring outmigration feeding in saltmarshes and distributary
channels as they transition gradually into more marine waters (Simenstad et al. 1982). Chinook
fry and subyearlings in saltmarsh and other shallow habitat predominantly prey on emergent
insects and epibenthic crustaceans such as gammarid amphipods, mysids, and cumaceans. As
chinook mature and move to neritic habitat, they feed on small nekton (decapod larvae, larval
and juvenile fish, and euphausiids) and neustonic drift insects (Simenstad et al. 1982; see also
detailed life history review by Healey 1991).
3.1.1.2 Stock Status
No stock status information was found for the Qui1cene River system fall chinook stock.
Because hatchery stocks have been mixed with wild chinook populations within the Hood Canal
basin, Hood Canal chinook have been combined into a single stock for the purposes of stock
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assessment (WDFW and WWTrr 1994). As of 1992, the stock status of the Hood Canal
chinook salmon stock was rated as healthy (WDFW and WWTrr 1994).
3.1.1.3 Critical Habitat
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NMFS designated critical habitat for Puget Sound chinook salmon and Hood Canal
summer-run chum salmon on February 16,2000 (50 CFR Part 226). Critical habitat is defined in
Section 3(5)(A) of the ESA as "(i) the specific areas within the geographic area occupied by the
species.. .on which are found those physical or biological features (1) essential to the conservation
of the species and (m which may require special management considerations or protection; and
(ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species. ..upon a determination
by the Secretary of Commerce that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species"
(50 CFR Part 226).
In designating critical habitat, NMFS considers the following requirements of the species:
(1) space for individual and population growth, and for normal behavior; (2) food, water, air,
light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological requirements; (3) cover or shelter; (4) sites
for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of offspring; and, generally, (5) habitats that are protected
from disturbance or are representative of the historical geographical and ecological distributions
of the species. In addition to these factors, N~FS also focuses on the known physical and
biological features (primary constituent elements) within the designated area that are essential to
the conservation of the species and that may require special management considerations or
protections. These essential features may include, but are not 'limited to, spawning sites, food
resources, water quality and quantity, and riparian vegetation (50 CFR Part 226).
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In Puget Sound, designated critical habitat for chinook salmon includes all marine, estuarine,
and river reaches accessible to the listed species. Puget Sound marine areas include South
Sound, Hood Canal, and North Sound to the international boundary at the outer extent of the
Strait of Georgia, Haro Strait, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to a straight line extending north
from the west end of Freshwater Bay, inclusive (50 CFR Part 226). Thus, all of the waters within
the project area are designated as critical habitat for chinook salmon.
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3.1.2
Coho Salmon
3.1.2.1
Life History
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All accessible streams and tributaries draining the upper Hood Canal~Straits basin are used by
coho salmon. Spawning occurs in almost every stream area where suitable spawning habitat and
conditions permit, including the mainstem of the Big Quilcene River up to the diversion dam
barrier at RM 9.4, and in the mainstem Little Qui1cene River up to the City of Port Townsend
diversion dam at RM 7.1 (Williams et al. 1975).
Mature coho begin entering the basin streams in early October, with the peak of migration
occurring in early November; spawning extends over the period from later October until the end
of December. The fry emerge from the gravel starting in early March and generally remain in the
system for more than a year. The normal outmigration occurs in the second year of freshwater
existence from late February to mid-April (Figure 3) (Williams et al. 1975).
Because of their larger size when entering salt water, coho are generally considered less
dependent on estuarine rearing than chinook or chum salmon (Simenstad et al. 1982). Coho tend
to move through estuaries more rapidly, using deeper waters along shorelines. Feeding is
primarily on planktonic or small nektonic organisms, including decapod larvae, larval and
juvenile fish, and euphausiids (Miller et al. 1976, Simenstad et al. 1982). Coho also eat drift
insects and epibenthic gammarid amphipods, especially in turbid estuaries (~ee detailed life
history review by Sandercock 1991).
Ludlow Creek is the largest subbasin within the Port Ludlow Bay watershed and contributes
the greatest discharge of fresh water (FishPro 1993). Waterfalls that occur approximately
1,800 ft upstream of the mouth of the creek serve as a migration barrier to anadromous
salmonids. Fish usage of this lower section of Ludlow Creek is documented for coho and chum
salmon as spawning and rearing habitat. Field surveys by Washington State Department of
Fisheries (WDF; now WDFW) biologists were conducted in the lower 0.5 mi of Ludlow Creek
during 1974, 1975, and 1984. Surveys indicated that both coho and chum salmon spawn in this
section of the creek, although natural propagation of these species is limited by the short length
of stream available (FishPro 1993). Data from 1974 indicated that the highest number of salmon
spawning included 23 coho and 14 chum (FishPro 1993). No salmonids were observed in
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Ludlow Creek during surveys conducted in 1984 and 1986 by WDF (Egan, R., WDFW, pers.
comm., 2000). Currently it is believed that no native runs occur in the creek (Egan, R., WDFW,
pers. comm., 2000).
3.1.2.2 Stock Status
The status of the Hood Cana1-QuilcenelDabob bays coho stock was considered depressed as
of 1992 (WDFW and WWTIT 1994).
3.1.2.3 Critical Habitat
No critical habitat has been proposed for Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia coho salmon.
3.1.3 Chum Salmon
3.1.3.1 Life History
Chum salmon spend more of their life history in marine waters than other Pacific salmonids.
Chum salmon, like pink salmon, usually spawn in coastal areas, and juveniles outmigrate to salt
water almost immediately after emerging from the gravel (Johnson et al. 1997). This ocean-type
migratory behavior contrasts with the stream-type behavior of some other species in the genus
Oncorhynchus (e.g., coho salmon and most types of chinook and sockeye salmon), which usually
migrate to sea at a larger size, after months or years of freshwater rearing. It is believed that
survival and growth in juvenile chum salmon depend less on freshwater conditions than on
favorable estuarine conditions (Johnson et al. 1997).
Chum salmon may enter natal river systems from June to March, depending on characteristics
of the population or geographic location (Johnson et al. 1997). Of primary focus is the Hood
Canal summer chum salmon, with spawning runs occurring between early September and
mid-October (Johnson et al. 1997). Two distinct runs of spawning chum salmon are found in the
Quilcene River basin in upper Hood Canal. The early run (summer) enters the system in later
September and spawns from October 1 to 20, while the late-run (fall) spawners move upstream
into the system the first week of November and spawn from mid-November to mid~December
(Figure 3) (Williams et al. 1975).
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Chum salmon juveniles, like other anadromous salmonids, use estuaries to feed before
beginning long-distance ocean migrations. However, chum and ocean-type chinook salmon
usually have longer residence times in estuaries than do other anadromous salmonids. The
period of estuarine residence appears to the most critical phase in the life history of chum salmon
and appears to playa major role in determining the size of the subsequent adult run back to fresh
water (Johnson et al. 1997).
Simenstad et al. (1982) summarized the diets of juvenile salmonids in 16 estuaries and
concluded that small (:S; 50- to 60-mm fork length [FL]) juvenile chum salmon feed primarily on
such epibenthic crustaceans as harpacticoids copepods, gammarid amphipods, and isopods,
whereas large juveniles (> 60-mm FL) in neritic habitats feed on drift insects and on such
plankton as calanoid copepods, larvaceans, and hyperiid amphipods. However, the early diet of
juvenile chum salmon at localities also consists exclusively of neritic zooplankton.
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Surveys conducted by WDF in 1974 reported 14 chum salmon spawning in the lower reach
of Ludlow Creek below the waterfalls (FishPro 1993). However, no chum salmon were reported
in surveys conducted by WDF in 1984 and 1986 (Egan, R., WDFW, pers. comm., 2000). In the
past, private citizens have attempted enhancement projects for chum salmon in the lower section
of Ludlow Creek, but have had minimal success (FishPro 1993). Currently, it is believed that the
creek does not support native salmon runs (Egan, R., WDFW, pers. comm., 2000).
3.1.3.2 Stock Status
No stock status information was found for summer-run chum salmon specific to the Qui1cene
River system, but instead the stock status for the entire Hood Canal sUmmer-run chum salmon
stock was assessed. Hood Canal summer chum spawn primarily in the Big Qui1cene,
Dosewallips, Duckabush, and Hamma Hamma rivers. As of 1992, this stock was classified as
critical (WDFW and WWTIT 1994).
3.1.3.3 Critical Habitat
Designated critical habitat for Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon includes all river
reaches accessible to listed chum salmon (including estuarine areas and tributaries) draining into
Hood Canal as well as Olympic Peninsula rivers between and including Hood Canal and
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Dungeness Bay. Also included are estuarine/marine areas of Hood Canal, Admiralty Inlet, and
the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the international boundary and as far west as a straight line
extending north from Dungeness Bay. Excluded are areas above Cushman Dam on the
Skokomish River and above naturally impassable barriers (50 CFR Part 226).
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3.1.4 Bull Trout (Native Char)
3.1.4.1
Life History
Newly hatched anadromous bull trout emerge from the gravel in the spring (WDFW 1998b).
They typically spend 2 years in fresh water before they migrate to salt water, the mainstem of
rivers, or reservoirs, although there are populations of bull trout that do not exhibit this behavior;
these trout spend their entire lives in the same stretch of headwater stream. These fish may not
mature until they are 7 to 8 years old, and rarely reach sizes greater than 14 inches in length
(WDFW 1998b).
Bull trout typically use pristine headwater areas to spawn (WDFW 1998b). Spawning begins
in late August, peaks in September and October, and ends in November. Fish in a given stream
spawn over a period of 2 weeks or less. ,Almost immediately after spawning, adults begin to
work their way back to the mainstem rivers, lakes, or reservoirs to overwinter. Some of these
fish stay in these areas while others move into salt water in the spring. Bull trout will spawn a
second or even third time. Kelts feed aggressively to recover from the stress of spawning
(WDFW 1998b).
Bull trout are opportunistic feeders, eating aquatic insects, shrimp, snails, leeches, fish eggs,
and fish. Early beliefs that these fish are serious predators of salmon and steelhead are generally
not supported today (WDFW 1998b).
Any bull trout that may occur in the action area likely originate from rivers other than the
Qui1cene River system, which does not have distinct stock of bull troutJDolly Varden (WDFW
1998a).
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3.1.4.2 Stock Status
The status and occurrence of anadromous populations of bull trout in Puget Sound are subject
to some scientific debate; separation of anadromous bull trout from the closely related
anadromous Dolly Varden char (S. malma) is very difficult and can only be accomplished using
electrophoretic techniques (Leary and Allendorf 1997). The lead WDFW char biologist believes
that there is one species of native char in the Puget Sound region that may have fluvial, adfluvial,
and anadromous components in any given river system (Kraemer, c., WDFW, pers. comm.,
April 4, 2000). Until further resolution is possible, WDFW has made a decision to manage all
Puget Sound stocks as if they were a single bull troutJDolly Varden (native char) complex
(Washington Department of Wildlife [WDW; now WDFW] 1993).
3.1.4.3 Critical Habitat
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The USFWS does not have sufficient information to conduct analyses required to determine
critical habitat for bull trout (native char) in Puget Sound. As a result, the service has not yet
proposed or designated critical habitat (Chan, J., USFWS, pers. comm., March 22, 2000;
USFWS 1999a).
3.1.5 Bald Eagle
3.1.5.1 Life History
Bald eagles historically ranged throughout North America except extreme northern Alaska
and Canada and central and ,southern Mexico. The bald eagle's habitat includes estuaries, large
lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. In Washington, resident bald eagle populations occur primarily
near large bodies of water west of the Cascade Mountains (Rodrick and Milner 1991). Bald
eagles are known to occur in the Puget Sound area. Nest trees are typically, but not always, tall
conifers with most nest trees located within 1 mi of large bodies of water with adequate food
supplies (Anthonyet al. 1982).
The diet of bald eagles at a site in Puget Sound (Discovery Park) has been studied by
watching birds as they hunt and return with prey to an active nest site (Parametrix 1992-1995 and
1996). Marine and freshwater fish were identified as the preferred prey of these eagles during
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five seasons of observation, comprising over 84 percent of all captures and deliveries. Birds
contributed a much smaller proportion (7.3 percent) of the eagles' diet. Fish species that were
identified visually when the adult eagles were observed feeding their young included salmonids,
catfish, pollock, cod, rockfish, carp, dogfish, sculpin, perch, and hake. Eagle foraging is best
described as opportunistic, as they will take advantage of whatever prey is easiest to obtain.
Bald eagles generally begin courtship activities in November. Copulation occurs from
December to March, with egg laying and incubation during March. Eggs usually hatch in April
and brooding occurs through June. Eaglets generally fledge in June or July. Adults often depart
from the nesting area in August. They return the following fall to commence the nesting cycle.
Tillie fluctuations in breeding activity can be attributed to weather changes affecting foraging or
nest success (Parametrix 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 1996).
3.1.5.2 Population Status
After World War IT, bald eagle populations declined significantly, largely as a result of the
use of organochlorine pesticides and loss of nesting habitat (USFWS 1999b). In 1963, only
\
417 nesting pairs of bald eagles were known to occur in the lower 48 states. In 1978, the bald
eagle was listed as an endangered species in the continental United States, except in Washington,
Oregon, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, where it was listed as threatened (USFWS 1986).
Due to recovery efforts, there are now an estimated 5,478 nesting pairs in the continental
United States (USFWS 1999b). As a result, biologists believe that the bald eagle may no longer
require special protection under the ESA. In July 1999, the USFWS proposed to remove the bald
eagle from the list of threatened and endangered species. A final decision on deli sting is
expected in July 2000.
3.1.5.3 Critical Habitat
No critical habitat has been designated for bald eagles in Puget Sound.
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3.1.5.4 Preliminary Effects Determination
Proposed project activities will be confined to limited intertidal and subtidal areas and will
not significantly affect eagle foraging areas or prey. Thus, the proposed action may affect, but is
not likely to directly or indirectly adversely affect, bald eagles that may occur in the project
vicinity. Also, no interrelated or interdependent actions are expected to affect bald eagles. No
further discussion of the effects of the project on the species is warranted or included in this
document.
3.1.6 Marbled Murrelet
.....
3.1.6.1 Life History
The marbled murrelet, a small seabird that nests in the coastal, old-growth forests of the
Pacific Northwest, inhabits the Pacific coast of North America from the Bering Sea to central
California. In contrast to other seabirds, murrelets do not form dense colonies, and may fly
70 Ian or more inland to nest, generally in older coniferous forests. They are more commonly
found inland during the summer breeding season, but make daily trips to the ocean to gather
food, primarily fish and invertebrates, and have been detected in forests throughout the year.
When not nesting, the birds live at sea, spending their days feeding and then moving several
kilometers offshore at night (SEI 1999).
The breeding season of the marbled murrelet generally begins in April, with most egg laying
occurring in late May and early June. Peak hatching occurs in July after a 27- to 30-day
incubation. Chicks remain in the nest and are fed by both parents. By the end of August, chicks
have fledged and dispersed from nesting areas (Marks and Bishop 1999). The marbled murrelet
differs from other seabirds in that its primary nesting habitat is old-growth coniferous forest
within 50 to 75 mi of the coast. The nest typically consists of a depression on a moss-covered
branch where a single egg is laid. Marbled murrelets appear to exhibit high fidelity to their
nesting areas, and have been observed in forest stands for up to 20 years (Marks and Bishop
1999). Marbled murrelets have not been known to nest in other habitats including alpine forests,
bog forests, scrub vegetation, or scree slopes (Marks and Bishop 1999).
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Marbled murrelets are presumably long-lived species but are characterized by low fecundity
(one egg per nest) and low nesting and fledging success. Fledging success has been estimated at
45 percent. Nest predation on both eggs and chicks appears to be higher for marbled murrelets
than for other a1cids, and may be cause for concern. Principal predators are birds, primarily
corvids (jays, ravens, and crows) (Marks and Bishop 1999).
'-
At sea, foraging murrelets are usually found as widely spaced pairs. In some instances
murrelets form or join flocks that are often associated with river plumes and currents. These
flocks may contain sizable portions of local populations (Ralph and Miller 1999).
.....
3.1.6.2 Population Status
The total North American population of marbled murrelets is estimated to be 360,000
individuals. Approximately 85 percent of this population breeds along the coast of Alaska.
Estimates for Washington, Oregon, and California vary between 16,500 and 35,000 murrelets
(Ralph and Miller 1999). In British Columbia, the population was estimated at 45,000 birds in
1990 (Environment Canada 1999). In recent decades the murrelet population in Alaska and
British Columbia has apparently suffered a marked decline, by as much as 50 percent. Between
1973 and 1989, the Prince William Sound, Alaska, murrelet population declined 67 percent.
Trends in Washington, Oregon, and California are also down, but the extent of the decrease in
unknown. Current data suggest an annual decline of at least 3 to 6 percent throughout the
species' range (Ralph and Miller 1999).
'--
The most serious limiting factor for marbled murrelets is the loss of habitat through the
removal of old-growth forests and fragmentation of forests. Forest fragmentation may be making
nests near forest edges vulnerable to predation by other birds such as jays, crows, ravens, and
great-homed owls (USFWS 1996). Entanglement in fishing nets is also a limiting factor in
coastal areas due to the fact that the areas of salmon fishing and the breeding areas of marbled
murrelets overlap. The marbled murrelet is especially vulnerable to oil pollution; in both Alaska
and British Columbia, it is considered the seabird most at risk from oil pollution. In 1989, an
estimated 8,400 marbled murrelets were killed as a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Marks
and Bishop 1999). Marbled murrelets forage in nearshore waters where recreational boats are
most often found. Disturbance by boats may cause them to abandon the best feeding areas
(Environment Canada 1999).
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3.1.6.3 Critical Habitat
'-
No critical habitat has been designated for the marbled murrelet in Puget Sound.
3.1.6.4 Preliminary Effects Determination
,
.......
Proposed project activities will be confined to limited intertidal and subtidal areas and will
not significantly affect murrelet foraging areas or prey. Thus, the proposed action may affect,
but is not likely to directly or indirectly adversely affect, marbled murrelets that may occur in
the project vicinity. Also, no interrelated or interdependent actions are expected to affect
marbled murrelets. No further discussion of the effects of the project on the species is warranted
or included in this document.
3.1.7 Steller Sea Lion
3.1.7.1 Life History
The Steller sea lion was listed as a threatened species under emergency rule by NMFS in
April 1990; final listing for the species became effective in December 1990, Steller sea lion
habitat includes both marine and terrestrial areas that are used for a variety of purposes.
Terrestrial areas (e.g., beaches) are used as rookeries for pupping and breeding. Rookeries
usually occur on beaches with substrates that include sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, and bedrock
(NMFS 1992). Haul-out areas are used other than during the breeding and pupping season. Sites
used as rookeries may be used as haul-out areas during other times of the year. When Steller sea
lions are not using rookery or haul-out areas, they occur in nearshore waters and out over the
continental shelf. Some individuals may enter rivers in pursuit of prey (Jameson and Kenyon
1977).
'- Steller sea lions are opportunistic feeders and consume a variety of fishes such as flatfish cod,
and rockfish; and invertebrates such as squid and octopus. Demersal and off-bottom schooling
fishes predominate (Jones 1981). Steller sea lions along the coasts of Oregon and California
have eaten rockfish, hake, flatfish, cusk-eel, squid, and octopus (Fiscus and Baines 1966, Jones
1981, Treacy 1985); rockfish and hake are considered to be consistently important prey items
(NMFS 1992). Feeding on lamprey in estuaries and river mouths has also been documented at
'-'
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sites in Oregon and California (Jones 1981, Treacy 1985). Spalding (1964) and Otesiuk et al.
(1990) have documented Steller sea lions feeding on salmon, but they are not considered to be a
major prey item (Osborne 1988).
o.....J
The breeding range of Steller sea lions extends from southern California to the Bering Sea
(Osborne 1988). Breeding colonies consisting of small numbers of sea lions also exist on the
outer coasts of Oregon and British Columbia. There are currently no breeding colonies in
Washington State (NMFS 1992), although three major haul-out areas exist on the Washington
outer coast and one major haul-out area is located at the Columbia River south jetty (NMFS
1992). Jagged Island and Spit Rock are used as summer haul-outs, and Umatilla Reef is used
during the winter (National Marine Mammal Laboratory, unpublished data). Other rocks, reefs,
and beaches as well as floating docks, navigational aids, jetties, and breakwaters are also used as
haul-out areas (NMFS 1992).
....
Responses to various types of human-induced disturbances have not been specifically
studied. Close approach by humans, boats, or aircraft will cause hauled-out sea lions to go into
the water. Disturbances that cause stampedes on rookeries may cause trampling and
abandonment of pups (Lewis 1987). Areas subjected to repeated disturbance may be
permanently abandoned (Kenyon 1962), and/or the repeated disturbance may negatively affect
the condition or survival of pups through interruption of normal nursing cycles. Low levels of
occasional disturbance may have little long-term effect (NMFS 1992).
3.1.7.2 Population Status
The worldwide Steller sea lion population is estimated at just under 200,000, with the
majority occurring in Alaska. The range of the Steller sea lion extends around the North Pacific
Ocean rim from northern Japan, the Kuril Islands and Okhotsk Sea, through the Aleutian Islands
and Bering Sea, along Alaska's southern coast, and south to California (Kenyon and Rice 1961,
Loughlin et al. 1984).
3.1.7.3 Critical Habitat
No critical habitat for Steller sea lions has been designated in Puget Sound.
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3.1.7.4 Preliminary Effects Determination
Steller sea lions are rare in the action area and are not expected to approach the project area
because of low prey availability and because they are expected to avoid the relatively constant
human activity in the Port Ludlow Marina area. Because of the innate escape responses of
marine mammals and the pelagic habitats they use, there is virtually no risk of a direct take or
injury that could result from project-related activities. Although Port Ludlow could potentially
be used as a haul-out area for Steller sea lions, it would be unusual (Jefferies, S., WDFW, pers.
comm., 2000).
There are no interrelated or interdependent action effects that are expected to any Steller sea
lions that may use the action area. The conclusion of this BE is that the project may affect, but
is not likely to adversely affect, Steller sea lions. No further discussion of the effects of the
project on the species is included in this document.
3.2 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
The existing habitat in the action area is described in this section in the context of a series of
"pathways" and "indicators" (NMFS 1999). Pathways represent groups of environmental
attributes important to anadromous fish and their habitats. Indicators may be either metric
(numeric) ordescriptive and are measures of how near-optimal the habitat is for the pathway and
species in question. Within the context of this BE, the concept of pathways and indicators is
useful to frame discussions of how the proposed project will influence (improve, maintain, or
degrade) each indicator. A list of pathways and indicators considered in this BE is provided in
Table 1. Relevant pathways and indicators are discussed in the following sections.
The net effect of an action is considered to be the overall effect on the species and habitat in
the long term. For example, a short-term adverse condition (e.g., loss of infauna during dredging
or debris removal) may be necessary to achieve a long-term improvement in benthic habitat and
quality; in such a case, the net effect is positive and would contribute toward improvement inthe
infauna indicator. Moreover, short-term adverse conditions that occur when few or no listed
species are present do not constitute adverse modifications of the indicator species' habitat
quality.
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3.2.1 Noise
Port Ludlow Bay is surrounded by the community of Port Ludlow, which consists of
approximately 2,000 year-round residents. Background noise levels are expected to be similar to
those that would occur within other residential communities throughout the Puget Sound basin.
Existing sources of noise are expected from vehicular traffic, the operation of internal
combustion engines associated with various maintenance activities, and other activities that
would typically occur in a residential community.
Existing activities associated with the Port Ludlow Marina also generate noise within the
action area and include boating and float plane traffic. Boating and float plane activities are
greatest during the summer months.
3.2.2
Water Quality and Stormwater
.....
The Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) has classified all waters of Port
Ludlow as Class AA. Water quality monitoring of Port Ludlow Bay since 1984 has
demonstrated that overall water quality in Port Ludlow Bay is excellent, consistent with its
Class AA designation (Jefferson County 1993).
A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) point-source monitoring
program for the Port Ludlow Wastewater Treatment Plant was conducted from 1989 through
1997. This monitoring program documented water quality in Port Ludlow Bay during the
environmentally critical months of May through October. The results of the point-source
monitoring demonstrated continued excellent water quality in Port Ludlow Bay. The
point-source monitoring program is no longer required by Ecology and was discontinued in 1998
(Berryman & Henigar 1999).
A program to monitor nonpoint sources of pollutants to Port Ludlow Bay was initiated by
Pope Resources, developers of the Port Ludlow Marina. Monitoring has continued since 1989,
with the objectives of (1) establishing baseline water quality conditions, (2) evaluating the
impacts of development activities and related nonpoint sources, (3) evaluating the effectiveness
of nonpoint source controls such as stormwater management systems, and (4) monitoring
long-term trends of bay water quality (Berryman & Henigar 1999). Pope Resources conducted
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its most recent nonpoint monitoring in 1998. This nonpoint-source monitoring program was
designed to assess long-term trends in water quality during baseflow and stormflow conditions in
the major tributaries to Port Ludlow Bay. Baseflow conditions are generally measured May
through October, while stormflow conditions are measured during storm events. During the
1998 monitoring program, stormflow water quality was measured during December. Stations
were monitored for flow, fecal coliform, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and
temperature. During some years, some stations were monitored for metals and pesticides.
No long-term upward or downward trends in constituent concentrations are evident for any of
the monitoring stations. Constituent concentrations, for the most part, have not been increasing
along with the increased population density of the watershed. Concentrations of most
constituents (e.g., fecal coliform) have been higher during storm events than during baseflows,
which is consistent with the findings of other watershed studies (Berryman & Henigar 1999).
Concentrations of dissolved and total metals continue to be low during storm events and very
low during baseflows (Berryman & Henigar 1999).
......
Nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) concentrations in the freshwater tributaries are in the
typical range for rural watersheds during both baseflow and stormflow. Overall, nutrient loading
to Port Ludlow Bay from these tributaries is extremely low (Berryman & Henigar 1999).
Based on the results of the nonpoint-source monitoring program, water quality conditions in
Port Ludlow Bay do not appear to be adversely impacted by watershed activities (Berryman &
Henigar 1999).
3.2.3
Sediment Quality
As part of the nonpoint-source monitoring program, sediment samples have been collected
from the bay at locations where stormwater discharge is known to occur. Samples were analyzed
for a variety of constituents, including oil and grease, total metals, pesticides, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Results of sediment quality monitoring have demonstrated
sediment quality to be excellent within Port Ludlow Bay. Pesticides and PCBs were not
detected, as were mercury, selenium, and silver. Of those metals that were detected,
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concentrations were well below Washington's Sediment Quality Standards (SQS) (Jefferson
County 1993).
Sediment samples collected within Port Ludlow Marina between 1987 and 1995 had
concentrations of metals that were well below their respective SQS (Table 2) (Vasey Engineering
1995).
3.2.4 Habitat
3.2.4.1 Access/Refugia
Juvenile salmonids have largely unrestricted access to and through the action area. Shoreline
areas are crossed by elevated, fixed walkways that are relatively narrow (e.g., < 8 ft) and are not
expected to significantly shade beach areas or interfere with alongshore migration by juvenile
salmonids. Port Ludlow Marina has floats that may provide refuge for juvenile salmonids using
nearshore areas in the vicinity. Studies by Pentec (1997), Salo et al. (1980), and Ratte and Salo
(1985) have shown evidence that migrating juvenile salmonids use overwater structures as cover
when they are disturbed by overhead activities. These studies also found no evidence that
overwater structures in Puget Sound concentrate predators on juvenile salmonids.
3.2.4.2 Substrate
'-
Sediments under the marina are relatively fine-grained native sediments (Echelon
Engineering 2000). Sediment samples collected in 1995 near the western end of C-dock were
described as being black and anoxic and composed primarily of sand and shell fragments (Vasey
Engineering 1995). Substrate available to organisms is modified by growth of green algae
(V/va spp.) and probably several other species on cobbles in the middle and lower intertidal zone.
No eelgrass has been reported in the action area. Eelgrass is generally present on suitable
substrates (sand/silt) at depths between mean lower low water (MLLW) and about -18 ft MLLW
in the central Puget Sound region; however, an underwater survey conducted on December 10,
1999, found no eelgrass under the existing marina or in areas that would be directly affected by
the project (Echelon Engineering 2000). Existing pilings of the dock provide an additional
substrate type that supports a dense epibiota dominated by barnacles and mussels in the intertidal
zone. Hydroids, tubeworms, and anemones are expected to be the dominant piling organisms
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below about MLL W Existing floats support dense growths of a variety of plants and animals, as
well as some eelgrass, and can be expected to provide a rich feeding ground for migrating salmon
(e.g., Kozloff 1987) (Appendix B).
3.2.4.3 Slope
The Port Ludlow Marina was constructed in the late 1970s, and the boat basin was created by
dredging. The slope of the substrate beneath the marina was created as a result of the initial
dredging. From the steeper riprap shore in the upper intertidal area that borders the shoreward
..... side of the marina, the beach slopes at an approximately 6 percent grade. The beach is composed
of quarry spawl and small riprap (Appendix B). At the seaward extent of the marina, the slope
decreases, with depths at the outer margin of the marina between 35 ft and 40 ft. Prom this point,
there is a gradual slope to the middle of Port Ludlow Bay where bottoms depths vary between 50
and 60 ft. Most of the marina expansion will occur along the outer margin of the marina in water
depths of 35 to ;;::: 40 ft.
3.2.4.4 Flow/Current Patterns
The location, geometry, and orientation of Port Ludlow Bay is such that the strong offshore
ebb-and-flood tidal currents in Admiralty Inlet create a large eddy in the outer portion of Port
Ludlow Bay that appears to reverse direction with each tidal stage. Waters from Admiralty Inlet
are drawn into the bay under a wide variety of tidal conditions. Current measurements, drogue
observations, and salt balance calculations made in 1984 and 1986 indicated that the outer bay
eddy is accompanied by a complex pattern of currents that exert influence into the central portion
of the bay. Significantly more water is circulated into and out of the bay due to eddies and
currents than would be the case if only a simple ebb-and-flood pattern existed. As a
consequence, the bay may be better mixed and better flushed than many bays within Puget
Sound. Mixing is further enhanced by vertical currents and upwelling at the entrance and head of
Port Ludlow Bay (Jefferson County 1993).
Flushing of the bay is caused by tidal currents, fresh water from streams and rainfall, wind-
mixing of the surface water, and local vertical mixing. Salt balance calculations indicated that
the volume of water exchanged daily between Port Ludlow and Admiralty Inlet average
39 percent per day and vary from 20 to 50 percent of the total volume of the bay, dependent upon
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the time of year and prevailing tidal range. The time to exchange the water volume of the bay,
including the innermost reaches, was estimated to be between 2 to 5 days. Localized portions of
the bay may have longer or shorter flushing rates. The flushing time for the outer bay has been
estimated to be 9 hours on average (Jefferson County 1993).
......
3.2.5 Biota
3.2.5.1
Prey-Epibenthic Zooplankton
...... Epibenthic zooplankton, primarily crustaceans, and terrestrial insects are important prey for
juvenile chinook salmon in estuaries (Simenstad et al. 1988, Healey 1991). Several of the habitat
I indicators listed above are important in determining the productivity and composition of the
.......
epibenthic community. No studies have been conducted within the action area that have
examined benthic and epibenthic biota.
3.2.5.2 Prey-Pelagic Zooplankton'
Calanoid copepods are often abundant in the diet of juvenile chinook salmon in urban
estuaries (Weitkamp and Schadt 1982). Production of calanoids and other potential pelagic prey
of salmonids is largely dependent on water-column processes in outer Port Ludlow and adjacent
marine waters. Pelagic zooplankton productivity is dependent on the presence of adequate light
and nutrients to stimulate phytoplankton and is not influenced greatly by conditions along
shorelines or in deeper water in the vicinity of the Port Ludlow Marina.
3.2.5.3 Prey-Forage Fish
Larval, juvenile, and adult Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi), surf smelt (Hypomesus
pretiosus), and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) are important forage fish for juvenile,
subadult, and adult salmonids (Healey 1991). Alteration of spawning habitat for these species
may directly affect the abundance of forage for a range of age groups of chinook salmon. Surf
smelt and sand lance spawn within Port Ludlow; however, there are no data indicating that
spawning occurs within the project area (Bargmann, G., WDFW, pers. comm., 2000). A very
large school of juvenile herring (e.g., 100 to 150 mm) was seen foraging in the west-central
'-'
portion of the marina during a site visit on December 10, 1999.
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3.2.5.4 Vegetation
Eelgrass beds are recognized as habitats of statewide significance due to their high
production rates of prey for salmonids and other fishes, for the structural diversity they provide,
and as a site for herring spawning (e.g., Simenstad et al. 1988). Macroalgae also are recognized
as a contributor to habitat complexity and primary productivity. In contrast to eelgrass,
macroalgae readily colonizes all appropriate rocky, cobble, or artificial substrates. Particular
macroalgal beds (e.g., kelp forests) have more specific habitat needs.
Aquatic vegetation occurs in the action area primarily attached to intertidal cobbles, docks,
and pilings. No benthic eelgrass or kelp beds are reported within the project area (Echelon
Engineering 2000), but macro algae and eelgrass are both found on existing floats within the
marina. Ulva sp. and Mastocarpus sp. were identified along the lower intertidal shoreline
immediately north of the marina during visits on December 10, 1999, and February 9, 2000.
Shoreline vegetation observed along the upper intertidal area north of the marina included
pickleweed (Salicornia virginica), seaside plantain (Plantago maritima), gumweed (Grindelia
integrifolia), fleshy jaumea (Jaumea carnosa), and saltweed (Atriplex patula).
'--
3.2.5.5 Ecological Diversity
Ecological diversity is an abstract concept relating to the variety of habitats and assemblages
present in a given area. A greater ecological diversity is often considered to reflect a more stable,
productive, and/or healthy ecosystem, although the tie to habitat quality for salmon is theoretical,
not empirical. No studies have been conducted within the action area investigating ecological
diversity; however, it is expected to be moderate to high, based on the diversity of habitats
present and the gradient of conditions from the Ludlow Creek estuary to the deep central portion
of Port Ludlow itself.
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4.0 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION
4.1 EFFECTS ANALYSIS
.....
This section discusses short-term and long-term, direct and indirect effects of the Port
Ludlow Marina expansion project activities, as well as the net effects of those activities on
salmonids listed and proposed for listing under ESA. Only those pathways and their associated
indicators that are likely to be affected by the project in some way are discussed in this section.
A primary factor reducing the risk of impact to juvenile salmonids is the restriction of inwater
activities to periods when few juveniles will be present in the work area. No reports have been
found that suggest that adult salmonids would be vulnerable to impact or take from the types of
activities included in the proposed action.
Net effect is considered to be the overall effect on the species and habitat in the long term.
The net effects of the proposed project on each indicator are summarized in Table 3.
'-
4.1.1 Construction Disturbances
4.1 .1 .1
Short-Term Effects
'-
Direct Effects-Approximately 40 to 60 concrete or steel pilings will be installed as part of
the marina expansion project. Piles will be installed using a barge-mounted pile driver. Feist et
al. (1996) investigated the impacts of pile driving on juvenile pink and chum salmon behavior
and distribution in Everett Harbor, Washington. The authors reported that there may be changes
in general behavior and school size, and that fish appeared to be driven toward the acoustically
isolated side of the site during pile driving. However, the prevalence of fish schools did not
change significantly with and without pile driving, and schools were often observed about the
pile-driving rigs themselves. No impacts on feeding were reported. The study concluded that
any effects of pile-driving noise on juvenile salmonid fitness would be very difficult to measure
quantitatively. Once the pilings are in place, pre-constructed sections of walkways and finger
piers will be floated into place and assembled. No significant noise or disturbance will be
generated by these actions. Because the proposed inwater construction would occur outside of
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time periods when significant numbers of juvenile salmonids are expected to be present, no
significant effect or take is expected from project construction activities.
'-
Ambient noise levels wi11likely increase during pile-driving activities and may temporarily
disrupt foraging behavior of bald eagles in the vicinity of the project area. The Washington State
Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducted monitoring studies to determine the potential
impacts on wintering eagles associated with pile-driving activities at Orcas and Shaw Islands in
San Juan County, Washington, from December 15, 1986, through March 15, 1987 (Bottorff et al.
1987). Each of the monitoring areas was associated with a Washington State ferry terminal, thus
background noise sources included ferry whistles, boat motors, chain saws, aircraft, and other
construction noises including front end loaders, cranes, generators, diesel trucks, hammers, and
other general noise sources associated with construction areas. Noise readings were taken at the
construction sites and various intermediate points out to about 6,000 ft from the construction
sites.
......
......
Driving of wood piles did not visibly disturb the eagles observed during the course of the
study. A steel pile, which produces some of the loudest noises during pile-driving activities, may
have disturbed a bald eagle at a distance of 4,000 ft. However, this same pair of eagles had been
in the same location during the driving of two steel piles earlier in the day and exhibited no
visible disturbance reaction. The eagle pair returned to their preferred perch and no further
adverse reactions were observed, even after over 100 wood piles were driven (Bottorff et al.
1987).
.....!
According to the authors, between 0.25 and 0.5 mi from the construction site and beyond,
construction noises were similar in level to background noise. Environmental factors such as
wind and wave action, movement of tree branches and forest litter, barking dogs, bird noises,
automobiles, airplanes, human voices, woodcutting, light construction activities, boats, and other
unidentified noise sources create ambient noise levels that are similar to noise levels produced by
pile driving at distances of 0.25 to 0.5 mi away from the point source (Bottorff et al. 1987).
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WSDOT also monitored noise levels during pile-driving activities at their Anacortes facility
(Visconty, S., Washington State Ferries, pers. comm., March 9,2000). For comparison purposes,
background noise levels were monitored at the Friday Harbor terminal. At the Friday Harbor
terminal, ambient noise levels around the closest bald eagle nest (located near the terminal)
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ranged between 45 and 72 dBA, 40 to 51 dBA for local harbor traffic noise, and 69 to 74 dBA
from use of a 100-ton crane at the terminal.
Pile-driving noise at the Anacortes facility ranged from 105 to 115 dBA at 15 m (50 ft) from
the noise source. Noise levels were highest when a pile was first driven and decreased near
completion because of a reduction of exposed surface area and increased stiffness as the pile
became more embedded (Visconty, S., Washington State Ferries, pers. comm., March 9, 2000).
Simultaneous readings taken at several distances to determine propagation loss at Anacortes
indicated 'a 6-dBA decrease in sound pressure for every doubling of distance. Given this
information, at 560 m (1,850 ft) from the noise source at Anacortes, the sound was 70 dBA, well
within measured background ambient noise levels recorded at the Friday Harbor terminal
(Visconty, S., Washington State Ferries, pers. comm., March 3,2000).
The nearest recorded bald eagle nesting area to the Port Ludlow Marina is located
l...J
approximately 4,900 ft west of the marina (Guggenmos, L., WDFW, pers. comm., 2000). It is
likely that residential development within the Port Ludlow area produces background noise levels
typical of other communities of similar population and size.
Indirect Effects-No short-term indirect effects due to construction disturbances are
anticipated.
4.1.1.2 Long-Term Effects
No long-term direct or indirect effects due to construction disturbances are anticipated.
4.1.1 .3 Net Effects
Pile driving will result in a brief period of increased noise during the Port Ludlow Marina
expansion project, possibly causing salmonids and other species to avoid certain areas in the
vicinity of the marina during active pile driving. This possible impact is only temporary and will
not persist beyond the construction period and will not result in significant or measurable take of
juvenile salmonids. Therefore, the net effect of pile driving and removal is to maintain noise
levels in the project area (Table 3).
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4.1.2
Water Quality
4.1.2.1
Short-Term Effects
Direct Effects-Pile driving may produce temporary and localized impacts to water quality.
Elevated turbidity plumes are likely to occur in the immediate vicinity of the pile driving.
However, the majority of the pile-driving activities will occur at water depths of 35 to 40 ft, away
from intertidal areas that are used predominantly by juvenile salmonids. Because of the depth of
the water where pilings will be installed, it is highly unlikely that any increased turbidity due to
pile driving will affect areas frequented by juvenile salmonids. Pile-driving activities are not
expected to appreciably affect dissolved oxygen concentrations in the project area.
Juvenile salmon have been shown to avoid areas of unacceptably high turbidities
(e.g., Servizi 1988), although they may seek out areas of moderate turbidity (10 to 80 NTU),
presumably as cover against predation (Cyrus and Blaber 1987a,b). Feeding efficiency of
juveniles is also impaired by turbidities in excess of 70 NTU, well below sublethal stress levels
(Bisson and Bilby 1982). Reduced preference by adult salmon homing to spawning areas has
been demonstrated where turbidities exceed 30 NTU (20 mg/l suspended sediments). However,
chinook salmon exposed to 650 mg/l of suspended volcanic ash were still able to find their natal
water (Whitman et al. 1982). Based on these data, it is highly unlikely that the locally elevated
turbidities generated by the proposed action will directly affect juvenile or adult salmonids that
may be present.
Sediment chemistry data from the marina indicate that sediments beneath the marina do not
contain elevated concentrations of any organic chemicals or metals. Pile driving, therefore, will
not compromise water quality by the resuspension of contaminants in the water column.
Indirect Effects-Few, if any, juvenile salmonids are expected in the action area during
construction activities; also, few adult chinook salmon or bull trout are expected in the project
area during construction. Short-term and localized decreases in dissolved oxygen or increases in
turbidity due to project construction may result in avoidance of immediate work areas. Should
this avoidance occur, it would have only insignificant and unmeasurable effects on salmonids.
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4.1.2.2 Long-Term Effects
No long-term direct or indirect effects to water quality are anticipated for any of the
construction activities proposed in the project area.
4.1.2.3 Net Effects
Short-term effects resulting from increased turbidity may be expected during pile driving, but
these effects due to sediment resuspension are expected to be only temporary, with no long-term
effects. Therefore, the net effect of pile driving and installation is to maintain water quality in
the project area (Table 3).
4.1.3
Sediment Quality
4.1.3.1 Short-Term Effects
No short-term direct or indirect effects to sediment quality from pile-driving activities are
anticipated in the project area.
4.1.3.2 Long-Term Effects
No long-term direct or indirect effects to sediment quality from pile-driving activities are
anticipated in the project area.
4.1.4
Habitat Conditions
4.1.4.1 Short-Term Effects
No short-term direct or indirect effects to habitat conditions from pile-driving or other marina
expansion activities are anticipated in the project area.
4.1.4.2 Long-Term Effects
No long-term direct or indirect effects to habitat conditions from pile-driving or other marina
expansion activities are anticipated in the project area. The square footage of overwater coverage
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of deep water in the Port Ludlow Marina will be increased as part of the expansion project.
Approximately 100 slips will be added to the existing marina facilities. Studies by Pentec
(1997), Salo et al. (1980), and Ratte and Salo (1985) have shown evidence that migrating
juvenile' salmonids use overwatE}r structures as covet when they are disturbed by overhead
activities. These studies also found no evidence that overwater structures in Puget Sound
concentrate predators on juvenile salmonids. The margins of new floating structures will support
growth of a productive epibiota that will add to the overall biological production of the project
area.
Simenstad et al. (1999) examined the potential impacts of ferry terminal on juvenile salmon
migrating along Puget Sound shorelines. The authors addressed three issues regarding the
impacts of overwater structures on juvenile salmon: (1) alteration in migratory behavior,
(2) reduction in prey production and availability, and (3) increased predation. An assessment of
over 60 direct sources of information found evidence that juvenile salmon react to shadows and
other artifacts in the shoreline environment created by shoreline structures. While changes in
light have been shown to affect salmon migration behavior and thus potentially place them at
increased mortality risk, the authors reported that they found no quantitative information on the
significance of these behavioral responses to juvenile salmon survival. Juvenile salmon also
encounter limited prey resources under shoreline structures when important habitats such as
eelgrass (Zostera marina) are disturbed. Modifications to light, temperature, salinity, nutrient
levels, and wave action beneath an overwater structure influence the rate of photosynthesis, plant
distribution, and survival of specific plant species that directly or indirectly support prey resource
composition and production. Despite considerable speculation about increased predation around
docks, quantitative evidence for significant increases in predation on salmon associated with
docks is lacking.
Simenstad et al. (1999) also conducted short-term underwater diving and video surveys at
five ferry terminals in Puget Sound (Clinton, Kingston, Port Townsend, Seattle, Vashon) during
the major period of juvenile salmon migration to gather preliminary information on the
relationships among variations in overwater structures, fish occurrence and relative abundance,
light conditions, biological communities, and potential predators. Juvenile salmon were
observed migrating under several structures. Existing information indicates that the effects of
shoreline structures on migrating juvenile salmon may vary, depending on the design and
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orientation of the shoreline structure, extent of alteration of the underwater light field, and
presence of artificial light. The surveys indicated that summer light intensities were above the
critical 10-4 foot candles threshold level required for maintenance of juvenile salmon feeding and
schooling, even under the darkest portion of the terminal, at four of the five terminals
investigated. However, according to the authors, our understanding of the significance of
short-term delays in the salmons' migration and cumulative or synergistic effects is insufficient
to provide the quantitative relationships that would be necessary as the basis for developing
retrofitting or design modifications to overwater structures.
4.1.4.3 Net Effects
The Port Ludlow Marina expansion will not impact fish access, fish refugia, substrate,
shoreline, riparian conditions, flow and hydrology, current patterns, or saltwater-freshwater
mixing patterns, nor will it result in other habitat disturbances (Table 3).
4.1.5 Biota
4.1.5.1 Short-Term Effects
No short-term effects to biota from the Port Ludlow Marina expansion are expected in the
project area.
4.1.5.2 Long-Term Effects
Direct Effects-The installation of 40 to 60 concrete or steel pilings in the project area at
water depths of 35 to 40 ft will result in the destruction of benthic habitat within the footprint of
each piling. Assuming that each piling is approximately 60 cm in diameter, the area covered by
the foot of each piling is about 0.283 m2, or about 11.3 to 17 m2 for 40 to 60 pilings. Benthic
habitat within the footprint of each piling will be permanently destroyed. However, the pilings
will provide additional surface area for colonization by marine plants and animals. Colonization
by marine algae will, in turn, provide additional habitat for juvenile fish and invertebrates.
Expansion of the Port Ludlow Marina will result in an increase in the area of overwater
structure within the project area, which will in turn result in increased shading of predominantly
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deep (> 35 ft) subtidal habitats beneath the structures. Under existing conditions, the project area
does not provide substantial habitat for aquatic vegetation except on marina floats and on
intertidal hard structures. Increased shading of underlying substrates may result in minor
decreases in microalgae and benthic productivity in the area directly beneath the new floats;
however, the floats will also provide substantial additional surface area for colonization by
aquatic vegetation and invertebrates.
The Washington State Department of Fisheries conducted a study of Skyline Marina in north
Puget Sound in which fish, zooplankton, and water quality characteristics were compared to the
marina's source water in monthly surveys conducted from,March to October 1978 (Cardwell et
al. 1980). The study concluded that the marina's fish populations were numerically larger, more
diverse, and richer in species than those in the bay. The majority of the Pacific herring, coho
salmon, and chinook salmon were captured within the marina, whereas most chum and pink
salmon were captured in Burrows Bay. An experimental release of chum salmon fry into the
marina suggested rapid emigration and a median residence time of one week or less. Predation
on baitfish and salmon juveniles in the marina was judged to be low due to an apparent scarcity
of potential bird and fish predators during the period of maximum juvenile fish abundance (May
to September) (Cardwell et al. 1980).
Surface zooplankton in the marina were less dense and rich in species than those in the bay,
and several holoplanktonic species (e.g., siphonophores and tunicates) were either absent or
present in reduced densities. Calanoid copepods, the primary prey of chum and pink salmon, surf
smelt, and Pacific herring, were most abundant in the bay. Conversely, the principal prey of
chinook and coho salmon, brachyura and teleost larvae, were most abundant in the marina
(Cardwell et al. 1980).
lllumination of the Port Ludlow Marina at night with artificial lighting is not expected to
adversely impact salmonids that may use the marina area. Salo et al. (1977, as cited in
Parametrix 1993b) and Prins low et al. (1979, as cited in Parametrix 1993b) studied the effects of
artificial lighting along the edges of a pier apron on Hood Canal. However, this study considered
only the effects of lights at night. Young salmon, as well as other fish, were attracted to the
lighted areas at the edge of the aprons. In this situation, the lights were hung from the apron
edges and directed at the water's surface. Light levels as low as 0.2 foot candles (ft-c) at the
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water surface caused young chum salmon to be attracted from an area of 5 to 10m during
nighttime periods. These light levels also attracted young herring and sandlance. Light levels of
19 to 37 ft-c attracted substantial numbers of chum salmon and other fish. These attractions of
young fish were to areas adjacent to the piers rather than under the aprons.
Ratte and Salo (1985, as cited in Parametrix 1993b) studied the effects of artificial lighting
under a Port of Tacoma pier apron. Generally they obtained higher catches in traps with the
lights off than with the lights on. These results suggest that young salmon tended to avoid the
artificially lighted area to some degree.
Indirect Effects-No adverse long-term, indirect effects on biota are expected to result from
the proposed action.
4.1.5.3 Net Effects
The expansion of the Port Ludlow Marina will result in biota in the project area generally
being maintained in their current condition, but will increase the substrate available for
colonization by plants and animals. Floats and upper portions of pilings will support production
of epibenthic zooplankton preferred as prey by juvenile salmonids (e.g., Kozloff 1987) (Table 3).
4.1.6 Net Effects of Action
The net effect of the proposed Port Ludlow Marina expansion will be to maintain all of the
indicators for each of the six pathways in their current conditions. Short-term, localized, and
minimal water quality degradation during pile driving will not impact habitat for juvenile
salmonids because of seasonal work restrictions; thus, current water quality conditions will be
maintained in the long term.
4.1.7 Cumulative, Interdependent, and Interrelated Effects
4.1.7.1 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects are those effects of future state or private activities, not involving
activities of other federal agencies, that are reasonably certain to occur within the action area of
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the federal action subject to consultation (50 CPR 402.02 Definitions). Future federal actions
that are unrelated to the proposed action are not considered in this section because they require
separate consultation pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA. No significant future state or private
activities have been identified in the Port Ludlow area.
4.1.7.2 Interdependent and Interrelated Effects
Interdependent effects are defined as actions with no independent utility apart from the
proposed action. Interrelated effects include those that are a part of a larger action and depend on
the larger action for justification.
'-
Expansion of the Port Ludlow Marina to 100 additional slips will likely result in an increase
in the number of vessels moored in the marina, as well as increased human activity and vessel
traffic within the marina. Increasing the number of vessels moored in the marina will also
increase the area of deep-water substrate beneath the vessels that is shaded; however, because of
water depths (> 35 ft), increased shading is not expected to adversely affect habitat or biota in the
project area. Because substantial boating activity already occurs within Port Ludlow and the
marina, the expected increase in boat traffic is not anticipated to result in any adverse impacts to
listed species in the project area or in Port Ludlow Bay.
'-
The increase in boating traffic within the marina will increase the potential for water
pollution from boating-related activities (e.g., oil, transmission fluid, gasoline, and diesel spills).
Ecology and the US Coast Guard (USCG) regulate activities (including those that could
negatively impact water quality) of commercial and recreational vessels operating in coastal
waterways. These regulations include prohibiting bilge and sewage discharge, and requiring that
any hazardous material spilled (Le., diesel, gasoline, oil, and transmission fluid) be reported to
marina authorities, Ecology, and the USCG. In the event a hazardous material is spilled into the
marina, the marina has a hazardous-spill response plan and the appropriate equipment to contain
and cleanup any spills (Port Ludlow Marina 1999).
4.2 TAKE ANALYSIS
Section 3 of the ESA defines take as "to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, trap,
capture, collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct." Under the ESA, "harm" is further
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defined as "significant habitat modification or degradation that results in death or injury to listed
species by significantly impairing behavior patterns such as breeding, feeding, or sheltering," and
"harass" as "actions that create the likelihood of injury to listed species to such an extent as to
significantly disrupt normal behavior patterns which include, but are not limited to breeding,
feeding or sheltering."
'--
The proposed Port Ludlow Marina expansion project is unlikely to significantly modify or
degrade habitat in the action area and is unlikely to impair or disrupt normal behavior patterns
involving breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Therefore, the proposed Port Ludlow Marina
expansion project is not expected to result in the taking of chinook salmon, Hood Canal
summer-run chum salmon, coho salmon, or bull trout.
'--
4.3 CONSERVATION MEASURES
'--
No significant or measurable effects are predicted from the proposed action. However, a
number of conservation measures have been incorporated in the marina expansion project.
Concrete or steel pilings will be used instead of treated wood pilings to prevent the introduction
of any chemical contaminants that could leach from treated wood pilings. Grating or plexiglass
will be used on the proposed replacement kayak float, which will allow light to penetrate beneath
the float. Furthermore, construction activities will occur when juvenilesalmonids are not likely
to be present in the project area.
'-
The existing water and sediment quality monitoring plan, which monitors water and sediment
quality in the marina and throughout Port Ludlow Bay, will continue after the marina expansion
project. Water and sediment quality data collected since 1989 indicate that water and sediment
quality throughout Port Ludlow meet or exceed state standards. Continued monitoring will
provide a means to assess future trends in environmental quality within Port Ludlow Bay.
4.4 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS
NMFSIUSFWS guidelines for the preparation of BEs states that a conclusion of "may affect,
but is not likely to adversely affect" is the"... appropriate conclusion when the effects on the
species or critical habitat are expected to be beneficial, discountable, or insignificant. Beneficial
effects have contemporaneous positive effects without any adverse effects. ..." Insignificant
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effects, in the NMFS/USFWS definition, ".. . relate to the size of the impacts and should never
reach the size where take occurs...[One would not expect to]...be able to meaningfully measure,
detect, or evaluate insignificant effects." Based on the analyses in this BE, this is the expected
nature and level of impact of implementation of the proposed project.
4.4.1 Salmon ids
The Port Ludlow Marina expansion project may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect,
juvenile chinook, Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon, coho salmon, or bull trout (native
char). While the conc1usionis focused on chinook salmon and chum salmon, it is applicable to
coho salmon and bull trout (native char) as well; however, because of their presumed lesser'
dependence on nearshore habitat, these species will be less affected by both the negative and
positive aspects of each project component. The proposed action will result in no adverse
modification or destruction of designated chinook or Hood Canal summer-run chum critical
habitat. No measurable effects and no take of salmonids are expected.
4.4.2 Birds
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The proposed action may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect, bald eagles or
marbled murrelets, or their critical habitat.
4.4.3 Marine Mammals
......
The proposed action may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect, the Steller sea lion or
its critical habitat.
......
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5.0 REFERENCES
'-
Anthony, RG., RL. Knight, G.T. Allen, B.R McClelland, and J.1. Hodges. 1982. Habitat use
by nesting and roosting bald eagles in the Pacific Northwest. Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 47:332-342.
Berryman & Henigar. 1999. Port Ludlow non-point monitoring program, 1998 report. Prepared
for Olympic Real Estate Development, Poulsbo, Washington, by Berryman & Henigar,
, Seattle, Washington.
Bisson, P.A., and RE. Bilby. 1982. Avoidance of suspended sediment by juvenile coho salmon.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4:371-374.
Bottorff, J., J. Schafer, D. Swanson, A. Elston, and D. Anderson. 1987. Noise disturbance study
on bald eagles at Orcas and Shaw Island ferry terminals San Juan County, Washington.
Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia.
, Cardwell, RD., S.J. Olsen, M.l. Carr, and E.W. Sanborn. 1980. Biotic, water quality, and
hydrologic characteristics of Skyline Marina in 1978. Washington State Department of
Fisheries, Technical Report No. 54, Olympia.
'-
Cyrus, D.P., and S.J.M. Blaber. 1987a. The influence of turbidity on juvenile marine fishes in
estuaries. Part 1: field studies at Lake St. Lucia on the southeastern coast of Africa. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 109:53-70.
Cyrus, D.P., and S.J.M. Blaber. 1987b. The influence of turbidity on juvenile marine fishes in
estuaries. Part 2: laboratory studies, comparisons with field data and conclusions. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 109:71-91.
Echelon Engineering, Inc. January 11, 2000. Letter from S.D. Sommerfeld, Echelon
Engineering, Inc., Seattle, Washington, to S. Kinsella, Reid Middleton, Inc., Everett,
Washington.
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Environment Canada. 1999. Marbled murrelet [online report]. Environment Canada, Quebec.
URL: <http://www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/Species/English/SearchDetail.cfm ?SpeciesID=39>.
Feist, B.E., J.J. Anderson, and R Miyamoto. 1996. Potential impacts of pile driving on juvenile
pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (0. keta) salmon behavior and distribution.
University of Washington, School of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Institute, FRI-UW-9603,
Seattle.
FishPro. 1993. Pope Resources fisheries resource assessment for the Port Ludlow development
program. FishPro, Port Orchard, Washington.
Fiscus, c., and G. Baines. 1966. Food and feeding behavior of Steller and California sea lions.
Journal of Mammology 47:195-200.
Healey, M.C. 1991. Life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Pages
311-394 in C. Groot and L. Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon Life Histories. UBC Press,
Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Jameson, R.I., and KW. Kenyon. 1977. Prey of sea lions in the Rogue River, Oregon. Journal
of Mammology 58:672.
Jefferson County Board of County Commissioners. 1993, Final environmental impact statement
for the Inn at Port Ludlow and the Port Ludlow development program. Jefferson County,
Port Townsend, Washington.
Johnson, O.W., W.S. Grant, RG. Cope, K Neely, F.W. Waknitz, and RS. Waples. 1997.
Status review of chum salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. US Department of
Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-32, Washington, DC.
Jones, R.E. 1981. Food habits of smaller marine mammals from Northern California.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 42:409-433.
'-
Kenyon, KW. 1962. History of the Steller sea lion at the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Journal of
Mammology 43:68-75.
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Kenyon, K.W., and D.W. Rice. 1961. Abundance and distribution of the Steller sea lion.
Journal of Marnmology 42:223-234.
'--
Kozloff, E.N. 1987. Marine invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington
Press, Seattle.
Leary, R.E, and EW. Allendorf. 1997. Genetic confirmation of sympatric bull trout and Dolly
Varden in western Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
126:715-720.
Lewis, I. 1987. An evaluation of census-related distribution of Steller sea lions. Master's thesis,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
'-
Loughlin, T., D. Righ, and C. Fiscus. 1984. Northern sea lion distribution and abundance:
1956-1980. Wildlife Management 48:729-740.
'-
Marks, D., and M.A. Bishop. 1999. Interim report for field work conducted May 1996 to May
1997: habitat and biological assessment Shepard Point Road Project - status of the marbled
murrelet along the proposed Shepard Point Road corridor [online report]. US Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Copper River Delta Institute, Cordova, Alaska. URL:
<http://www.pwssc.gen.ak.us/-shepard! docs/reportslinterirn/96mur .html>.
--
Miller, B.S., B.B. McCain, R.c. Wingert, S.P. Borton, and K.V. Pierce. 1976. Ecological and
disease studies of fishes near Metro operated sewage treatment plants on Puget Sound and the
Duwamish River. University of Washington, School of Fisheries, Fisheries Research
Institute, FRI-7608, Seattle.
'-
NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1992. Report to Congress on Washington State
marine mammals. NMFS, Silver Springs, Maryland.
NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1999. A guide to biological assessments. NMFS,
Washington Habitat Conservation Branch, Lacey, Washington.
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Osborne, R. 1988. Marine mammals of greater Puget Sound. The Whale Museum, Seattle,
Washington.
Otesiuk, P., M. Bigg, G. Ellis, S. Crockford, and R. Wigen. 1990. An assessment of the feeding
habits of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, based on
scat analysis. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1730.
......
Parametrix. 1992. Bald eagle monitoring, 1989-1991. 1991 Annual report to Metro. Prepared
by Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.
Parametrix. 1993a. Bald eagle monitoring, 1992. 1992 Annual report to Metro. Prepared by
Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.
Parametrix 1993b. Light and juvenile salmon under pier aprons -literature review. Prepared by
Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.
Parametrix. 1994. Bald eagle monitoring, 1993. 1993 Annual report to Metro. Prepared by
Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.
Parametrix. 1995. Bald eagle monitoring, 1994. 1994 Annual report to Metro. Prepared by
Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.
Parametrix. 1996. Bald eagle monitoring, 1995. 1995 Annual report to Metro. Prepared by
Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.
Pentec (Pentec Environmental, Inc.). 1997. Movement of juvenile salmon through industrialized
areas of Everett Harbor. Prepared for Port of Everett, Washington.
Port Ludlow Marina. 1999. Best management practices handbook. Port Ludlow Marina, Port
Ludlow, Washington.
"-
Ralph, C,J., and S. Miller. 1999. 1994 research highlight: marbled murrelet conservation
assessment [online report]. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood
Sciences Laboratory, Arcata, California. URL: <http://www.pswfs.govlhighlights/94
murrelet.html>.
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Ratte, L.D., and E.O. Salo. 1985. Under-pier ecology of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus
spp.) in Commencement Bay, Washington. University of Washington, Fisheries Research
Institute, School of Fisheries, FRI-UW-8508, Seattle.
Rodrick, E., and R Milner, technical editors.
Washington's priority habitats and species.
Olympia.
1991. Management recommendations for
Washington State Department of Wildlife,
Salo, E.O., N.J. Bax, T.E. Prinslow, C.J. Whitmus, B.P. Snyder, and C.A. Simenstad. 1980. The
effects of construction of naval facilities on the outmigration of juvenile salmonids from
Hood Canal, Washington, final report. University of Washington, Fisheries Research
Institute, FRI-UW-8006, Seattle.
Sandercock, S.K 1991. Life history of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Pages 397-445 in
C. Groot and L. Margolis, editors. Pacific salmon life histories. UBC Press, Vancouver,
Canada.
SEI (Sustainable Ecosystem Institute). 1999. Endangered species: marbled murrelet [online
report]. SEI, Portland, Oregon. URL: <http://www.sei.org/murrelet.html>.
Servizi, lA. 1988. Sublethal effects of dredged sediments on juvenile salmon. Pages 57-63 in
c.A. Simenstad, editor. Effects of dredging on anadromous Pacific Coast fishes. University
of Washington, Seattle.
--
Simenstad, c.A., J.R Cordell, RC. Wissmar, KL. Fresh, S. Schroder, M. Carr, and M. Berg.
1988. Assemblages structure, microhabitat distribution, and food web linkages of epibenthic
crustaceans in Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Washington. NOAA
Technical Report Series OCRM/MEMD, FRI-UW-8813, University of Washington, Seattle.
Simenstad, c.A., KL. Fresh, and E.O. Salo. 1982. The role of Puget Sound and Washington
coastal estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: an unappreciated function. Pages
343-364 in V.S. Kennedy, editor. Estuarine comparisons. Academic Press, New York.
July 6, 2000
00007\040\ptludlowmarinabe_r.doc:res
page 41
'---
\,-",1
Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
PENTC-C
Simenstad, c.A., BJ. Nightingale, R.M. Thorn, and D.K. Shreffler. 1999. Impacts of ferry
terminals on juvenile salmon migration along Puget Sound shorelines, phase I; synthesis of
state of knowledge (Research Project T9903, Task A2). Prepared for the Washington State
Transportation Commission, Olympia, Washington.
Spalding, DJ. 1964. Comparative feeding habits of the fur seal, sea lion, and harbour seal on
the British Columbia coast. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 146: 1-52.
.....
Treacy, S.D. 1985. Feeding habits of marine mammals from Grays Harbor, Washington to
Netarts Bay, Oregon. Pages 149-198 in R. Beach, A. Geiger, S. Je, and B. Troutman, editors.
Marine mammals and their interactions with fisheries of the Columbia River and adjacent
waters. Northwest Alaska Fisheries Center, Proc. Report 85-04, Mountlake Terrace,
Washington.
USFWS (US Fish and Wildlife Service). 1986. Recovery plan for the bald eagle. USFWS,
Portland, Oregon.
USFWS (US Fish and Wildlife Service). 1996. Primarily federal lands identified as critical for
rare seabird; minimal effects predicted from habitat designation [online report]. USFWS,
Portland, Oregon. URL: <http://www.r1.fws.gov/news/9625nr.htm>.
USFWS (US Fish and Wildlife Service). 1999a. Bull trout and endangered species act
commonly asked questions and answers [online report]. USFWS, Washington, DC. URL:
<http://www.r1.fws.gov/new/bulltrout/bulltqajn1.htm> .
--
USFWS (US Fish and Wildlife Service). 1999b. The bald eagle is back [online report].
USFWS, Washington, DC. URL: <http://www.fws.gov>.
Vasey Engineering. July 6, 1995. Letter from A. Law, Vasey Engineering, Seattle, Washington,
to L. Mueller, Pope Resources, Poulsbo, Washington.
WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1998a. 1998 Washington salmonid
stock inventory: appendix - bull trout and Dolly Varden. WDFW, Olympia.
July 6, 2000
00007\040\ptludlowmarinabe_r.doc: res
page 42
--
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Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
PENTr-C
......
WDPW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1998b. Washington's native chars
[online report]. WDPW, Olympia. URL: <http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/outreach/fishing/
char.htm>.
......
WDPW and WWTIT (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Western Washington
Treaty fudian Tribes). 1994. 1992 Washington State salmon and steelhead stock inventory.
Appendix One: Puget Sound stocks. WDPW and WWTIT, Olympia.
WDW (Washington State Department of Wildlife). 1993. Bull trout/Dolly Varden: management
and recovery plan. WDW, Fisheries Management Division, Olympia.
Weitkamp, D.E., and T.H. Schadt. 1982. 1980 juvenile salmonid study. Prepared for the Port of
Seattle, Document No. 82-0415-012F, by Parametrix, fuc., Bellevue, Washington.
Whitman, RP., T.P. Quinn, and E.L. Brannon. 1982. fufluence of suspended volcanic ash on
homing behavior of adult chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
111 :63-69.
Williams, RW., RM. Laramie, and J.J. Ames. 1975. A catalog of Washington streams and
salmon utilization, volume 1, Puget Sound region. Washington State Department of
Fisheries, Olympia.
......
July 6. 2000
00007\040\ptludlowmarinabe_r .doc:res
page 43
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Map prepared from
USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle
Port Ludlow, Washington
APPROXIMATE SCALE IN FEET
1-"'-'_-
O' 1000'
2000'
Pentec
Port Ludlow Marina Expansion BE
Port Ludlow, Washington
for Reid Middleton
Site vicinity map.
Figure 1
ENVIRONMENTAL
01/24/00 Fig_1.FH8
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8' TYPiCAL
FOR END
FINGERS
Proposed: Addition of 100 slips
to an existing marina.
PORT LUDLOW
MARINA EXPANSION
Section 16
of Township 28N, Ronge 01 E
r----_-
0' 50'
100'
In: Port Ludlow Bay
At: Port Ludlow Marina
County of: Jefferson
By: Olympic Property Group
7/5/2000
Figure 2 Plan view of proposed marino.
Datum: MLLW = 0 (NOS)
SCALE
200'
'--,
......
Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
" "
'-'
PENTr-C
Figure 3 Timing of salmon freshwater life phases in the Quilcene Basin.
Freshwater
Species Life Phase J F M A S 0 N 0
.......
Spring Chinook Upstream migration
Spawning
w Intragravel develop.
I Juvenile rearing
I Juv. outmigration
......
Summer-Fall Upstream migration
Chinook Spawning
Intragravel develop.
Juvenile rearing
Juv. outmigration
Coho Upstream migration
Spawning
Intragravel develop.
Juvenile rearing
Juv. outmigration
Chum Upstream migration
Spawning
Intragravel develop.
Juvenile rearing
Juv. outmigration
00007l0401l;gu,03,xlo
July 6, 2000
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Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
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Table 1
Pathways and indicators for evaluating salmon habitat in the urban estuary.
Pathway
Construction Disturbances
Water Quality
Stormwater
Sediment
Habitat Conditions
Biota
Indicator
Noise
Entrainment
Stranding
Turbidity
Chemical contamination/nutrients
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
Stormwater quality/quantity
Sedimentation sources/rates
Sediment quality
Fish access/refugia
Depth
Substrate
Slope
Shoreline
Riparian conditions
Flow and hydrology/current patterns/saltwater-freshwater interface
Overwater structures
Disturbance
Prey-epibenthic and pelagic zooplankton
Infauna
Prey-forage fish
Aquatic vegetation
Nonindigenous species
Ecological diversity
July 6, 2000
00007\040\ptludlowmarinatbls.doc: res
'-
Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
PENTC-C
Table 2
Summary of sediment metals concentrations (mglkg) in Port Ludlow Marina sediments
collected between 1987 and 1995 compared with their respective Sediment Quality
Standards (Vasey Engineering 1995). '
Metal 1995 1993 1991 1987 SQS
Arsenic 2.8 1.5 2.8 2.7 57
Cadmium 0.46 0.93 0.3 0.3 5.1
Copper 11.2 9.32 7.0 7.0 390
Lead 4.76 2.56 <10 <10 450
Mercury 0.074 0.053 <0.05 <0.05 0.41
Zinc 20.3 22.8 25.0 25.0 410
July 6, 2000
00007\040\ptludlowmarinatbls.doc: res
, ",-,J
Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
Table 3
PENTCoC
Net effects of the action on relevant pathways and indicators.
Pathway
Construction
Disturbances
Water Quality
Stormwater
Sediment
Habitat
Conditions
Biota
Indicators
Noise
Entrainment
Stranding
Turbidity
Chemical contamination/nutrients
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
Stormwater quality/quantity
Sedimentation sources/rates
Sediment quality
Fish access/refugia
Depth
Substrate
Slope
Shoreline
Riparian Conditions
Flow and hydrology/current patterns/
saltwater-freshwater mixing patterns
Overwater structures
Disturbance
Prey-epibenthic and pelagic zooplankton
Infauna
Effects of Action
Improve1 Maintain2 Degrade3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Prey-forage fish
Aquatic vegetation X
Nonindigenous species X
Ecological diversity X
1 Action will contribute to long-term improvement, over existing conditions, of the indicator.
2 Action will maintain existing conditions.
3 Action will contribute to long-term degradation, over existing conditions, of the indicator.
July 6, 2000
00007\040\ptludlowmarinatbls .doc:res
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RECORD OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATION
PENTEC CONTACT (EMPLOYEE NAME)
Kari Graves
DATE
March 29, 2000
JOB NUMBER
007 -040
, AGENCY
National Marine Fisheries Service
CONTACT
Bob Donnelly
CONVERSATION
Bob has concurred with our letter, dated January 14,2000.
0OOO7\040Icorrespondencelnmfsconcurrence.2.doc
"-
\"'_.<'
'-'
RECORD OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATION
PENTEC CONTACT (EMPLOYEE NAME)
Bob Stuart
DATE
March 22, 2000
'- JOB NUMBER
007 -040
AGENCY
National Marine Fisheries Service
CONTACT
'-
Tom Hooper
CONVERSATION
Tom concurred with our request letter (sent January 14, 2000) and requested that we also
address Steller sea lion and Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon.
......
00007\040IcorrespoINMFSconcurrence,doc
"-
'-
"->
- Pentec
MENTAL
'-
January 14,2000
'-
Mr. Steve W. Landino
Washington State Habitat Branch Chief
National Marine Fisheries Service
Habitat Program/Olympia Field Office
510 Desmond Drive SE, Suite 103
Lacey, W A 98503
'-
Request for Concurrence
Endangered Species Act Listings
Dear Mr. Landino:
'-
Pentec Environmental, Inc. (Pentec), is preparing a biological assessment for a proposed action
to expand a marina. The action will be conducted in Jefferson County at the following location:
'-
Port Ludlow, Washington, at Township 28 North, Range 1 East, Section 16
.....
As directed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Pentec obtained information on
endangered, threatened, proposed, and candidate species under NMFS jurisdiction in Puget Sound
from NMFS's Habitat Conservation Division Web site (http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/lhabcon/
habweb/listnwr.htm). Based on the Web site, our assessment is that the following species of
concern may occur within an area that could be affected by project impacts: Puget Sound chinook
salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act
(ESA), and coho salmon(o. kisutch), identified as a candidate for listing as threatened. In letters
we have received from NMFS regarding other actions, three other listed species have been
identified as potentially occurring in Puget Sound: the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), the
North Pacific population of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), and the leatherback turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea). The Steller sea lion, humpback whale, and leatherback turtle have not
been reported in, nor are they considered likely to be found in, the action area; therefore, we
believe that they need not be addressed in the biological assessment for the proposed action.
'-
.-:.1;;'.'..,.
. . _1fI~i;~~!f:~~~;~,~ii'::~:'i':-,:<::i~;):;~;,:-':=':z'::., _ ,',; _ _
Pentec Environmental, Inc. -120 Third Avenue South, Suite 110 · Edmonds, WA 98020. Phone: (425) 7754682 _ Fax: (425) 778-9417
'-'
'~
'-/
Mr. Steve W. Landino
January 14, 2000
page 2
Based on this infonnation, our investigation will cover chinook and coho salmolL Please let
me know whether or not you coucur with this assessment. You may contact me by telephone at .
(425) 775-4682, fax at (425) 778-9417, or bye-mail at kari@pentecenv.com.
Sincerely,
Pentec Environmental, Inc.
.....
o~ ~~~ ~
Kari M. Graves
Biologist
KMG/ds
00007\040Icorrespolnmfsinfore<LJ..doc
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United States Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
North Pacific Coast Ecoregion
Western Washington Office
510 Desmond Drive SE, Suite 102
Lacey, Washington 98503
Phone: (360) 753-9440 Fax: (360) 753-9518
FEB 1 0 2000
Dear Species List Requester:
Yau have requested a list of listed and proposed threatened and endangered species, candidate
species and species of concern (Attachment A) that may be present within the area of your proposed
project. This response fulfills the requirements of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) under
section 7(c) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). We have also enclosed a
copy ofthe requirements for Federal agency compliance under the Act (Attachment B).
.....
Should the Federal agency determine that a listed species is likely to be affected (adversely or
beneficially) by the project, you should request section 7 consultation through this office. If the
Federal agency determines that the proposed action is "not likely to adversely affect" a listed species,
you should request Service concurrence with that determination through the informal consultation
process. Even if there is a "no effect" situation, we would appreciate receiving a copy for our
information.
Species of concern are those species whose conservation standing is of concern to the Service, but
for which further status information is still needed. Conservation measures for species of concern
are voluntary, but recommended. Protection provided to these species now may preclude possible
listing in the future.
,There may be other federally listed species that may occur in the vicinity of your project which are
under thejurisdiction~ofthe National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Please contact NMFS at
(360) 753-9530 to request a species list.
In addition, please be advised that federal and state regulations may require permits in areas where
wetlanqs are identified. You should contact the Seattle District of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
for Federal permit requirements and the Washington State Department of Ecology for State permit
requirements.
'-'
, --..,/
,,-'
.....
Your interest in endangered species is appreciated. If you have additional questions regarding your
responsibilities under the Act, please contact Yvonne Dettlaft' (360) 753-9582 or Bobbi Barrera
(360) 753-6048.
-
Sincerely,
~/:/4'r
dJrry A :I:r:n, Manager
Western Washington Office
yd
Enc1osure(s)
C:COE
WDFW Region 6
'"-
~
',-
ATTACHMENT A
February 04, 2000
'-
LISTED AND PROPOSED ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES,
CANDIDATE SPECIES AND SPECIES OF CONCERN
WHICH MAY OCCUR WITIDN THE
VICINITY OF THE PROPOSED PORT OF LUDLOW MARINA PROJECT IN
JEFFERSON COUNTY, W ASIDNGTON '
(T28N ROlE S16)
FWS REF: 1-3-00-SP-0439
LISTED
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) - There is one bald eagle nesting territory located in the
vicinity of the project atT28N ROlE 815. Nesting activities occur from January 1 through August
15.
Wintering bald eagles may occur in the vicinity of the project. Wintering activities occur from
October 31 through March 31.
Bull trout (Salvelinus conjluentus) - may occur in ocean waters adjacent to the project.
"-
Major concerns that should be addressed in your biological assessment of the project impacts to
listed species are:
'-
1. Level of use of the project area by listed species.
2. Effect ofthe project on listed species' primary food stocks, prey species, and foraging areas
in all areas influenced by the project.
3. Impacts from proj ect construction (i.e., habitat loss, increased noise levels, increased human
activity) which may result in disturb8-11ce to listed species 8-11d/or t..h.eir avoidance of the
project area.
.....
PROPOSED
None.
'-
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SPECIES OF CONCERN
The following species of concern may occur in the vicinity of the project:
Long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis)
Long-legged myotis (Myotis volans)
Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus !ridentata)
Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)
River lamprey (Lam petra ayresi)
"--'
ATTACHMENT B
FEDERAL AGENCIES' RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER SECTIONS 7(a) AND 7(c)
OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973, AS AMENDED
......
SECTION 7(a) - Consultation/Conference
Requires:
1. Federal agencies to utilize their authorities to carry out programs to conserve endangered and
threatened species;
2. Consultation with FWS when a federal action may affect a listed endangered or threatened,
species to ensure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by a federal agency is not
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or result in the destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat. The process is initiated by the federal agency after it
has determined if its action may affect (adversely or beneficially) a listed species; and
3. Conference with FWS when a federal action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
a proposed species or result in destruction or an adverse modification of proposed critical
habitat.
SECTION 7(c) - Biological Assessment for Construction Projects *
......
Requires federal agencies' or their designees to prepare a Biolo gical Assessment (BA) for construction proj ects only.
The purpose of the BA is to identify any proposed and/or listed species which is/are likely to be affected by a
construction project. The process is initiated by a federal agency in requesting a list of proposed and listed,
threatened and endangered species (list attached). The BA should be completed within 180 days after its initiation
(or within such a time period as is mutually agreeable). If the BA is not initiated within 90 days of receipt of the
species list, please verify the accuracy of the list with the Service. No irreversible commitment of resources is to
be made during the BAprocess which would result ill violation of the requirements under Section 7(a) of the Act.
Planning, design, and administrative actions may be taken; however, no construction may begin.
......
To complete the BA, your agency or its designee should: (1) conduct an onsite inspection of the area to be affected
by the proposal, which may include a detailed survey of the area to determine if the species is present and whether
suitable habitat exists for either expanding the existing population or potential reintroduction of the species; (2)
review literature and scientific data to determine species distribution, habitat needs, and other biological
requirements; (3) interview experts including those within the FWS, National Marine Fisheries Service, state
conservation department, universities, and others who may have data not yet published in scientific literature; (4)
review and analyze the effects of the proposal on the species in terms of individuals and populations, including
consideration of cumulative effects of the proposal on the species and its habitat; (5) analyzealtemative actions that
may provide conservation measures; and (6) prepare a report documenting the results, including a discussion of
study methods used, any problems encountered, and other relevant information. Upon completion, the report should
be forwarded to our Endangered Species Division, 510 Desmond Drive SE, Suite 102, Lacey, W A 98503-1273.
*
"Construction projectlf means any major federal action which significantly affects the quality of the human
environment (requiring an EIS), designed primarily to result in the building or erection of human-made Structures
such as dams, buildings, roads, pipelines, channels, and the like. This includes federal action such as permits,
grants, licenses, or other forms of federal authorization or approval which may result in construction.
'-
~
''-.,-,,1
'-
March 8, 2000
WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENTOF
Natural Resources
JENNIFER M. BELCHER
Commissioner of Public l,ands
'-
Karl M Graves
Pentec Environmental INC
120 Third Avenue South Suite 110
Edmonds W A 98020
SUBJECT: Port Ludlow Marina Expansion
(T28N RIE S16)
......
'-
We've searched the Natural Heritage Information System for information on significant natural
features in your project area. Currently, we have no records for rare plants or high quality
ecosystems in the vicinity of your project.
"-
The information provided by the Washington Natural Heritage Program is based solely on
existing information in the database. In the absence of field inventories, we cannot state whether
or not a given site contains high quality ecosystems or rare species; there may be significant
natural features in your study area of which we are not aware.
'-
"-
The Washington Natural Heritage Program is responsible for information on the state's
endangered, threatened, and sensitive plants as well as high quality ecosystems. We have begun
to add information on selected groups of animals of conservation concern, such as freshwater
mussels, butterflies and bats, to our database. We now make this information available in our
reports along with information on rare plants and high quality ecosystems.
'-
The authority for protection of animal species in Washington rests with the Department ofFish
and Wildlife which manages and interprets data on wildlife species of concern in the state. To
ensure that you receive information on all animal species of concern, please contact Priority
Habitats and Species, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, ,
Olympia, WA 98501-1091, or by phone (360) 902-2543.
If you have the opportunity, visit our website at 'vww.wa.gov/dnr and click on ,
ConservationIProtection. Please do not hesitate to call me at (360) 902-1667 if you have any
questions, or by E-Mail: sandra.moody@wadnr.gov.
I.-
Sincerely,
-S~'1Ppz-~
Sandy Swope Moody, Environmental Coordinator
Washington Natural Heritage Program
PO Box 47016
Olympia W A 98504-7016
@~10
FOREST RESOURCES I 1111 WASHINGTON ST SE I po BOX 47016 I OLYMPIA, WA 98504-7016
FAX: (360) 902-1783 I TTY: (360) 902-1125 I TEL: (360) 902-1340
Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
RECYCLED PAPER ()
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Photo 2 Eelgrass and growth on finger float on E-dock.
March 8, 2000
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March 8, 2000
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March 8, 2000
00007\040\figs-tbls\photoIDs2.doc
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Photo 7 Kayak dock.
Photo 8 Laminaria growing on north side of fuel-dock float.
March 8, 2000
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U Photo 10 Beach looking west from inn.
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U Photo 11 Great blue heron on beach east of fuel dock, looking west.
March 8, 2000
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Photo 12 Oysters on beach east of fuel dock.
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U Photo 13 Oysters on beach west of fuel dock.
March 8, 2000
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