HomeMy WebLinkAboutFINAL Jefferson CWPP Appendices
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APPENDIX A:
Existing Regulations, Ordinances, and Programs
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CONTENTS
Legislative Direction ............................................................................................................................... A-1
Municipal Direction ............................................................................................................................. A-1
Jefferson County Office of the Fire Marshal ................................................................................ A-1
WUI Property Development Guide ............................................................................................... A-1
Port Townsend Municipal Code ................................................................................................... A-1
Jefferson County Solid Waste Code ............................................................................................ A-1
Jefferson Land Trust .................................................................................................................... A-2
State Direction .................................................................................................................................... A-2
Washington Bills and Regulations ............................................................................................... A-3
Federal Direction ................................................................................................................................ A-5
Tribal Direction .................................................................................................................................... A-6
Bureau of Indian Affairs................................................................................................................ A-6
Public Land Management ....................................................................................................................... A-7
Land Management Strategies ............................................................................................................ A-7
Jefferson County Conservation District ........................................................................................ A-7
State Land .................................................................................................................................... A-7
Past Planning Efforts .............................................................................................................................. A-9
Local ................................................................................................................................................... A-9
Adjacent Counties............................................................................................................................. A-10
State ................................................................................................................................................. A-10
Federal .............................................................................................................................................. A-11
Bureau of Land Management .................................................................................................... A-11
National Park Service ................................................................................................................. A-11
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This appendix provides background information on legislation and existing guidance and planning across
jurisdictions in the county. This information is provided to facilitate future planning alignment between
entities.
LEGISLATIVE DIRECTION
MUNICIPAL DIRECTION
Jefferson County Office of the Fire Marshal
The Jefferson County Office of the Fire Marshal has jurisdiction pertaining to fire codes and fire safety
within the county (Jefferson County 2023a). The Office of the Fire Marshal works with fire district chiefs to
inform and protect the public.
The Fire Marshal makes important decisions regarding burn restrictions. Most recently, on June 30, 2023,
the Jefferson County Fire Marshal declared a ban on all recreational fires after consulting with the fire
Chiefs (Jefferson County Department of Community Development 2023a). The declaration was an extension
of the June 5, 2023, ban on outdoor burning. The declaration is in effect until atmospheric and field
conditions lower and the threat of wildfire has subsided (Jefferson County Department of Community
Development 2023a). An amendment to the declaration was made July 3, 2023, which stated that due to a
high fire hazard, the discharge, manufacture, sale, storage, or transportation of fireworks is prohibited
(Jefferson County Department of Community Development 2023b).
WUI Property Development Guide
The Jefferson County Department of Community Development is responsible for enforcing WUI Code
requirements as adopted by Washington State. The goal of these codes is to protect the safety of citizens
by enhancing a home’s ability to survive wildfire. The Jefferson County Department of Community
Development provides a four-step process to determine building and defensible space requirements for
customers to review prior to completing their building plans.
Port Townsend Municipal Code
The City of Port Townsend adopted and enforces the International Fire Code, 2018 edition, as amended
by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-54A WAC (City of Port Townsend 2023).
The fire code is included in Chapter 16.04: Building Construction Code, which provides minimum
standards to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare through the regulation of design,
construction, and maintenance of all buildings and structures within the City of Port Townsend.
For more information on the City of Port Townsend Planning and Community Development regulations,
please visit: https://cityofpt.us/planning-community-development/page/building-0
Jefferson County Solid Waste Code
The Jefferson County Solid Waste Code represents the regulatory framework for the handling, storage,
collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste within Jefferson County. Outlining responsibilities
for solid waste management, the code covers issues such as removal, disposal, unlawful dumping,
burning prohibitions, and the requirement for disposal service, while also addressing the need for
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compliance with fee schedules and hours of operation for solid waste facilities. The regulations are
intended to promote public health, protect the environment, and ensure the proper management of solid
waste.
To learn more about the Jefferson County Solid Waste Program, please visit:
https://jeffersoncountysolidwaste.com/
Jefferson Land Trust
Founded in 1988, Jefferson Land Trust began as a nonprofit group to conserve land in Jefferson County.
The organization provides services to landowners within the county to identify conservation strategies that
meet their goals and financial needs. Typical protected resources include wetlands, floodplains,
farmlands, wildlife corridors, and scenic areas. The land trust often works with government agencies and
the timber industry to retain working forest lands for sustainable timber production, wildlife habitat,
recreation, and educational uses.
For more information on the Jefferson Land Trust, please visit: https://saveland.org/
STATE DIRECTION
The 2019 Washington State Wildland Fire Protection 10-Year Strategic Plan recognizes that Washington
faces continued and urgent threats from catastrophic wildfire. The purpose of this plan is to support the
collaborative effort to better prepare for, respond to, and recover from wildland fire. The plan reflects
extensive stakeholder involvement and is aligned with the National Cohesive Strategy and Washington’s
20-Year Forest Health Strategic Plan (FHSP) for eastern Washington. The plan is centered around four
major goals:
1. Washington’s preparedness, response, and recovery systems are fully capable, integrated, and
sustainable.
2. Landscapes are resilient—in the face of wildland fire, they resist damage and recover quickly.
3. Communities are prepared and adapted for current and future wildland fire regimes.
4. Response is safe and effective.
All strategies developed for the 2019 Plan were aligned with those in the 20-Year FHSP, which was
completed by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WA DNR) in 2017. Whereas the
FHSP focuses on forested lands in eastern Washington, this Plan takes a statewide approach and
recognizes that wildland fires are not confined to forests, nor to eastern Washington. See Figure A.1 for
an overview of how the plans are aligned.
In addition to crafting the FHSP, WA DNR partners with wildfire response agencies to provide information
about current wildfires, wildfire prevention, and statewide burn restrictions. The WA DNR is Washington
state’s wildfire fighting force with approximately 600 permanent and temporary employees who work on
private and state-owned forest lands. They often provide aid to local fire districts and collaborate with the
National Weather Service to determine fire precaution levels (WA DNR 2023b, 2023c, 2023d).
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Figure A.1. Washington’s FHSP and Wildland Fire Protection Strategic Plan support and reinforce each other.
Source: WA DNR (2018)
Washington Bills and Regulations
Engrossed Substitute House Bill (EHSB) 2928 Forest Resiliency Pilot Project: In 2016, the
Washington State Legislature passed the Forest Resilience Burning Pilot (EHSB 2928). This bill
supported a pilot program to evaluate and monitor the effects of forest resiliency burning (Fire Adapted
Communities Learning Network [FACLN] 2017). Through this program, WA DNR worked with three
landscape collaborative groups, the Washington Prescribed Fire Council, and agency and nonprofit
partners to identify and implement controlled burning, monitoring of fire effects on vegetation, air quality
monitoring, and prescribed fire outreach (FACLN 2017).
Senate Bill 5546: The 2017 Washington Senate Bill 5546 aims to proactively address wildfire risk by
creating a forest health treatment assessment. The bill authorized the WA DNR to conduct forest health
treatments on state and private lands, and to establish a forest health revolving account to fund the
treatments. Additionally, the bill created a forest health advisory committee that provides
recommendations and guidance on forest health issues (Washington State Legislature 2017).
House Bill 1711: In 2017, Legislature passed Engrossed Second Substitute House Bill 1711. The bill
aimed to prioritize lands to receive forest health treatments by directing the WA DNR to develop and
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implement a policy for prioritizing investments in forest health treatments on state forest lands.
The overarching goal is to reduce wildfire risk and losses from wildfire, reduce insect infestation and
disease, and improve forest health and resilience at a landscape scale (WA DNR 2020a).
House Bill 2561: Introduced in 2018, House Bill 2561 assigned temporary duties to the wildland fire
advisory committee such as reviewing and making recommendations on the wildland fire suppression
account, the wildland fire protection strategic plan, and the wildland fire response agreements
(Washington State Legislature 2018a).
House Bill 2733: Washington House Bill 2733 established a prescribed burn certification program. More
specifically, the bill authorizes the WA DNR to host a training program for those wanting to lead or
participate in prescribed burns on their land (WA DNR 2023f). The program covers various aspects of
prescribed fire such as legal requirements, safety, weather, fire behavior, smoke management, planning,
and implementation. The Bill also affords liability protection for certified prescribed burn managers and
landowners in accordance with the law and WA DNR rules and regulations (Washington State Legislature
2018b). The main goal of this bill is to encourage more use of prescribed fire as a cost-effective and
efficient tool for forest management.
Senate Bill 6211: Washington Senate Bill 6211 allows state agencies to cooperate with federal agencies
when conducting forest and watershed restoration projects on federal lands. It also facilitates funding
from good neighbor agreements to perform prescribed burning, thinning, and watershed improvement on
federal lands. State agencies must follow federal rules and regulations when implementing projects with
federal funding and/or on federal land. The bill increased capacity and efficiency of forest and watershed
restoration across ownership boundaries (Washington State Legislature 2018c).
House Bill 1168: Washington House Bill 1168 is an act aimed at addressing the growing concerns
related to long-term forest health and the increasing dangers of wildfires in the state. The bill highlights
the alarming increase in annual acres burned in Washington state and the devastating impacts of these
wildfires on public health, property, and the environment. The bill also acknowledges the role of climate
change, human development, and past fire suppression in contributing to wildfire risks. To mitigate these
risks, the legislation proposes increased forest management activities, fuel reduction, and restoration
efforts on federal, state, tribal, and private lands. It emphasizes the importance of addressing the
challenges posed by forest fragmentation and increasing development in the wildland-urban interface.
Additionally, the bill aims to fully fund wildfire protection and forest health initiatives to enhance resilience
and protect communities from the impacts of wildfires (Washington State Legislature 2023a).
Chapter 51-54A WAC: Chapter 51-54A WAC serves the purpose of implementing the directives of
chapter 19.27 RCW, which mandates that the State Building Code Council maintains the State Building
Code in alignment with the objectives outlined in RCW 19.27.020. The Council is responsible for regular
reviews of updated versions of the codes established under the act and other relevant information.
Amendments to the codes are made as deemed appropriate by the Council. This specific chapter adopts
and modifies the 2021 edition of the International Fire Code, outlining regulations and standards for fire
prevention, safety, and protection in buildings and on properties. It also addresses wildfire-related
aspects, such as defensible space, vegetation management, and construction designed to resist ignition
(Washington State Legislature 2023b).
Senate Bill 5126: Washington State Senate Bill 5126, the Washington Climate Commitment Act of 2021,
acknowledges address climate change as a major challenge with severe impacts to the environment and
human health, including wildfires, floods, droughts, and rising temperatures. The bill establishes a cap-
and-invest program to limit greenhouse gas emissions, directing investments toward clean energy,
transportation, and natural climate solutions. It also creates a Climate Resilience Account, funding
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projects that enhance community and ecosystem resilience against climate impacts. The bill aims to
transition to a low-carbon economy, create new opportunities in clean manufacturing, and provide
protective measures for workers during this transition (Washington State Legislature 2023c).
2SHB 1578: Washington State House and Senate Bill 1578, the Cascading Impacts of Wildfire, relates to
improving community preparedness, response, recovery, and resilience to wildland fire health and safety
impacts in areas of increasing population density, including in the WUI in western Washington
(Washington State Legislature 2024).
FEDERAL DIRECTION
Federal wildfire planning has evolved over time, guided by the U.S. Department of the Interior and
influenced by significant events. In 1998, the U.S. Department of the Interior mandated fire management
plans for all public lands with burnable vegetation. The National Fire Plan, established in response to the
intense 2000 fire season, promoted collaboration among governmental agencies to effectively combat
severe wildfires and ensure future firefighting capacity.
In 2001, a review and update of the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy was released.
The updated document, known as the 2001 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy, provides a broad
policy foundation for fire management programs and activities at the federal level, including those
conducted under the National Fire Plan. The plan focuses on broad, internal strategic direction for fire
management activities.
Recognizing declining forest health, the U.S. Congress passed the Healthy Forests Restoration Act
(HFRA) in 2003 and President Bush signed the act into law (Public Law 108–148, 2003). Amendments in
2009 addressed funding changes and renewed focus on wildfire mitigation (H.R. 4233 - Healthy Forest
Restoration Amendments Act of 2009). The HFRA facilitated expedited development and implementation
of hazardous fuels reduction projects on federal lands, emphasizing collaborative efforts between federal
agencies and communities.
Community wildlife protection plans (CWPPs) were integral to the HFRA, enabling communities to
collaborate with federal agencies on prioritized hazardous fuels reduction projects. CWPPs allowed
communities to define the WUI and identified priority treatment areas. Priority was given to municipal
watersheds, critical wildlife habitat, and areas impacted by natural factors. Communities with established
CWPPs received funding priority for hazardous fuels reduction projects aligned with the HFRA. These
federal policies and acts have fostered collaborative approaches, prioritized risk reduction, and enhanced
wildfire management strategies, ensuring the protection of communities and the environment.
In 2023, the Wildfire Leadership Council sought to update and enhance the strategic direction of the 2014
National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy framework. This was done through the 2023
National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy Addendum Update (Forests and Rangelands
2023). The updated strategy highlights critical emphasis areas that were not identified in the previous
framework.
Included among these emphasis areas are:
1. Climate change
2. Workforce capacity, health, and well-being
3. Community resilience (preparation, response, and recovery)
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4. Diversity, equity, inclusion, and environmental justice
Thorough analysis of these emphasis areas is provided for within the Addendum Update report, along
new management options to address them. Also identified within the update are numerous
implementation challenges faced by the 2014 Cohesive Strategy. Examination of these challenges guided
the enhancements that were made to the 2023 Cohesive Strategy. The national strategy takes a holistic
approach to the future of wildfire management, as outlined through thee updated vision statement:
To extinguish fire safely and effectively, when needed; use fire where allowable; manage our
natural resources; and collectively, learn to live with wildland fire.
In order to achieve this vision, the updated national strategy goals are:
1. Resilient Landscapes: Landscapes, regardless of jurisdictional boundaries are resilient to fire,
insect, disease, invasive species, and climate change disturbances, in accordance with
management objectives.
2. Fire-Adapted Communities: Human populations and infrastructure are as prepared as possible
to receive, respond to, and recover from wildland fire.
3. Safe, Effective, Risk-based Wildfire Response: All jurisdictions participate in making and
implementing safe, effective, efficient risk-based wildfire management decisions.
TRIBAL DIRECTION
Bureau of Indian Affairs
The BIA is the federal agency responsible for managing, protecting, and developing the trust lands and
natural resources of American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and individuals. The BIA’s Office of Trust
Services oversees all major activities associated with these trust responsibilities, such as land
acquisitions, leasing, probate, environmental services, forestry, irrigation, and geospatial services (BIA
2023). The BIA Division of Natural Resources is dedicated to improving the quality of life and economic
prospects for American Indians, Indian Tribes, and Alaska Natives while safeguarding and enhancing
their trust assets. They aim to achieve this by providing high-quality services and nurturing government-
to-government relationships, in line with the principles of Indian self-determination (BIA 2023). The BIA’s
overall land management strategies are to support tribes’ self-governance and self-determination, as well
as to protect their cultural, spiritual, and traditional resources.
Hoh Indian Tribe
The Hoh Tribe owns and manages land within Jefferson County. Natural resources are managed for
environmental, cultural, and economic benefit of the tribe and other communities within the Hoh River
watershed (Hoh Indian Tribe 2023).
The Hoh Indian Tribe in Washington State employs a comprehensive approach to land management,
rooted in their traditional connection to the Hoh watershed, treaty rights, and a commitment to self-
governance and cultural preservation. This strategy encompasses multiple key components, including a
tribal council overseeing reservation and trust lands, a natural resources department responsible for
fisheries, wildlife, forestry, water quality, and environmental initiatives, a cultural resources program
safeguarding cultural heritage and sacred sites, a land acquisition program focused on expanding
ancestral territory. The tribe facilitates collaborative partnerships with various stakeholders, including
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tribes, federal and state agencies, local governments, and nongovernmental organizations, to address
land and resource-related issues (Hoh Indian Tribe 2023).
Quinault Indian Nation
The Quinault Indian Nation (QIN) in Washington state follows land management strategies rooted in their
sovereignty, treaty rights, and cultural values. Their approach encompasses various vital components,
including a tribal government responsible for overseeing the administration and governance of reservation
and trust lands, a forestry department focusing on timber management, sustainable practices, and land
restoration and a natural resources department managing fisheries, wildlife, water quality, and
environmental programs. The QIN tribe works in collaboration with other tribes, federal and state
agencies, local governments, and nongovernmental organizations to address land and resource-related
issues (QIN 2023).
PUBLIC LAND MANAGEMENT
LAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Jefferson County Conservation District
The Jefferson County Conservation District (JCCD), established in 1946, assists landowners in
conserving natural resources. It offers free technical and financial aid, funded primarily through state and
federal grants. JCCD works with the NWCG to manage the Firewise program, enhancing protection from
wildfires through community planning and safe construction. It also partners with the Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS), helping residents steward their land and access programs such as the
NRCS Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). JCCD supports the Conservation Reserve
Enhancement Program for restoring riparian salmon habitats. Furthermore, JCCD provides landowners
with resources on native plants, rainwater harvesting, soil conservation, small farms, pollinators, and
climate resilience for small forest owners (JCCD 2023).
State Land
The Commissioner of Public Lands, an elected official, guides the WA DNR’s management of
approximately 5.6 million acres of state lands. Much of the guidance comes from overarching policies,
such as the federal Enabling Act, the State Constitution, and state statute, as well as various boards,
councils, and commissions (WA DNR 2023g). Land managed by the WA DNR falls into three main
categories:
1. State Trust lands – Forests producing revenue through timber or recreation.
2. State-owned aquatic lands – navigable lakes, rivers, streams, and marine waters such as Puget
Sound and many beaches and tidelands.
3. State natural areas – Natural Area Preserves and Natural Resources Conservation Areas.
State Trust Lands
State Trust lands are managed for long-term timber production, specific habitat objectives, protection of
clean water, and recreation (WA DNR 2023g). State Trust lands come with a legal responsibility to
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generate revenue for designated beneficiaries (i.e., schools, counties, and local services). To generate
revenue, State Trust lands are used for producing timber, leased for agricultural purposes, or leased for
communications sites, mining, energy production, commercial properties, and rights-of-way; WA DNR is
obligated to follow common law duties of a trustee in these situations (WA DNR 2023h). Much of these
lands are also certified under the Sustainable Forestry Initiative and Forest Stewardship Council, which
set environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable management standards.
Community forests also fall into the category of State Trust lands. When lands are converted from
forestry, the state loses the vital benefits that forests provide in the ecosystem (i.e., clean water,
recreation, clean air, and carbon storage). Community forests offer a way for local community partners to
protect working forestlands. They differ from other State Trust lands in that the primary focus is protection
of ecosystem services rather than revenue generation (WA DNR 2023h).
State-owned Aquatic Lands
Washington’s aquatic lands form a complex ecosystem used for trade, recreation, and wildlife habitat.
Aquatic lands include navigable lakes, river, streams, and marine waters, such as Puget Sound (WA DNR
2023i). WA DNR manages state-owned aquatic lands using five central goals:
• Encourage direct public use and access.
• Foster water-dependent uses.
• Ensure environmental protection.
• Create opportunities for utilization of renewable resources.
• Generate income from use of aquatic lands, when consistent with other goals.
Revenue generated from state-owned aquatic lands is reinvested in management and restoration of
Washington’s aquatic ecosystems. Examples of ways the WA DNR generates revenue include selling
rights to harvest renewable resources (i.e., wild geoducks and other shellfish) and leasing and licensing
the land (WA DNR 2023i). WA DNR also works closely with public ports and harbor lines to facilitate
commercial transportation of state exports.
State Natural Areas
Natural area preserves and natural resource conservation areas are the two types of state managed
natural areas. These natural areas often include recreation facilities such as trails or day use areas and
offer environmental education opportunities for visitors (WA DNR 2023j).
Natural area preserves serve to protect rare plant and animal habitats identified by the Natural Heritage
Program (WA DNR 2023j). The network of preserves leaves a legacy for future generations and ensures
the state’s traditional ecosystems are protected. Examples of western Washington preserves include
large coastal ecosystems, salt marshes, late-successional forests, grasslands, bogs, and mounded
prairies (WA DNR 2023j).
Natural resource conservation areas (NRCAs) protect outstanding examples of native ecosystems, critical
habitat, and scenic landscapes (WA DNR 2023j). Many NRCAs allow for low-impact public use so long as
protected features are not impacted. Examples of NRCAs include coastal and high-elevation forests,
wetlands, scenic vistas, nesting birds of prey, and high-quality native plant communities (WA DNR 2023j).
NRCAs can also be used to protect geologic, historical, archaeological, and cultural sites.
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PAST PLANNING EFFORTS
LOCAL
There are several existing documents and/or programs relating to fire management in the county. This
plan is meant to supplement and not replace any other existing plans.
Jefferson County – City of Port Townsend All Hazard Mitigation Plan: In 2016, Jefferson County
updated its hazard mitigation plan (HMP). A subsequent revision is underway but has not yet been
released. Therefore, the 2016 version will be used for the purposes of this plan. The purpose of the HMP
is to identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies in the county. This plan is intended to guide
decision-makers on the best approaches for protecting life and property, and to aid in prioritizing projects
and resource allocations. The stated goals of the HMP are to significantly reduce risk of injury and loss of
life during disaster events; develop partnerships with organizations to communicate and coordinate
hazard mitigation activities; minimize damage to critical infrastructure and property and minimize
interruption of essential services and activities; protect the environment; and promote community
resilience and public awareness through integration of hazard mitigation with public policy and standard
business practices (Jefferson County DEM 2016). The prioritized hazards in the County are avalanches,
climate change damaging winds, drought, earthquakes, floods, heat waves, landslides, tornadoes,
tsunamis, volcanic events, wildfire, and winter storms (Jefferson County DEM 2016). The HMP includes
risk assessment sections that profile potential hazards and vulnerability of geographic locations,
populations, and infrastructure. This is followed by recommended mitigation approaches and a capacity
assessment to identify needs for addressing expected hazards. A few specific wildfire-related mitigation
actions identified in the HMP are as follows:
• Enhance Emergency Services to increase efficiency of wildfire response and recovery activities.
• Educate district personnel on federal cost-share and grant programs, etc., so that the full array of
assistance to local agencies is understood.
• Create wildfire hazard atlas for City of Port Townsend.
• Install fire doors and fire suppression system.
• Develop and disseminate maps relating to fire hazards to help educate and assist builders and
homeowners in wildfire mitigation activities and guide emergency services during response.
• Enhance outreach and education programs aimed at mitigating wildfire hazards and reducing or
preventing the exposure of citizens, public agencies, private property owners, and businesses to
natural hazards.
• Increase communication, coordination, and collaboration between wildland/urban interface
property owners, local and county planners, and fire prevention crews and officials to address
risks, existing mitigation measures, and federal assistance.
Jefferson County Emergency Response Plan: This plan was produced in 2018 and includes a section
specific to wildfires in Annex F (Jefferson County DEM 2018). Here, wildland fire is defined as “the
uncontrolled destruction of forested and wild lands by fire caused by natural or human-made events.” This
section also notes that Jefferson County’s peak fire season usually runs from mid-May through October,
and that fires can be exacerbated by strong, dry winds from the east. Home building in/near forests and
wild lands is observed to increase the risk of loss by fire given that these areas are frequently far from
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firefighting resources, are often difficult to access and usually lack adequate defensible space.
Recommendations to reduce risk include effective early detection and warning communication systems,
enforcement of no-burn periods, and fire-safe development planning (Jefferson County DEM 2018).
ADJACENT COUNTIES
Whenever possible, CWPPs and project recommendations should be designed to align with adjacent
projects across county and jurisdictional boundaries.
HMPs exist for the adjacent counties of Clallam, Island, Kitsap, Mason, and Grays Harbor (Clallam County
Emergency Management 2019; Grays Harbor County Department of Emergency Management 2018; Island
County Department of Emergency Management 2020; Kitsap County Department of Emergency Management
2020; Mason County Division of Emergency Management 2023). Each of these plans was updated in the
last 5 years, except Grays Harbor, which is currently under revision. These plans all delineate potential
natural hazards of greatest concern to the county and mitigation strategies to reduce risk to life and
property.
Shared HMP goals and strategies specific to wildfire for Jefferson County and adjacent counties include
the following:
• Protect life, property, the environment, and the economy.
• Enhance community resilience through proactive measures to reduce hazards.
• Promote outreach and education programs to prevent/mitigate unnecessary exposure to wildfire
risk.
• Leverage public and private partnering opportunities.
• Assess and strengthen wildfire response capabilities.
• Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions.
• Encourage and pursue multi-objective opportunities or solutions to reduce hazards and risk
whenever possible.
STATE
2020 Washington Forest Action Plan: In 2020 the state provided a comprehensive review of forest
needs across all ownership types, which was formally adopted by the WA DNR and USFS in October
2020 (WA DNR 2022a). Through 2025, the WA DNR has provided/will provide annual reports detailing
progress toward the 2020 Action Plan goals. The current plan was an update of the original 2010 plan
and now includes strategic alignment with other state-level works including the Wildland Fire Strategic
Protection Plan and the Climate Resilience Plan. The DNR has also developed an interactive map
showing areas of priority for forest health and resilience work in western Washington (WA DNR 2022a).
20-Year Forest Health Strategic Plan: Eastern Washington: Recognizing that isolated treatments are
not doing enough to meaningfully improve forest conditions, this 20-year plan contains the following
stated goals: 1) treat 1.25 million acres of prioritized watersheds and large landscapes to by 2037,
2) reduce risk of uncharacteristic wildfire to protect communities and working forests, 3) enhance
economic development through implementation of forest restoration and management strategies, 4) plan
and implement coordinated landscape-scale forest treatments in a manner that integrates landowner
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objectives, and 5) develop a forest health monitoring program to assess progress and adjust strategies
over time (WA DNR 2022b).
Washington State Wildland Fire Protection 10-Year Strategic Plan: 2.2 million homes are currently
exposed to wildfire risk in Washington state. This plan is intended to meaningfully address this risk by
creating healthy, resilient landscapes, fire-adapted communities, and world-class wildland fire response
capabilities (WA DNR 2018). Desired outcomes include improved safety for firefighters and the public,
reduced fire suppression costs, elimination of unwanted, human-caused fire, and communities and
ecosystems able to withstand and recover from wildland fire. Suppression, preparedness, and prevention
are the top priorities of the plan, which was developed with significant public input (WA DNR 2018).
DNR’s Plan for Climate Resilience: This plan outlines specific actions the DNR plans to take to
meaningfully address issues of climate change (WA DNR 2020b). This includes restoring the health and
resilience of eastern WA forests, specifically, as well as reforesting areas with tree species better suited
to a changing climate. Other actions include better utilizing state-owned lands for renewable energy
infrastructure, planting more trees within communities to capture stormwater and lower average
temperatures, and strengthening roads and trails to better withstand increased flooding and landslides
(WA DNR 2020b).
Federal
Bureau of Land Management
The BLM does not have a general fire management plan; however, the BLM has a fire management
program in Washington (BLM 2023a). The BLM also collaborates with several federal, state, and local
organizations to develop and implement wildland fire programs. For instance, the BLM’s fuels
management program directs a wide range of active management vegetation treatments using
mechanical, biological, and chemical tools and prescribed fire. The program consists of creating fuel
breaks, reducing fuel loads, reducing fire risk near communities, targeted grazing, and herbicide to break
fire-grass cycles. Fuels treatments are planned and implemented jointly with other BLM programs, and
with federal, state, local, and nongovernmental collaborators (BLM 2023b).
National Park Service
Jefferson County includes a significant portion of Olympic National Park and large areas of the Olympic
National Forest. Fire management in the national forest aligns with the National Cohesive Strategy (see
Section 4 for details). For the National Park, a fire management plan (FMP) was completed in 2005 and
serves as the most current resource (NPS and U.S. Department of the Interior 2005). The FMP describes
desired conditions for the park, divides the park into fire management units, and delineates several
components of the Parks’ Wildland Fire Management Program. Main program components include
Wildland Fire Suppression, Wildland Fire Use (for resource benefit), Prescribed Fire, and Non-fire Fuels
Treatment. Additionally, an environmental assessment (EA) for the entire park was completed by SWCA
in 2019, specifically to address wildfire and fuels management strategies and actions identified in the
FMP. The preferred alternative in the EA recommended revision/update of the 2005 FMP and the
creation of separate Wilderness and Non-wilderness units for fire management purposes.
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APPENDIX B:
Supporting Maps
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Figure B.1. Fuel model classifications for Jefferson County based on Scott and Burgan 40 fire behavior fuel models.
Note: some areas of active timber management may wrongly classify fuels as non-burnable due to limitations of the data. The Advisory Team is planning on addressing this limitation
during future CWPP updates.
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Figure B.2. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: flame length, generated using IFTDSS.
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Figure B.3. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: suppression difficulty index, based on analysis of fuels and fire suppression options.
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Figure B.4. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: rate of spread, generated using IFTDSS.
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Figure B.5. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: crown fire activity, generated using IFTDSS.
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Figure B.6. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: burn probability, generated using IFTDSS.
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Figure B.7. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: approximate fire station response times.
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Figure B.8. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: natural values at risk.
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Figure B.9. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: critical infrastructure/socioeconomic values at risk.
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Figure B.10. Composite Risk-Hazard Model inputs: cultural values at risk.
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APPENDIX C:
CWPP Field Assessments for
Wildland-Urban Interface Communities
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CONTENTS
Jefferson County ..................................................................................................................................... C-1
CWPP Field Assessments .................................................................................................................. C-1
Understanding Appendix C ................................................................................................................. C-3
Composite Risk-Hazard Model vs. Field Assessment ................................................................. C-3
Navigating this Section: Overview of Community Summaries ..................................................... C-3
1144 National Fire Protection Association Assessment Form ..................................................... C-5
1. Port Townsend Field Assessment Summary .................................................................... C-9
2. Becket Point/Cape George Beach Field Assessment Summary .................................... C-18
3. Glen Cove Field Assessment Summary ......................................................................... C-26
4. Adelma Beach/Four Corners Field Assessment Summary............................................. C-34
5. Gardiner Field Assessment Summary ............................................................................ C-42
6. Irondale/Port Hadlock Field Assessment Summary ........................................................ C-50
7. Anderson Lake State Park Field Assessment Summary ................................................ C-58
8. Marrowstone/Nordland Field Assessment Summary ...................................................... C-66
9. Chimacum East Field Assessment Summary ................................................................. C-74
10. Port Discovery/Chimacum West Field Assessment Summary ....................................... C-83
11. Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow Field Assessment Summary ...................................... C-91
12. Shine/Port Ludlow Marina Field Assessment Summary ................................................. C-99
13. Thorndyke Field Assessment Summary ....................................................................... C-107
14. Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2 Field Assessment Summary ....................................... C-115
15. Dabob/Camp Discovery West Field Assessment Summary ......................................... C-124
16. Leland Field Assessment Summary.............................................................................. C-132
17. Quilcene Field Assessment Summary .......................................................................... C-140
18. Bee Mill/Seal Rock Field Assessment Summary .......................................................... C-149
19. Brinnon/Duckabush Field Assessment Summary ......................................................... C-157
20. Triton Field Assessment Summary ............................................................................... C-165
21. Hoh Indian Reservation Field Assessment Summary................................................... C-173
22. Queets Field Assessment Summary ............................................................................. C-181
23. Quinault Indian Reservation Field Assessment Summary ............................................ C-189
Fire Station Resources ....................................................................................................................... C-197
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JEFFERSON COUNTY
CWPP FIELD ASSESSMENTS
The CWPP field assessments were completed during September and October 2023 by trained SWCA
staff with support from Jefferson County personnel. The assessments were completed by driving and
walking through the communities and completing the NFPA 1144 assessment form below while
assessing multiple properties that are representative of the community structure. Figure C.1 shows the
communities surveyed during the field assessments.
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Figure C.1. Jefferson County community boundaries.
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Understanding Appendix C
Composite Risk-Hazard Model vs. Field Assessment
The key differences between the Composite Risk-Hazard Model discussed in Chapter 3 and the on-site
field assessments presented below, lie in their approaches and focus areas.
Composite Risk-Hazard Models analyze potential wildfire behavior through a GIS-based desktop
analysis by considering the interplay of fuels, topography, and weather using established fire behavior
models like FARSITE, FSim, FlamMap, BehavePlus, and FireFamily Plus, along with ArcGIS Desktop
Spatial Analyst tools. These models rely heavily on spatial data obtained from national sources like
LANDFIRE to evaluate fire behavior and determine treatment strategies and priorities in the WUI, and are
focused at a countywide scale. These are the best available data sources for modeling fire behavior, but
use coarse scale inputs (30-meter resolution) and therefore may not identify nuances on the ground.
As these data sets and model platforms are revised, the CWPP Advisory Group will be able to revise the
CWPP Composite Risk-Hazard Model to align with changing conditions.
Field assessments, conducted using the NFPA Structure Ignition Form 1144, concentrate on structure
hazards observed across communities. These assessments, conducted in-person by trained personnel
with support from local authorities, involve direct observation of community conditions, including access,
vegetation, defensible space, topography, building characteristics, fire protection availability, and utility
placement, resulting in ratings of low, moderate, high, or extreme risk.
For more information on both the Composite Risk-Hazard Model and field assessments, please see
Chapter 3.
Navigating this Section: Overview of Community Summaries
This section provides a comprehensive summary of communities arranged geographically from northeast
to southeast and from the northwest to the southwest. Risk and hazard information is compiled from the
field assessments only.
It is important to note that while we have provided detailed assessments for various communities, the
evaluation does not extend to U.S. Naval Reservation 1. Additionally, the information provided for U.S.
Naval Reservation 2 is limited to roadside observations. Please be aware that we did not conduct formal
assessments in either of the Naval Reservations.
It is important to note that the WA-WUI map was not used in any of the field assessments.
In addition, the Composite Risk-Hazard Model risk/hazard map described in Chapter 3
does not integrate findings from the field assessments since each assessment is focused
on very different parameters (wildland fuels versus structure types) and completed at a
different scale (countywide versus community). Due to the differing focus and resolutions
associated with these two assessment methodologies, there may be deviations between
the resulting risk rating outputs. Though important to note, this is expected when
analyzing wildfire risk and hazard across scales.
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The section includes:
• Summary of Field Assessment –
o This table provides a hazard and risk ranking (e.g., low, moderate, high, or extreme) for each
of the conditions observed during the field assessment and a ranking for the entire
community.
o The assessment summaries capture average conditions within each community area;
therefore, the provided ratings may not universally apply to every parcel within the
community. It's important to note that these ratings reflect the collective evaluation of the
community as an entity and not necessarily the classification of extreme (or any other
category) for every individual parcel.
o These ratings are indicative of the overall assessment of the community's hazard and risk
and may be used to guide strategies for informed mitigation actions. Please note that city
boundaries may have been shifted to encompass surrounding development, so the
boundaries may not reflect actual city limits.
o Each line of the NFPA form is filled with a number evaluation, with lower numbers indicating a
lower risk factor for that category. To make these assessments easier to comprehend, each
risk level score was assigned a color to demonstrate risk ranging from low to high as
described below:
a green score corresponds with low risk,
a yellow score corresponds to a moderate risk,
an orange score corresponds to a high risk, and
a red score indicates extreme risk for that category.
o Using this method, residents and preparedness planners can quickly identify each
community’s main risk factors and opportunities to improve resilience. Below are the
simplified risk assessments for the communities of Jefferson County. At the end of each
assessment is the total score given to the community and the corresponding risk level.
• Mapping at Community Scale–
o Values at Risk
The Values at Risk map delineates key Highly Valued Resources and Assets (HVRA)
within the planning area, encompassing a diverse range of critical components.
These include natural resources, vital habitats, cultural landmarks, and
socioeconomic assets. By visually representing these values, the map aims to
describe which areas may be identified at high levels of risk and contribute to the
strategic planning of safeguarding these assets from the potential impacts of
wildfires.
o Fire Response
The fire response map clearly marks the positions of fire stations and defines the
boundaries of fire districts, offering a visual aid to understand coverage areas and
illustrating how accessibility influences risk assessment.
o Fire Occurrence Density
The fire occurrence density map visually presents historical fire incidents within each
community, identifying common ignition points and illustrating the historical fire
frequency of the area. Fire occurrences are measured per square mile to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the fire activity density in the region.
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o Flame Length
Flame length, a key metric in wildfire analysis, refers to the height of flames produced
by a fire. Measured in increments, flame length helps gauge the intensity and
potential impact of a wildfire. Ranging from non-burnable areas to flame lengths over
25 feet, these increments provide valuable insights into fire behavior and its potential
threat to surrounding landscapes. By delineating flame lengths into categories such
as >1–4 feet, >4–8 feet, >8–11 feet, >11–25 feet, and >25 feet, land managers can
better assess the severity and spread of wildfires, aiding in effective risk
management and mitigation strategies.
o Areas of Concern
The map was created to highlight actions to reduce the risk of wildfire and potential
treatment types. It is informed by the Composite Risk-Hazard Model (described in
Chapter 3), the field assessments, and stakeholder input gathered during Advisory
Group meetings. The areas of concern map and the recommendation matrices are
used to inform agencies and the public where to take actions.
• Key Observations –
o Key observations that highlight the total score, the positive and negative attributes from the
assessment summary table, areas of concern, and the associated recommended mitigation
treatments.
1144 National Fire Protection Association Assessment Form
This appendix provides a template form for conducting structural hazard assessments in the planning
area.
Table C.1. National Fire Protection Association Assessment Form
SWCA – 1144 Assessment
Community Notes:
Surveyor
Survey Date/Time
Means of Access
Ingress and Egress
2 or more roads in and out score | 0
1 road in and out | 7
Road Width
>24 ft | 0
>20 ft <24 ft | 2
<20 ft | 4
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Road Conditions
Surfaced road, grade <5% | 0
Surfaced road, grade >5% | 2
Non-surfaced road, grade <5% | 2
Non-surfaced road, grade >5% | 5
Other than all season | 7
Fire Access
<300 ft with turnaround | 0
>300 ft with turnaround | 2
<300 ft with no turnaround | 4
>300 ft with no turnaround | 5
Street Signs
Present – reflective | 0
Present – non-reflective | 2
Not present | 5
Notes:
Vegetation (Fuel Models)
Predominant Vegetation
Primary Predominant Vegetation
Non-Burnable (NB) Score | 2
Grass (GR) Score | 5
Grass-Shrub (GS) Score | 10
Shrub (SH) Score | 15
Timber-Understory (TU) Score | 20
Timber-Litter (TL) Score | 25
Slash-Blow (TU) Score | 30
Notes:
Defensible Space
>100 ft around structure | 1
>70 ft <100 ft around structure | 3
>30 ft <70 ft around structure | 10
<30 ft around structure | 25
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Topography Within 300 ft of Structures
Slope
<9% | 1
10% to 20% | 4
21% to 30% | 7
31% to 40% | 8
>41% | 10
Additional Rating Factors (rate all that apply)
Topographic features | 1-5
History of high fire occurrence | 1-5
Severe fire weather potential | 1-5
Separation of adjacent structures | 1-5
Notes:
Roofing Assembly
Roofing
Class A - metal roof, clay/concrete tiles, slate, asphalt shingles | 0
Class B - pressure treated composite shakes and shingles | 3
Class C - untreated wood shingle, plywood, particle board | 15
Unrated - Extremely poor roofing conditions | 25
Notes:
Building Construction
Siding Materials (predominant)
Non-combustible (brick/concrete) | 5
Fire Resistive (stucco/adobe) | 10
Combustible (wood or vinyl) | 12
Deck and fencing (predominant)
No deck or fence/noncombustible | 0
Combustible deck and fence | 5
Building Set-Back
>30 ft to slope | 1
<30 ft to slope | 5
Notes:
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Available Fire Protection
Water Sources
Water Source? | yes/no
Water Source Type | hydrant, water tank, other
Other Water Source
Water Source Score | Hydrant = 1 Water Tank = 3
Organized Response
Station <5 mi from community | 1
Station >5 mi from community | 3
Notes:
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Both underground | 0
One above, one below | 3
Both aboveground | 5
Highly Valued Resources and Assets Observations
Forest Health Observations
Land Use Observations
Misc Observations
Total
Hazard Rating
Scale <40 Low >40 Moderate >70 High >112 Extreme
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Community Field Assessments
1. Port Townsend Field Assessment Summary
Port Townsend
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Non-Burnable (NB) Low
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 2 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 5 Extreme
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B - pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 68 Moderate
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Figure C.3. Port Townsend: This community is one of the most densely populated in the county, and much of the area is urban development. Due to its position at the end of the peninsula, access and quick response is a concern. Structure-to-structure fire spread is also a concern because of the close proximity of buildings. This adjacency of structures limits opportunity for defensible space practices on some lots.
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Figure C.4. Highly valued resources and assets for Port Townsend.
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Figure C.5. Fire response for Port Townsend.
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Figure C.6. Fire occurrence density for Port Townsend.
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Figure C.7. Flame length for Port Townsend.
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Figure C.8. Areas of concern detail for Port Townsend.
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Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: main highway paved, at least two roads in and out of community
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Vegetation type: non-burnable
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Separation of adjacent structures: minimal
• Separation of adjacent structures: minimal
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Port Townsend and Cape George Areas of Concern:
• Develop education initiatives that focus on structure hardening and home ignition zone and include defensible space practices that can be implemented when lot size allows.
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and enhancing fuel discontinuity, with actions guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Explore opportunities for achieving multiple resource benefits through fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to mitigate fire risk to structures.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 20, Cape George Roadside Buffer:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity and travel in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Composite Risk-Hazard Model vs. Field Assessments: Port Townsend
When comparing the Composite Risk-Hazard Model (Chapter 3) and the field assessments for Port
Townsend, notable differences emerge. The Model classified much of Port Townsend as high to extreme
risk, while the field assessment classifies the risk as moderate. The Model relies on a combination of
multiple data sets, particularly emphasizing the WA-WUI map layer. However, there is concern about the
WA-WUI delineation for the Port Townsend community. It shows a broad expanse of urban developed
areas as WUI, which some stakeholders believe should be characterized as urban (having less than 50%
vegetative cover).
One concern raised by the Advisory Group is this WA-WUI map may send a confusing message. They
are concerned that this map may encourage development out of the urban core, where the city meets the
wildland, which would increase the level of vulnerability.
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Through Senate Bill 6120, Port Townsend stakeholders are appealing to DNR to revise the Port
Townsend WUI, reducing its extent to a narrower area, resembling a strip of land adjacent to wildland
fuels, rather than extending into the entire city. Consequently, the WUI would look more like a ribbon
around Port Townsend rather than an expansive zone. In addition, the WA-WUI map indicates an
erroneous delineation showing a straight line cutting off the eastern portion of the city, likely due to
imagery limitations which are very common for this type of largescale mapping effort. This layer will
therefore be subject to revision in future iterations of the WA-WUI map.
If this modification of the Port Townsend WUI occurs in the future, the desktop derived Composite Risk-
Hazard Model for Port Townsend is expected to align with the field assessment ratings of moderate risk
more closely, with some area of high-extreme risk remaining where structures are exposed to wildland
fuels along urban margins and intermix areas (parks and vegetated lands interspersed with urban
development). Stakeholders In Port Townsend are highlighting these WUI deficiencies in this version of
the county CWPP in order to create a more refined WUI layer for the City that can help inform future
planning in and around the WUI. These stakeholders plan to reconcile the concerns through future plan
updates and more focused assessments in the Port Townsend area.
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2. Becket Point/Cape George Beach Field Assessment Summary
Becket Point/Adelman Beach/Four Corners/Cape George Beach
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade >5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access >300 feet with turnaround Moderate
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 3 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 83 High
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Figure C.9. Becket Point/Adelman Beach/Four Corners/Cape George Beach: The communities in this area are a mixture of rural and urban with varying levels of access due to narrow roads and limited turnaround. The central and eastern communities have dense canopy cover and larger parcels.
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Figure C.10. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Becket Point/ Cape George Beach.
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Figure C.11. Fire response for Becket Point/Cape George Beach.
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Figure C.12. Fire occurrence density for Becket Point/ Cape George Beach.
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Figure C.13. Flame length for Becket Point/ Cape George Beach.
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Figure C.14. Areas of concern detail for Becket Point/ Cape George Beach.
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Page | C-25
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in and out of community
• Vegetation type: timber-litter, highly flammable
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Cape George, Port Townsend Areas of Concern:
• Work with State Parks to identify areas where fuel modification could strengthen defensible space around Highly Valued Resources and Assets and provide for safer evacuation.
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Cape George, Roadside Buffer:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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3. Glen Cove Field Assessment Summary
Glen Cove
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Non-surfaced road; grade <5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access >300 feet with turnaround Moderate
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 4 High
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 84 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.15. Glen Cove: Most homes in the community are located on the main road. The western portion is more sparsely populated with homes that are harder to access. Fort Townsend State Park poses an evacuation risk during summer months due to a single access road.
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Figure C.16. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Glen Cove.
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Figure C.17. Fire response for Glen Cove.
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Figure C.18. Fire occurrence density for Glen Cove.
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Figure C.19. Flame length for Glen Cove.
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Figure C.20. Areas of concern detail for Glen Cove.
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Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: main highway paved
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in and out of community
• Vegetation type: predominantly timber-litter and highly flammable
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Fort Townsend Historical State Park Area of Concern:
• Work with State Parks to identify areas where fuel modification could strengthen defensible space around Highly Valued Resources and Assets and provide for safer evacuation.
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 20:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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4. Adelma Beach/Four Corners Field Assessment Summary
Adelma Beach/Four Corners
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with turnaround Low
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 4 High
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station >5 miles from community High
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 75 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.21. Adelma Beach/Four Corners: The community contains the Jefferson County International Airport and has a high proportion of urbanized areas. The Kala Point community may be difficult to access due to small roads and an entrance gate. The beaches are commonly used for bonfires, posing an ignition risk and fire spread.
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Figure C.22. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Adelma Beach/Four Corners.
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Figure C.23. Fire response for Adelma Beach/Four Corners.
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Figure C.24. Fire occurrence density for Adelma Beach/Four Corners.
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Figure C.25. Flame length for Adelma Beach/Four Corners.
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Figure C.26. Areas of concern detail for Adelma Beach/Four Corners.
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Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: main highway paved
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in and out of community
• Vegetation type: predominantly timber-litter and highly flammable
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
All:
• Work with State Parks to identify areas where fuel modification could strengthen defensible space around Highly Valued Resources and Assets and provide for safer evacuation.
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
Pump House and Booster Pump Area of Concern:
• Reduce fuel loading and create maintenance plan for protection of infrastructure.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 20, Cape George Roadside Buffer, Rhody Road:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-42
5. Gardiner Field Assessment Summary
Gardiner
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Grass (GR) Moderate
Defensible Space >70 to <100 feet around structure Moderate
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 2 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 47 Moderate
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-43
Figure C.27. Gardiner: The community is located along the banks of Discovery Bay with U.S. Highway 101 running through it. Much of the forest in the area is actively managed.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-44
Figure C.28. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Gardiner.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-45
Figure C.29. Fire response for Gardiner.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-46
Figure C.30. Fire occurrence density for Gardiner.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-47
Figure C.31. Flame length for Gardiner.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-48
Figure C.32. Areas of concern detail for Gardiner.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-49
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: main highway paved, at least two roads in and out
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Booster Pump Area of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Reduce fuel loading and create maintenance plan for protection of infrastructure.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 101:
• Develop an evacuation plan tailored to residences along the designated route.
• Collaborate with WSDOT and landowners to implement fuels mitigations on private properties, focusing on the creation of defensible space, as well as roadside brush cutting and mowing activities.
• Investigate the eligibility for FEMA grants targeting initiatives such as "Firewise" and fire-adapted communities to enhance preparedness efforts.
• Implement modifications to the fuel alongside the roadway to diminish potential fire intensity during evacuation scenarios, with the buffer width contingent upon landownership and site-specific conditions. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-50
6. Irondale/Port Hadlock Field Assessment Summary
Irondale/Port Hadlock
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with turnaround Low
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Non-Burnable (NB) Low
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 5 Extreme
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 53 Moderate
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-51
Figure C.33. Irondale/Port Hadlock: The community has a high amount of urban development, and homes are primarily on a grid street system. Homes in this area are built closer together compared with those in other parts of the county, leading to potential issues creating sufficient defensible space around a structure.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-52
Figure C.34. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Irondale/Port Hadlock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-53
Figure C.35. Fire response for Irondale/Port Hadlock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-54
Figure C.36. Fire occurrence density for Irondale/Port Hadlock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-55
Figure C.37. Flame length for Irondale/Port Hadlock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-56
Figure C.38. Areas of concern detail for Irondale/Port Hadlock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-57
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: surfaced roads and at least two roads in and out of the community
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Vegetation type: more humid forest cover
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
• Organized response: fire department in community
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Separation of adjacent structures: minimal
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Irondale/Port Hadlock Area of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and enhancing fuel discontinuity, with actions guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Explore opportunities for achieving multiple resource benefits through fuel modification efforts.
• Prioritize fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to mitigate fire risk to structures.
• Foster cross-boundary collaboration, particularly at interfaces between federal lands and adjacent jurisdictions, to address fuel mitigation needs effectively.
• Develop educational programs to address defensible space and home hardening.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Oak Bay Road, Rhody Road:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-58
7. Anderson Lake State Park Field Assessment Summary
Anderson Lake State Park
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 1 Low
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing No deck or fence/non-combustible Low
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 94 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-59
Figure C.39. Anderson Lake State Park: The area is mostly forested with residential portions located on the east and west sides of the park. Homes on the east side are located mostly along the main road, Highway 19. Homes on the west side are more spread out and have longer driveways.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-60
Figure C.40. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Anderson Lake State Park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-61
Figure C.41. Fire response for Anderson Lake State Park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-62
Figure C.42. Fire occurrence density for Anderson Lake State Park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-63
Figure C.43. Flame length for Anderson Lake State Park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-64
Figure C.44. Areas of concern detail for Anderson Lake State Park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-65
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: surfaced roads and more than one road in and out of community
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Decking and fencing: made of non-combustible materials
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Vegetation: predominantly timber-litter, highly flammable
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Anderson Lake State Park Area of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and enhancing fuel discontinuity, with actions guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Explore opportunities for achieving multiple resource benefits through fuel modification efforts.
• Prioritize fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to mitigate fire risk to structures.
• Foster cross-boundary collaboration, particularly at interfaces between federal lands and adjacent jurisdictions, to address fuel mitigation needs effectively.
• Develop educational programs to address defensible space and home hardening.
Shaded Fuel Break:
Anderson Lake State Park Shaded Fuel Break North:
Implement fuel break to slow fire progression. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Rhody Road, Highway 20:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-66
8. Marrowstone/Nordland Field Assessment Summary
Marrowstone/Nordland
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Understory (TU) High
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 1 Low
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B - pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station >5 miles from community High
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 82 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-67
Figure C.45. Marrowstone/Nordland: The community contains a variety of natural and agricultural values such as an oyster farm, wineries, farms, and beaches. Many homes are located on coastal bluffs. The island also contains Fort Flagler.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-68
Figure C.46. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Marrowstone/Nordland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-69
Figure C.47. Fire response for Marrowstone/Nordland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-70
Figure C.48. Fire occurrence density for Marrowstone/Nordland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-71
Figure C.49. Flame length for Marrowstone/Nordland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-72
Figure C.50. Areas of concern detail for Marrowstone/Nordland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-73
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Roads: surfaced roads throughout community
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in and out of community
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
No spatial delineations proposed at this time. Focus on creating and disseminating homeowner education on
defensible space and evacuation planning.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
East Marrowstone Road, Flagler Road, Schwartz Road:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-74
9. Chimacum East Field Assessment Summary
Chimacum East
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 3 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing No deck or fence/non-combustible Low
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 97 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-75
Figure C.51. Chimacum East: The area containing the community of Chimacum contains a large amount of agricultural land with forested land bordering the east and west. The area is sparsely populated, and access is generally good.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-76
Figure C.52. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Chimacum East.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-77
Figure C.53. Fire response for Chimacum East.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-78
Figure C.54. Fire occurrence density for Chimacum East.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-79
Figure C.55. Flame length for Chimacum East.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-80
Figure C.56. Areas of concern detail for Chimacum East.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-81
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: surfaced roadways, two or more roads in and out
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
• Decks and fencing: not many present in community, often made of non-combustible materials if present
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, highly flammable
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Chimacum Ridge Community Forest, Beausite Lake, and Anderson Lake Areas of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
Pump House Area of Concern:
• Reduce fuel loading and create maintenance plan for protection of infrastructure.
• Implement fuel modification measures aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and enhancing fuel discontinuity within the area.
• Ensure that these actions align with established land management plans and regulatory compliance standards.
• Identify and capitalize on opportunities that offer multiple benefits across various resources.
Shaded Fuel Break:
Anderson Lake State Park Shaded Fuel Break South and Chimacum Fuel Break:
• Tailor buffer width based on site-specific conditions, ensuring treatments are designed to diminish ladder fuels and elevate canopy base height.
• Plan and implement fuel break treatments to reduce ladder fuels and raise canopy base height.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Center Road, Rhody Road, Beaver Valley Road, Oak Bay Road:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Buffer width will depend upon landownership and site conditions. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-82
Highway 104:
• Leverage typical stand management activities on lands primarily owned by Washington State and Rayonier Timber along most of the stretch of Highway 104 to fulfill fuel modification objectives.
• Implement Washington State Department of Transportation’s (WSDOT)'s roadside management practices and assisting homeowners in creating defensible space and improving side road access/egress.
• Encourage exploration of potential grant opportunities from DNR and FEMA to support these initiatives.
• Work with the State and Rayonier Timber to create strategic roadside buffers through fuels modifications. Normal stand management activities should be used to meet fuel modification goals. Focus on the area where the highway and private homeowners intersect. Investigate use of possible DNR/FEMA grants to support fuel treatments.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-83
10. Port Discovery/Chimacum West Field Assessment Summary
Port Discovery-Chimacum West
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >24 feet Low
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access >300 feet with no turnaround Extreme
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Slash-Blow (TU) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 10% to 20% Moderate
Topographic Features 2 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 1 Low
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 102 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-84
Figure C.57. Port Discovery/Chimacum West: The community is located adjacent to Discovery Bay, with most homes accessed from the main road.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-85
Figure C.58. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Port Discovery/Chimacum West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-86
Figure C.59. Fire response for Port Discovery/Chimacum West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-87
Figure C.60. Fire occurrence density for Port Discovery/Chimacum West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-88
Figure C.61. Flame length for Port Discovery/Chimacum West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-89
Figure C.62. Areas of concern detail for Port Discovery/Chimacum West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-90
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Entrance/exit: more than two roads in/out
• Roads: surfaced, grade of <5%, and width of >24 feet
• Streets signs: present and reflective
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low
• Separation of adjacent structures: high
• Water sources: available hydrants
• Organized fire response: fire station <5 miles from community
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Predominant vegetation: slash-blow, highly combustible
• Defensible space: <30 feet around structures
• Fire truck access: <300 feet with no turnaround
• Siding, deck, and fencing materials: combustible (wood or vinyl)
• Utilities: aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Federal-State Cross-Boundary Fuel Modification:
• Design and implement hazardous fuels projects with a focus on state lands interfacing with USFS boundaries. Identify isolated residences where stand management activities (during normal stand rotation) may be used to create fuel breaks to protect structures.
• Work with homeowners to develop shelter in place/defensible space and evacuation plans. Investigate use of FEMA grants and DNR grants for homeowners.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
All:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-91
11. Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow Field Assessment Summary
Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 2 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 101 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-92
Figure C.63. Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow: The community contains significant WUI residential areas. The forest adjacent to the communities is actively managed for a variety of purposes, including clear cutting, carbon offsets, and wildfire mitigation. Recent fires have impacted the area.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-93
Figure C.64. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-94
Figure C.65. Fire response for Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-95
Figure C.66. Fire occurrence density for Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-96
Figure C.67. Flame length for Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-97
Figure C.68. Areas of concern detail for Beaver Valley/North Port Ludlow.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-98
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Entrance/exit: two or more paved roads in and out
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
• Building setback: >30 feet to slopes
• Organized response: fire department in community
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard.
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, flammable
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Beaver Valley, Center Areas of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Prioritize fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
Shaded Fuel Break:
Beaver Valley Shaded Fuel Break:
• Implement fuel break in areas most exposed to high-severity wildfire.
• Incorporate treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and increasing canopy base height, adjusting buffer width according to site-specific condition.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 104:
• Identify state and private timber lands within the fuel break area.
• Prioritize activity-based fuel treatments along boundaries with private residential properties for establishing defensible spaces.
• Utilize stand management activities to achieve fuel modification goals along the Highway 104 corridor, particularly focusing on the east end near the Hood Canal Bridge.
• Collaborate with WSDOT to implement roadside management activities and improve side road access/egress.
• Engage homeowners to establish defensible space and enhance wildfire resilience.
• Explore funding opportunities through DNR and FEMA grants.
• Work with state and Rayonier Timber to create strategic roadside buffers through fuels modifications.
• Implement fuel modifications along Beaver Valley Road, Egg and I Connector Road, and Oak Bay Road to reduce fire intensity during evacuation, adjusting buffer width based on landownership and site conditions. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-99
12. Shine/Port Ludlow Marina Field Assessment Summary
Shine/Port Ludlow Marina
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 2 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 89 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-100
Figure C.69. Shine/Port Ludlow Marina: The community is heavily forested with homes mostly situated along the coast. The area contains a variety of resources such as the Shine Tidelands State Park. Many areas in Shine have single access routes, and some additional egress routes have been blocked with concrete blocks.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-101
Figure C.70. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Shine/Port Ludlow Marina.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-102
Figure C.71. Fire response for Shine/Port Ludlow Marina.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-103
Figure C.72. Fire occurrence density for Shine/Port Ludlow Marina.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-104
Figure C.73. Flame length for Shine/Port Ludlow Marina.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-105
Figure C.74. Areas of concern detail for Shine/Port Ludlow Marina.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-106
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: main highway paved, two or more roads in and out
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Building setback: >30 feet to slope
• Organized response: fire department in community
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Dominant vegetation: timber-litter, highly flammable
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Port Ludlow Area of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification efforts aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and enhancing fuel discontinuity, prioritizing actions based on existing land management plans and regulatory compliance standards.
• Explore opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification activities.
• Encourage treatment of home ignition zones to mitigate potential fire hazards.
• Foster cross-boundary collaboration, particularly at interfaces between federal lands and adjacent jurisdictions, to effectively address fuel management challenges and ensure comprehensive wildfire risk reduction.
• Develop educational programs to address defensible space and home hardening.
Booster Pump Area of Concern:
• Reduce fuel loading and create maintenance plan for protection of infrastructure.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 104:
• Implement normal stand management activities on Washington State and Rayonier Timber lands along the majority of Highway 104 to achieve fuel modification objectives.
• Focus efforts at intersections between the highway and private residential areas, particularly on the east end near the Hood Canal Bridge, by collaborating with WSDOT on roadside management activities.
• Explore potential funding opportunities through the DNR and FEMA to support fuel modification efforts along the roadway.
• Determine buffer widths based on landownership and site-specific conditions. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
• Work with the state and Rayonier Timber to create strategic roadside buffers through fuels modifications. Normal stand management activities should be used to meet fuel modification goals. Focus on the area where the highway and private land intersect. Investigate use of possible DNR/FEMA grants to support fuel treatments.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-107
13. Thorndyke Field Assessment Summary
Thorndyke
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 2 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 96 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-108
Figure C.75. Thorndyke: The community is mostly located along the coast with many homes accessed by a single road. Dense forests border the community to the west with some clear cuts and commercial forestry operations present.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-109
Figure C.76. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Thorndyke.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-110
Figure C.77. Fire response for Thorndyke.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-111
Figure C.78. Fire occurrence density for Thorndyke.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-112
Figure C.79. Flame length for Thorndyke.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-113
Figure C.80. Areas of concern detail for Thorndyke.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-114
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Topography: low slope, history of fire occurrence is low
• Water sources: hydrants available
• Organized response: fire station nearby
• Roads: surfaced
• Street signs: visible and reflective
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in/out
• Vegetation: predominantly timer-litter and highly combustible
• Defensible space: less than <30 feet around structures
• Siding materials, decks, and fencing: combustible (wood or vinyl)
• Utilities: all aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
No spatial delineations proposed at this time. Focus on creating and disseminating homeowner education on defensible space and evacuation planning.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 104:
• Utilize normal stand management activities to achieve fuel modification goals, particularly on lands owned by Washington State and Rayonier Timber along Highway 104.
• Prioritize roadside management activities along intersections of the highway with private residences, notably near the Hood Canal Bridge's east end; WSDOT should lead these efforts, while homeowners should establish defensible space treatments and improve driveway access/egress.
• Explore potential grants from the DNR and FEMA to support these initiatives.
Thorndyke Road:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-115
14. Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2 Field Assessment Summary
Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width <20 feet Extreme
Road Conditions Non-surfaced road; grade >5% High
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 21% to 30% Moderate
Topographic Features 3 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 3 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Water Tank Moderate
Water Source Score 3 High
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 131 Extreme
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-116
Figure C.81. Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2: The community contains many homes that are difficult to access and located off long driveways with locked gates. The community in the southern portion in particular has a labyrinth of roads that are difficult to navigate. The area contains a variety of home sizes and types.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-117
Figure C.82. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-118
Figure C.83. Fire response for Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-119
Figure C.84. Fire occurrence density for Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-120
Figure C.85. Flame length for Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-121
Figure C.86. Areas of concern detail for Coyle/US Naval Reservation 2.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-122
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
• Water source: no water availability through hydrants but a water tank is available
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: One road in and out of community
• Road width: generally less than 20 feet wide
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, combustible
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Building setback: <30 feet to slope
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard.
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
East Coyle Area of Concern:
• Look for opportunities to encourage activity fuels treatments (slash removal) along state and private timber lands that have boundaries with private residential structures.
• Where conservation land intermixes with developed areas, develop fuels mitigation, ground fuel manipulations, or fuel breaks.
• Consider property line fuel break and fuel mitigations around Zelatched Point Naval site.
• Encourage homeowners to develop individual defensible space and evacuation plans. Utilize grant funding from the state and FEMA to support educational initiatives.
West Coyle Area of Concern:
• Collaborate with the Navy to assess the feasibility of implementing a fuel break to mitigate potential wildfire spread to private lands in the area.
• Utilize routine stand management activities to establish the fuel break effectively.
• Explore opportunities for grant funding from the state and Department of Defense (DOD) to support the implementation of wildfire mitigation measures.
Shaded Fuel Break:
US Naval Reservation Shaded Fuel Break:
• Collaborate with the Navy to assess the feasibility of implementing a fuel break to mitigate potential wildfire spread to private lands in the area.
• Utilize routine stand management activities to establish the fuel break effectively.
• Explore opportunities for grant funding from the state and DOD to support the implementation of wildfire mitigation measures.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-123
Tabook Beach Shaded Fuel Break:
• Establish a fuel break to safeguard the Camp Harmony community, leveraging DNR-managed lands potentially integrated into the future expansion of the Dabob Natural Area.
• Conduct homeowner education programs emphasizing responsible burning practices, defensible space creation, and maintenance of adequate road and lot access.
• Evaluate the feasibility of implementing a shaded fuel break as part of regular stand management activities, considering the varied topography and stand composition.
• Collaborate with DNR to explore incorporating maturing stands into carbon sequestration projects and devise management strategies to mitigate potential hazardous fuel risks.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Coyle Road Roadside Buffer:
• Work with state and private timber companies to encourage activity fuel treatments on boundaries with private residential properties.
• Where conservation lands intermix with developed areas, explore fuels mitigation and ground fuel manipulations and/or fuel breaks.
• Encourage homeowners to develop individual homeowner defensible space and preparedness/ evacuation plans.
• Seek grant funding through the state and FEMA.
Thorndyke Road Roadside Buffer:
• Implement roadside buffering using shaded fuel break approach and in collaboration with County roads.
• Create and disseminate homeowner education on defensible space and evacuation planning.
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-124
15. Dabob/Camp Discovery West Field Assessment Summary
Dabob/Camp Discovery West
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access >300 feet with turnaround Moderate
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 3 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 2 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 107 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-125
Figure C.87. Dabob/Camp Discovery West: The community contains many riparian areas containing dense vegetation and moist vegetation conditions. The topography is steep near Camp Discovery and along the coast. The community contains many deciduous tree species, especially near Dabob Bay, and also contains some rare plants species.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-126
Figure C.88. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Dabob/Camp Discovery West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-127
Figure C.89. Fire response for Dabob/Camp Discovery West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-128
Figure C.90. Fire occurrence density for Dabob/Camp Discovery West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-129
Figure C.91. Flame length for Dabob/Camp Discovery West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-130
Figure C.92. Areas of concern detail for Dabob/Camp Discovery West.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-131
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Ingress and egress: main highway paved, two or more roads in or out of communities
• Water source: water availability through hydrants
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, flammable
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Building setback: <30 feet to slopes
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
No spatial delineations proposed at this time. Emphasis should be placed on homeowner actions to implement defensible space and structure hardening.
Shaded Fuel Break:
East Quilcene Shaded Fuel Break:
• Work with private, state, and federal land managers to identify areas for strategic fuel breaks to protect Highly Valued Resources and Assets. Ongoing and future stand management may break up fuel continuity so consider opportunities to utilize ongoing practices.
• Work with homeowners (private homeowners and Rayonier Timber) along all boundaries to implement fuels mitigations.
• Develop evacuation plans for residences along Dabob Bay/Carl Johnson Road and Lindsey Hill Road. Seek grant funding to support initiatives from FEMA and DOD. Consider DNR grants for homeowners.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Coyle/Center Road Roadside Buffer:
• Work with state and private timber companies to encourage activity fuel treatments on boundaries with private residential properties.
• Where conservation lands intermix with developed areas, explore fuels mitigation and ground fuel manipulations and/or fuel breaks.
• Manage roadside vegetation to foster natural fuel breaks. Remove canopy connections that could allow fire to spread over roads and create blocks on evacuation routes.
• Encourage homeowners to develop individual homeowner defensible space and preparedness/evacuation plans.
• Seek grant funding through Washington State and FEMA.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-132
16. Leland Field Assessment Summary
Leland
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade >5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access >300 feet with no turnaround Extreme
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space >30 to <70 feet around structure High
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 10% to 20% Moderate
Topographic Features 2 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 3 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 1 Low
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class B – pressure-treated composite shakes and shingles Moderate
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources No Extreme
Water Source Type Other Extreme
Water Source Score 10 Extreme
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 86 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-133
Figure C.93. Leland: The small community is adjacent to dense, continuous forest. The community contains a variety of cultural and natural values such as recreation areas, campgrounds, and a music venue.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-134
Figure C.94. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Leland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-135
Figure C.95. Fire response for Leland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-136
Figure C.96. Fire occurrence density for Leland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-137
Figure C.97. Flame length for Leland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-138
Figure C.98. Areas of concern detail for Leland.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-139
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: present and reflective
• Building setback: >30 feet to slope
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Severe fire weather potential: low
• Separation of adjacent structures: high
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: one road in and out of community
• Fire truck access: >300 feet with no turnaround
• Building construction: combustible siding, decks, and fencing
• Water source: no water availability through hydrants
• Utility placement: aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Federal-State Cross-Boundary Fuel Modification:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
• Foster cross-boundary collaboration for fuel mitigation in areas where federal lands interface with other jurisdictions.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 101:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residences along the route. Work with WSDOT and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and roadside brush cutting/mowing. Seek DNR grant support for WSDOT to purchase equipment or to enhance staffing.
• Explore FEMA grants for "Firewise" and fire-adapted communities.
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-140
17. Quilcene Field Assessment Summary
Quilcene
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to 24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade >5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 21% to 30% Moderate
Topographic Features 3 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 3 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources No Extreme
Water Source Type Water Tank Moderate
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 125 Extreme
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-141
Figure C.99. Quilcene: The community contains a mix of urban and rural settings with many homes along Highway 101 within the WUI. Many homes are also located along the river and are difficult to see from the road. The community provides access to the Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-142
Figure C.100. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Quilcene.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-143
Figure C.101. Fire response for Quilcene.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-144
Figure C.102. Fire occurrence density for Quilcene.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-145
Figure C.103. Flame length for Quilcene.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-146
Figure C.104. Areas of concern detail for Quilcene.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-147
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: visible and reflective
• Organized response: fire department in community
• Severe fire weather potential: low; high humidity
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in and out of community
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, highly combustible
• Building construction: combustible siding
• Water source: no water availability through hydrants but do have water tank
• Utility placement: aboveground
• Decking and fencing: combustible
• Building setback: <30 feet to slope
• Defensible space: minimal, with some homes with poor maintenance and refuse in yard
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Quilcene Area of Concern:
• Disseminate Firewise and defensible space materials to residents in the most populated area of Quilcene Fire Rescue's jurisdiction.
• Develop and distribute evacuation plans and community preparedness materials, with a focus on high-risk zones like the Herb Beck Marina, where terrain may impede fuel modification efforts.
• Identify potential state land areas south of town for transfer to DNR conservation zones (e.g., Mt. Walker/ Devil's Lake area) and collaborate with DNR to integrate hazardous fuels considerations into land management plans.
• Collaborate with DNR to understand and align with management goals for natural areas and shorelines in the Mt. Walker area.
• Pursue grant opportunities from FEMA and DNR to support mitigation activities in and around Quilcene.
Shaded Fuel Break:
USFS Boundary Fuel Break:
• Design and implement fuel break treatments with intention to reduce ladder fuels and raise canopy base height. Focus on areas with the greatest exposure to severe wildfire hazards.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 101:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residences along this route. Work with WSDOT and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and roadside brush cutting/mowing. Obtain DNR grant support for WSDOT to purchase equipment or to enhance staffing.
• Explore FEMA grants for "Firewise" and fire-adapted communities.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-148
Center Road Roadside Buffer:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residences along this route from Highway 104 South. Work with County Roads and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and fuels modifications on private and state timber lands.
• Ensure roadside buffers are maintained along determined evacuation routes to avoid canopy fires blocking routes.
• Consider potential for a shaded fuel break near areas with high or extreme risks. Work with County Roads to enhance roadside brush cutting/mowing.
• Investigate available FEMA and Washington State grants to support mitigation work.
Lindsay Hill Road Roadside Buffer:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residents along this route. Work with County Roads and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and roadside brush cutting/mowing.
• Consider development of a temporary refuge/shelter-in-place plan for Lindsey Beach to address access
and evacuation concerns. Fuel modification in the area may be impeded by terrain.
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-149
18. Bee Mill/Seal Rock Field Assessment Summary
Bee Mill/Seal Rock
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade >5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 10% to 20% Moderate
Topographic Features 3 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 3 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Other Extreme
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station >5 miles from community High
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 133 Extreme
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-150
Figure C.105. Bee Mill/Seal Rock: The small community is adjacent to dense, continuous forest to the east, and borders Dabob Bay to the west. Most houses in the community are coastal or close to Highway 101. Multiple clear cut and logged areas are within and adjacent to the community.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-151
Figure C.106. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Bee Mill/Seal Rock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-152
Figure C.107. Fire response for Bee Mill/Seal Rock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-153
Figure C.108. Fire occurrence density for Bee Mill/Seal Rock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-154
Figure C.109. Flame length for Bee Mill/Seal Rock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-155
Figure C.110. Areas of concern detail for Bee Mill/Seal Rock.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-156
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: present and reflective Severe fire weather potential: low
• Water source: water availability in community
• Separation of adjacent structures: high
• Water source: present
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: one road in and out of community
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter and highly flammable
• Defensible space: Minimal, with less than 30 feet available around structures
• Building setback: <30 feet to slopes
• Fire truck access: <300 feet with no turnaround
• Building construction: combustible siding, decks, and fencing
• Utility placement: aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Quilcene Area of Concern:
• Disseminate Firewise and defensible space materials to residents in the most populated area of Quilcene Fire Rescue's jurisdiction.
• Develop and distribute evacuation plans and community preparedness materials, with a focus on high-risk zones like the Herb Beck Marina, where terrain may impede fuel modification efforts.
• Identify potential state land areas south of town for transfer to DNR conservation zones (e.g., Mt. Walker/ Devil's Lake area) and collaborate with DNR to integrate hazardous fuels considerations into land management plans.
• Collaborate with DNR to understand and align with management goals for natural areas and shorelines in the Mt. Walker area.
• Pursue grant opportunities from FEMA and DNR to support mitigation activities in and around Quilcene.
Shaded Fuel Break:
USFS Boundary Fuel Break:
• Design and implement fuel break treatments with intention to reduce ladder fuels and raise canopy base height. Focus on areas with the greatest exposure to severe wildfire hazards.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 101:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residences along this route. Work with WSDOT and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and roadside brush cutting/mowing. Obtain DNR grant support for WSDOT to purchase equipment or to enhance staffing.
• Explore FEMA grants for "Firewise" and fire-adapted communities.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-157
19. Brinnon/Duckabush Field Assessment Summary
Brinnon/Duckabush
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade >5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access >300 feet with no turnaround Extreme
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 21% to 30% Moderate
Topographic Features 3 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 3 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources No Extreme
Water Source Type Other Extreme
Water Source Score 3 High
Organized Response Station >5 miles from community High
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 137 Extreme
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.111. Brinnon/Duckabush: The communities are situated on hilly terrain with often overgrown vegetation around homes and roadways. Many roads are unpaved, and communities are often accessed by a single road. The area receives tourist traffic as people enter the national forest and national park.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.112. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Brinnon/Duckabush.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.113. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Brinnon/Duckabush.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.114. Fire occurrence density for Brinnon/Duckabush.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.115. Flame Length for Brinnon/Duckabush.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.116. Areas of concern detail for Brinnon/Duckabush.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: present and reflective
• Severe fire weather potential: low
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: one road in and out of community
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, highly combustible
• Defensible space: <30 feet around structures
• Siding, deck, and fencing: highly combustible materials (wood or vinyl)
• Water sources: no major water sources within community
• Utilities: aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Dosewallips/Duckabush Areas of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
• Foster cross-boundary collaboration for fuel mitigation in areas where federal lands interface with other jurisdictions.
Shaded Fuel Break:
USFS Boundary Fuel Break:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height.
• Focus long-term efforts on areas with the highest exposure to severe wildfire impacts, ensuring compliance with federal and state environmental and cultural regulations as necessary.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 101:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residences along this route. Work with WSDOT and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and roadside brush cutting/mowing. Obtain DNR grant support for WSDOT to possibly purchase equipment and enhance staffing resources.
• Explore FEMA grants for "Firewise" and fire-adapted communities.
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-165
20. Triton Field Assessment Summary
Triton
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade >5% Moderate
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope 21% to 30% Moderate
Topographic Features 3 Moderate
History of High Fire Occurrence 2 Moderate
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 2 Moderate
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fencing Extreme
Building Setback <30 feet to slope Extreme
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station >5 miles from community High
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 126 Extreme
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.117. Triton: The community has hilly terrain that hides most homes from sight. The forest to the west is very dense and has been impacted by drought in recent years.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.118. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Triton.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.119. Fire response for Triton.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.120. Fire occurrence density for Triton.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.121. Flame length for Triton.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.122. Areas of concern detail for Triton.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Street signs: present and reflective
• Severe fire weather potential: low
• Water sources: available hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in and out
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter, highly combustible
• Defensible space: >30 feet around structures
• Siding, deck, and fencing materials: combustible (wood or vinyl)
• Building setback: <30 feet to slope
• Utilities: aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Triton:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
• Foster cross-boundary collaboration for fuel mitigation in areas where federal lands interface with other jurisdictions.
Shaded Fuel Break:
USFS Boundary Fuel Break:
• Identify and implement fuel break treatments to reduce ladder fuels and raise canopy base height. Focus on areas with the greatest exposure to severe wildfire hazard.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Highway 101:
• Develop an evacuation plan for the residences along the route. Work with WSDOT and landowners to develop fuels mitigations on private properties (defensible space) and roadside brush cutting/mowing. Seek DNR grant support for WSDOT to purchase equipment or to enhance staffing.
• Explore FEMA grants for "Firewise" and fire-adapted communities.
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-173
21. Hoh Indian Reservation Field Assessment Summary
Hoh Indian Reservation
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >24 feet Low
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – non-reflective Moderate
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 5 Extreme
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources No Extreme
Water Source Type Other Extreme
Water Source Score 10 Extreme
Organized Response Station >5 miles from community High
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 120 Extreme
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.123. Hoh Indian Reservation: Around 120 tribal residents inhabit the Hoh Indian Reservation. The community is accessed via a single main road that ends at the ocean. The absence of a fire station within the vicinity poses significant challenges for emergency response. As a result of escalating tsunami risk, the community is actively relocating to higher ground as a precautionary measure.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.124. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Hoh Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.125. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Hoh Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.126. Fire occurrence density for Hoh Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.127. Flame length for Hoh Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.128. Areas of concern detail for Hoh Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Roads: surfaced and >24 feet
• Topography: <9% slope
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe weather potential: low
• Building setback: >30 feet to slope
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: one road in and out
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter and highly combustible
• Defensible space: >30 feet around structures
• Separation around adjacent structures: low
• Siding, deck, and fencing materials: combustible (wood or vinyl)
• Water sources: none
• Organized response: fire station >5 miles from the community
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
No spatial delineations proposed at this time. Emphasis should be placed on pre-fire planning, enhanced community preparedness, defensible space actions, and securing funding for firefighting resources and capacity.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Hoh Reservation Access Road:
• Engage FEMA, Washington State, and Bureau of Indian Affairs in potential resilience projects to enhance access. Seek partnerships with WSDOT and Clallam/Jefferson Roads.
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-181
22. Queets Field Assessment Summary
Queets
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 2 or more roads in and out Low
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – reflective Low
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 2 Moderate
Separation of Adjacent Structures 5 Extreme
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing No deck or fence/non-combustible Low
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 100 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.129. Queets: A small tribal community with homes closely clustered. The community is situated close to the Quinault River.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.130. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Queets.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.131. Fire response for Queets.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-185
Figure C.132. Fire occurrence density for Queets.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-186
Figure C.133. Flame length for Queets.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-187
Figure C.134. Areas of concern detail for Queets.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-188
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Entrance/edit and roads: 2 or more roads in and out, adequate street signage, surfaced roads
• Topography: low slope, history of fire occurrence is low
• Organized response: Nearby fire station
• Severe fire weather potential: moderate
• Siding materials/Deck and Fencing: non-combustible, few decks and little fencing.
• Available water protection: water sources available, hydrants
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Defensible space: <30 feet around structures
• Siding materials: highly combustible (made of wood or vinyl).
• Utilities: placed aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
No spatial delineations proposed at this time. Emphasis should be placed on pre-fire planning, enhanced
community preparedness, defensible space actions, and securing funding for firefighting resources and capacity.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-189
23. Quinault Indian Reservation Field Assessment Summary
Quinault Indian Reservation
Risk Variable Assessed Condition Risk Rating
Means of Access
Entrance/Exit 1 road in and out Extreme
Road Width >20 to <24 feet Moderate
Road Conditions Surfaced road; grade <5% Low
Fire Truck Access <300 feet with no turnaround High
Street Signs Present – non-reflective Moderate
Vegetation (Fuel Model)
Predominate Vegetation Timber-Litter (TL) Extreme
Defensible Space <30 feet around structure Extreme
Topography within 300 feet of Structures
Slope <9% Low
Topographic Features 1 Low
History of High Fire Occurrence 1 Low
Severe Fire Weather Potential 1 Low
Separation of Adjacent Structures 5 Extreme
Roofing Assembly
Roofing Class C - untreated wood shingle; plywood; particle board High
Building Construction
Siding Materials Combustible (wood or vinyl) Extreme
Deck and Fencing Combustible deck and fence Extreme
Building Setback >30 feet to slope Low
Available Fire Protection
Water Sources Yes Low
Water Source Type Hydrant Low
Water Source Score 1 Low
Organized Response Station <5 miles from community Low
Placement of Gas and Electric Utilities
Utilities Placement Both aboveground Extreme
Community Hazard Rating 102 High
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-190
Figure C.135. Quinault Indian Reservation: The small community is divided into two residential areas, both of which have dead end loops. The community is located along the Queets River and within dense forest.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-191
Figure C.136. Highly Valued Resources and Assets for Quinault Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-192
Figure C.137. Fire response for Quinault Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.138. Fire occurrence density for Quinault Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.139. Flame length for Quinault Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Figure C.140. Areas of concern detail for Quinault Indian Reservation.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-196
Key Observations
Field Assessment NFPA 1144 Survey Summary
Positive Attributes (Low Scores)
• Road conditions: surfaced roads
• Topography: <9% slope
• History of fire occurrence: low
• Severe fire weather potential: low
• Building setback: >30 feet to slope
• Water sources: available hydrants
• Organized response: fire station <5 miles from the community
Negative Attributes (High Scores)
• Entrance/exit: only one road in/out
• Predominant vegetation: timber-litter and highly combustible
• Defensible space: <30 feet around structures
• Separation of adjacent structures: low
• Siding, deck, and fencing materials: combustible (wood or vinyl)
• Utilities: aboveground
Recommended Mitigation
Areas of Concern:
Clearwater Area of Concern:
• Implement fuel modification strategies aimed at reducing hazardous fuel load and fuel continuity, guided by existing land management plans and compliance standards.
• Pursue opportunities for multiple resource benefits while undertaking fuel modification efforts.
• Encourage fuel mitigation in the home ignition zone to enhance community resilience against wildfires.
Shaded Fuel Break:
No spatial treatments proposed at this time.
Roadside Buffer and Shaded Fuel Break:
Hoh Mainline Road:
• Modify fuel along roadway to reduce potential fire intensity in event of evacuation. Adjust buffer width according to site-specific conditions, emphasizing treatments aimed at reducing ladder fuels and elevating
canopy base height. The objective should be to reduce likelihood of fires “jumping” roads in the canopy, rather than fully removing roadside vegetation which would contradict other county requirements. Roadside vegetative buffers may be maintained while also reducing fuel loads and canopy connection.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-197
FIRE STATION RESOURCES
Table C.2. Fire Station Resources
Fire Department Name East Jefferson Fire and Rescue FD1 Quilcene Fire Rescue FD2
Clallam County Fire District No. 3 CCFD3
Brinnon Fire Department FD4
Discovery Bay Volunteer and Fire Rescue FD5
Jefferson County Fire Protection District No. 7 FD7
Station Number 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Admin 21 41
Fulltime firefighters 57 5 3
On-call firefighters 0 0 0
Volunteer firefighters 5 (2 structure, 3 wildland) 7 25
Water Tenders
Type 1 4 0 1
Type 2 0 0 1
Type 3 0 1 1
Wildland Engines
Type 1 0 0 0
Type 2 0 0 0
Type 3 0 2
Type 4 0 0 0
Type 5 0 0 0
Type 6 3 2 0
Type 7 0 0 0
Structure Engines
Type 1 9 0 2
Type 2 0 2 0
Port-a-tanks 4 2 1
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | C-198
Fire Department Name East Jefferson Fire and Rescue FD1 Quilcene Fire Rescue FD2
Clallam County Fire District No. 3 CCFD3
Brinnon Fire Department FD4
Discovery Bay Volunteer and Fire Rescue FD5
Jefferson County Fire Protection District No. 7 FD7
Portable pumps 0 2 1
Agreements with other fire response agencies Kitsap and Clallam Counties, Quilcene Fire District
Mutual aid within county and with surrounding counties, forest responses agreement in place with DNR. No agreement with the federal agencies directly.
Mason, Kitsap, and Clallam Counties
Suggested Needs Additional training, wildfire fighting gear and wildfire engines/tenders.
Upgrading of wildland engines, increased staffing, recruitment of volunteers who are physically fit.
Department is staffed with only two people daily (one on call), and the district is no longer covered until mutual aid
arrives or volunteers come out afterward.
Page | D-i
APPENDIX D:
Funding Sources and Programs
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Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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CONTENTS
Federal Funding Information ................................................................................................................. D-1
State Funding Information ..................................................................................................................... D-9
Private Funding Information ................................................................................................................ D-11
Other Funding Information................................................................................................................... D-13
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FEDERAL FUNDING INFORMATION
Source: 2022 Infrastructure Investments and Jobs Act
Agency: Multiple
Website: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684
Eligible Applicants: Jurisdictions
Description: The Infrastructure Investments and Jobs act allocated funding through various departments
for infrastructure projects including, but not limited to roads, bridges, and major projects; passenger and
freight rail; highway and pedestrian safety; public transit; broadband; ports and waterways; airports; water
infrastructure; power and grid reliability and resiliency; resiliency, including funding for coastal resiliency,
ecosystem restoration, and weatherization; clean school buses and ferries; electric vehicle charging;
addressing legacy pollution by cleaning up Brownfield and Superfund sites and reclaiming abandoned
mines; and Western Water Infrastructure.
Specifically, the Community Wildfire Defense Grant Program https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-
land/fire/grants is a $1 billion program where the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) will provide
grants to communities at risk from wildfire to develop or revise their community wildfire protection plans
and carry out projects described within those plans. It will include a mix of formula and competitive funds.
This grant program will be available through 2027 (plus or minus) with applications periods opening each
year typically in the summer and closing in the fall. WA DNR is responsible for assisting with and
administering this grant in Washington State. More information can be found here
https://www.dnr.wa.gov/WildfireDefense
Section 40803 addresses wildfire risk reduction, Section 40804 deals with ecosystem restoration, Section
40806 handles the establishment of fuel breaks in forests and other wildland vegetation, and Section
70302 addresses reforestation. To learn more about the Act, please see the guidebook located here:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/build/guidebook/.
Source: Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) Grant Program
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities
Eligible Applicants: Local communities, tribes, and territories
Description: BRIC will supports states, local communities, tribes, and territories as they undertake
hazard mitigation projects, reducing the risks they face from disasters and natural hazards. The BRIC
program guiding principles are supporting communities through capability and capacity building;
encouraging and enabling innovation; promoting partnerships; enabling large projects; maintaining
flexibility; and providing consistency. You can find more information on the BRIC program here:
https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities
Source: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/hazard-mitigation
Eligible Applicants: Local communities, tribes and territories
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Description: The HMGP provides funding to state, local, tribal, or territorial governments (and individuals
or businesses if the community applies on their behalf) to rebuild with the intentions to mitigate future
losses due to potential disasters. This grant program is available after a presidentially declared disaster.
Source: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) – Post Fire
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/post-fire
Eligible Applicants: States, federally recognized tribes, and territories
Description: The HMGP Post Fire grant program provides assistance to communities for the purpose of
implementing hazard mitigation measures following a wildfire or other major disaster. The program is
intended to substantially improve communities’ resilience to future disaster events, specifically wildfire.
A cost-benefit analysis must be completed for all projects to ensure funding is cost-effective.
Pre-calculated benefits are available for the following mitigation measures:
• Soil stabilization
• Flood diversion
• Reforestation
Source: Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/floods
Eligible Applicants: States, territories, federally recognized tribes, local governments.
Description: The Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program is a competitive grant program that
provides funding to states, local communities, federally recognized tribes, and territories. Funds can be
used for projects that reduce or eliminate the risk of repetitive flood damage to buildings insured by the
National Flood Insurance Program. FEMA chooses recipients based on the applicant’s ranking of the
project and the eligibility and cost-effectiveness of the project. The program will fund capacity building,
planning, technical assistance, project scoping, and project implementation.
Source: Emergency Management Performance Grant
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/emergency-management-performance
Eligible Applicants: State, local, tribal, and territorial emergency management agencies
Description: The Emergency Management Performance Grant program provides funding to state, local,
tribal, and territorial emergency management agencies with aligning to the goals of FEMA’s strategic
plan. The three goals of the plan are to instill equity as a foundation of emergency management, lead
whole of community in climate resilience, and promote and sustain a ready FEMA and prepared nation.
The main objectives of the program are 1) closing capability gaps that are identified in the state or
territory’s most recent Stakeholder Preparedness Review; and 2) building or sustaining those capabilities
that are identified as high priority through the Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment/Stakeholder Preparedness Review process and other relevant information sources.
The grant recipient and Regional Administrator must come to an agreement on program priorities, which
are crafted based on national, state, and regional priorities.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Source: Fire Management Assistance Grant
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/assistance/public/fire-management-assistance
Eligible Applicants: States, local and tribal governments
Description: The Fire Management Assistance Grant is available to state, local, and tribal governments
for the mitigation, management, and control of fires on publicly or privately owned forests or grasslands,
which threaten such destruction as would constitute a major disaster. The Fire Management Assistance
declaration process is initiated when a state submits a request for assistance to the FEMA Regional
Director at the time a "threat of major disaster" exists. The entire process is accomplished on an
expedited basis and a FEMA decision is rendered in a matter of hours. Before a grant can be awarded, a
state must demonstrate that total eligible costs for the declared fire meet or exceed either the individual
fire cost threshold, which applies to single fires, or the cumulative fire cost threshold, which recognizes
numerous smaller fires burning throughout a state. The program will fund field camps, tools and
equipment, mobilization activities, and other materials, supplies, and other activities required as a result
of a declared fire.
Source: Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grants
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/regional-catastrophic
Eligible Applicants: States, local and tribal governments
Description: The Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant program provides funding to increase
collaboration and capacity in regard to catastrophic incident response and preparation. The program is
focused on community-level resilience with an emphasis on disadvantaged communities. The program is
intended to address planning gaps especially as they relate to housing, community resilience, readiness,
and equity. Proposed projects must span an entire metropolitan area and should plan for and address
long-term readiness through collaborations, workgroups, and community focused efforts.
Source: Emergency Forest Restoration Program (EFRP)
Agency: USDA Farm Service Agency
Website: https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/disaster-assistance-program/emergency-
forest-restoration/index
Eligible Applicants: Owners of private forests (non-industrial)
Description: The Emergency Forest Restoration Program (EFRP) helps the owners of non-industrial
private forests restore forest health damaged by natural disasters. The EFRP does this by authorizing
payments to owners of private forests to restore disaster damaged forests. The local Farm Service
Agency County Committee implements the EFRP for all disasters with the exceptions of drought and
insect infestations. Eligible practices may include debris removal, such as down or damaged trees; site
preparation, planting materials, and labor to replant forest stand; restoration of forestland roads, fire
lanes, fuel breaks, or erosion-control structures; fencing, tree shelters; wildlife enhancement.
To be eligible for EFRP, the land must have existing tree cover; and be owned by any non-industrial
private individual, group, association, corporation, or other private legal entity. Landowners must check
with their state’s farm service agency for details on signing up for the program.
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Source: Emergency Conservation Program
Agency: USDA Farm Service Agency
Website: https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/emergency-
conservation/index
Eligible Applicants: Farmers and ranchers
Description: The Emergency Conservation Program helps farmers and ranchers to repair damage to
farmlands caused by natural disasters and to help put in place methods for water conservation during
severe drought. The Emergency Conservation Program does this by giving ranchers and farmers funding
and assistance to repair the damaged farmland or to install methods for water conservation. The grant
could be used for restoring conservation structures (waterways, diversion ditches, buried irrigation
mainlines, and permanently installed ditching system). Landowners mut check with their states farm
service agency for details on signing up for the program.
Source: Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)
Agency: NRCS
Website: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/eqip-environmental-quality-incentives
Eligible Applicants: Farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners
Description: EQIP is a voluntary program authorized under the Agricultural Act of 2014 (2014 Farm Bill)
that helps farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners who own or rent agricultural land to implement
practices and/or install measures to protect soil, water, plant, wildlife, and other natural resources while
ensuring sustainable production on their farms, ranches, and working forest lands. Washington EQIP
ranking pools include energy, forestry, livestock, and soil health.
Source: Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) Program
Agency: NRCS
Website: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/landscape/ewpp/
Eligible Applicants: States, local and tribal governments
Description: The program offers technical and financial assistance to help local communities relieve
imminent threats to life and property caused by floods, fires, windstorms, and other natural disasters that
impair a watershed. No state or federal disaster designation is required, rather the NRCS can declare a
local watershed emergency and sign a cooperative agreement with an eligible sponsor.
Eligible sponsors include cities, counties, towns, conservation districts, or any federally recognized Native
American tribe or tribal organization. Interested public and private landowners can apply for EWP
Program recovery assistance through one of those sponsors.
EWP Program covers the following activities.
• Debris removal from stream channels, road culverts, and bridges
• Reshape and protect eroded streambanks
• Correct damaged drainage facilities
• Establish vegetative cover on critically eroded lands
• Repair levees and structures
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• Repair conservation practices
Source: Assistance to Firefighters Grants Program
Agency: U.S. Fire Administration (USFA)
Website: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/a-z/grants/
Eligible Applicants: Fire response agencies
Description: Includes grants and general information on financial assistance for fire departments and
first responders. USFA administers three funding programs which include the Assistance to Firefighters
Grant Program, Staffing for adequate fire and emergency response grants, and fire prevention and safety
grants.
Source: Tribal Environmental General Assistance Program
Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Website: https://www.epa.gov/r10-tribal/region-10-tribal-environmental-gap-funding
Eligible Applicants: Tribal governments and intertribal consortia
Description: Funding under this program is used to assist tribes in planning, developing, establishing,
and maintaining the capacity to implement federal environmental programs administered by the EPA and
to assist in implementation of tribal solid and hazardous waste programs. Funding is primarily expected to
assist tribes in developing core program capacity. To find out more about this funding opportunity please
contact Tribal Branch Manager, Adam Baron, at baron.adam@epa.gov.
Source: Specific EPA Grant Programs
Agency: EPA
Website: https://www.epa.gov/grants/specific-epa-grant-programs
Eligible Applicants: State, local, and tribal governments, businesses, students, and more
Description: Various grant programs are listed under this site. Listed below are examples of grants
offered:
• Multipurpose Grants to States and Tribes: https://www.epa.gov/grants/multipurpose-grants-
states-and-tribes
• Environmental Education Grants: https://www.epa.gov/education/grants
• Environmental Justice Grants: https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/environmental-justice-
grants-funding-and-technical-assistance
Source: Conservation Innovation Grant (CIG)
Agency: NRCS
Website: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/cig-conservation-innovation-grants
Eligible Applicants: Private landowners
Description: Within the overarching CIG program, the NRCS manages three separate funding
opportunities; the national, state, and on-farm innovation programs. CIG is a competitive funding program
intended to stimulate the development and adoption of innovative conservation approaches and
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technologies while leveraging federal investment in environmental enhancement and protection, in
conjunction with agricultural production. CIG enables the NRCS to work with other public and private
entities to accelerate technology transfer and adoption of promising technologies and approaches to
address some of the nation's most pressing natural resource concerns. CIG will benefit agricultural
producers by providing more options for environmental enhancement and compliance with federal, state,
and local regulations. The NRCS administers the CIG program. The CIG requires a 50/50 match between
the agency and the applicant. The program will not fund activities or technology that is already commonly
used in a region, including activities fundable through the EQIP program.
Source: Urban and Community Forestry Program
Agency: USFS
Website: https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/urban-forests/ucf
Eligible Applicants: State agency, local government, Indian tribes, nonprofit organizations.
Description: USFS funding through the Urban and Community Forestry Program works with local
communities to establish climate-resilient tree species to promote long-term urban forest health.
The program will fund activities related to public education and engagement, protection and expansion of
urban canopy, planning and assessment, capacity building and training, and cooperative partnership
planning and coordination.
Source: Catalog of Federal Funding Sources; Land Resources
Agency: Multiple
Website: https://ordspub.epa.gov/ords/wfc/f?p=165:512:10535656593775:::512::
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary
Description: The Land Finance Clearing House is a catalog of federal funding sources for all things land
related.
Examples of the types of grants found at this site are:
• Forest and Woodlands Resource Management Grant:
https://sam.gov/fal/a798ad78cac749639b48270db3e86fdc/view?index=cfda&page=2&organizatio
n_id=100011100
• Environmental Education Grant: https://www.epa.gov/education/grants
• Public Assistance Grant Program: https://www.fema.gov/assistance/public
Source: Catalog of Federal Funding Sources; Water Resources
Agency: Multiple
Website: https://ofmpub.epa.gov/apex/wfc/f?p=165:12:6483383318137:::12::
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary
Description: The Water Finance Clearing House is a catalog of federal funding sources for all things
water related.
Examples of the types of grants found at this site are:
• Water Conservation Field Services Program: https://www.usbr.gov/waterconservation/
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• Mead Foundation Environmental Programs: http://www.gileswmeadfoundation.org/about.html
• Source Water Protection Program: https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/drinking-
water/source-water/source-water-protection
• State Water Quality Grants and Loans: https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/payments-contracts-
grants/grants-loans/find-a-grant-or-loan/water-quality-grants-and-loans
Source: NFPA Firewise USA™ Program
Agency: Multiple
Website: http://www.firewise.org
Description: Many different activities encouraged through the NFPA Firewise USA™ Program can help
homes and whole neighborhoods become safer from wildfire without significant expense. Community
cleanup days, awareness events, and other cooperative activities can often be successfully accomplished
through partnerships among neighbors, local businesses, wildfire agencies, conservation districts, and
local fire departments at little or no cost.
The kind of assistance needed will depend on specifics related to each individual community or
neighborhood. Among the different activities that individuals and neighborhoods can undertake, the
following often benefit from seed funding or additional assistance from an outside source:
• Thinning/pruning/tree removal/clearing on private property—particularly on very large, densely
wooded properties
• Retrofit of home roofing or siding to noncombustible materials
• Managing private forest
• Community slash pickup or chipping
• Creation or improvement of access/egress roads
• Improvement of water supply for firefighting
• Public education activities throughout the community or region
Source: Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response (SAFER)
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/firefighters/safer
Eligible Applicants: Fire departments and volunteer firefighter interest organizations
Description: The purpose of SAFER grants is to help fire departments increase the number of frontline
firefighters. The goal is for fire departments to increase their staffing and deployment capabilities and
ultimately attain 24-hour staffing, thus ensuring that their communities have adequate protection from fire
and fire-related hazards. The SAFER grants support two specific activities: 1) hiring of firefighters and
2) recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. The hiring of firefighters activity provides grants to
pay for part of the salaries of newly hired firefighters over the 5-year program.
Source: Fire Prevention and Safety (FP&S) Grants
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/firefighters/safety-awards
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Eligible Applicants: Firefighting agencies and fire safety project coordinators
Description: FP&S offers support to projects that enhance the safety of the public and firefighters who
may be exposed to fire and related hazards. The primary goal is to target high-risk populations and
mitigate high incidences of death and injury. Examples of the types of projects supported by FP&S
include fire-prevention and public-safety education campaigns, juvenile fire-setter interventions, media
campaigns, and arson prevention and awareness programs. In fiscal year 2005, Congress reauthorized
funding for FP&S and expanded the eligible uses of funds to include firefighter safety research and
development.
Source: Federal Excess Personal Property
Agency: USFS
Website: https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/fire/fepp
Eligible Applicants: State Forester and cooperators
Description: The Federal Excess Personal Property program refers to USFS-owned property that is on
loan to State Foresters for the purpose of wildland and rural firefighting. Most of the property originally
belonged to the Department of Defense. Once acquired by the USFS, it is loaned to State Cooperators
for firefighting purposes. The property is then loaned to the State Forester, who may then place it with
local departments to improve local fire programs. State Foresters and the USFS have mutually
participated in the Federal Excess Personal Property program since 1956.
Source: Assistance to Firefighters Grants
Agency: FEMA
Website: https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/firefighters
Eligible Applicants: Fire departments and firefighting agencies
Description: The Assistance to Firefighters Grants program funds critically needed resources to equip
and train emergency personnel, enhance efficiencies and support community resilience. Three FEMA
lead programs fall under this grant series: the Assistant to Firefighters Grants, Staffing for Adequate Fire
and Emergency Response, and Fire Prevention and Safety Grants.
Source: Community Wildfire Defense Grant
Agency: USFS
Website: https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/fire/grants
Eligible Applicants: Units of local government, Indian tribes, nonprofit organizations, state forestry
organizations.
Description: The Community Wildfire Defense Grant is a program aimed at assisting local communities
and Tribes within the WUI in their planning efforts to reduce wildfire risk. The USFS intends to do this
through the implementation of three goals from the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management
Strategy (Cohesive Strategy). Included in these three goals is restoring and maintaining landscapes,
creating fire-adapted communities, and improving wildfire response within the specific at-risk community.
Grant funding of no more than $250,000 will be awarded for the development and revision of CWPPs and
no more than $10 million will be awarded for the implementation of projects outline in CWPPs that are
less than 10 years old.
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STATE FUNDING INFORMATION
Source: Financial Assistance for Wildfire Resilience and Forest Health
Agency: WA DNR
Website: Financial Assistance for Wildfire Resilience and Forest Health | WA - DNR
Eligible Applicants: Non-federal landowners with less than 5,000 acres of forested land
Description: The state financial assistance program is the evolution of the state’s cost-share program
that was formerly only available to eastern residents. The expanded program provides technical and
financial assistance to landowners to improve forest health and mitigate forested land against the impacts
of wildfire. The program will also assist with costs related to developing a forest management plan.
The program offers landowners free consultations to assess wildfire risk and forest health. Following an
assessment, eligible applicants may be selected to receive funding assistance to complete treatments on
their property. Funded applicants can elect to either hire a forester to complete treatments, or complete
work by themselves.
Source: Fire District Assistance Program
Agency: WA DNR
Website: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/FireDistrictAssistance
Eligible Applicants: Fire departments, protections districts
Description: WA DNR manages multiple funding opportunities related to improving firefighter education,
department capacity, and equipment stocks. Some programs are directly geared toward improving
department response and capabilities related to wildland fire. Programs managed under the assistance
program include DNR Surplus Engine Program, Volunteer Fire Assistance Grants, House Bill 1168
Grants, Wildland Fire Training, and the Firefighter Property Program.
Source: Urban and Community Forestry Assistance Grant
Agency: WA DNR
Website: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/urbanforestry/#grants
Eligible Entities: Local governments, tribes, education institutions, nonprofit organizations
Description: The program is intended to foster collaboration between environmental professionals and
community members to address community identified needs for trees and forestry; 50% of funding is
dedicated to communities with high environmental health disparities. Communities are expected to
implement improvements to urban canopy, tree health, equitable tree distributions, and protection for
urban forests.
Source: WA DNR Firewise USA™ Microgrants
Agency: WA DNR
Website: No website – information is sent out to all Firewise USA Program community contacts as well
as to local partners and communities who have previously expressed interest or need
Direct contact: WA DNR Western WA Community Resilience Coordinator – Jennifer Coe,
jennifer.coe@dnr.wa.gov
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Eligible Entities: Firewise USA sites, neighborhoods, or communities working to become official Firewise
USA Sites
Description: This grant opportunity is designed to encourage neighbors to work together to take action
and reduce wildfire risks through implementation of mitigation strategies identified in Firewise USA site
Action Plans. Reimbursement maximums may vary based on available funds each year, but typically it’s
around $3000. Information on this grant typically is released in mid-winter and supports projects
implemented in the spring through mid-June. Communities are encouraged to celebrate Wildfire
Community Preparedness Day/Wildfire Awareness Month in May.
Source: Source Water Protection Local Assistance Program
Agency: Washington State Department of Health
Website: https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/drinking-water/source-water/local-assistance-
grant-program
Eligible Entities: Local governments, conservation districts, tribes, nonprofit organizations, educational
institutions
Description: The program is intended to support projects that directly improve water quality and or
quantity for public drinking sources. The program will fund planning and design, implementation, and
security related to long-term improvements for water supply.
Source: Water Quality Grants and Loans
Agency: Washington State Department of Ecology
Website: https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/payments-contracts-grants/grants-loans/find-a-grant-or-
loan/water-quality-grants-and-loans
Eligible Entities: Program-dependent eligibility
Description: The state ecology department manages multiple grant and loan opportunities related to
water quality. Programs under this direction include the clean water act Section 319 grants, centennial
clean water program, streamflow restoration program, and the clean water state revolving fund. These
programs provide funding to a variety of recipients to plan and implement projects that protect or restore
water quality for the funded community. The foundation funds projects in northern California, Oregon,
Washington, and Alaska.
Source: The Mead Foundation Grant Program
Agency: The Mead Foundation
Website: http://www.gileswmeadfoundation.org/apply.html
Eligible Entities: Scientific and medical organizations
Description: The Mead foundation manages a funding program to support environmental improvements,
medical science advancements, and social needs. Environmental organizations are generally funded in
the areas of forestry, fisheries, and sustainable natural resource use.
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PRIVATE FUNDING INFORMATION
Source: State Farm Good Neighbor Citizenship Grants
Agency: State Farm
Website: https://www.statefarm.com/about-us/corporate-responsibility/community-grants/good-
neighbor-citizenship-grants
Description: State Farm funding is directed at:
• Auto and roadway safety
• Teen driver education
• Home safety and fire prevention
• Disaster preparedness
• Disaster recovery
Source: The Urban Land Institute (ULI)
Website: http://www.uli.org
Eligible Applicants: Municipal, county, state or federal government entities, nonprofit organizations,
educational institutions
Description: ULI is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research and education organization supported by its members.
The institute has more than 22,000 members worldwide, representing the entire spectrum of land use and
real estate development disciplines, working in private enterprise and public service. The mission of the
ULI is to provide responsible leadership in the use of land to enhance the total environment. ULI and the
ULI Foundation have instituted Community Action Grants that could be used for Firewise Communities
activities. Applicants must be ULI members or part of a ULI District Council. Contact actiongrants@uli.org
or review the web page to find your District Council and the application information.
Source: Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri)
Website: http://www.esri.com/grants
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary
Description: Esri is a privately held firm and the world's largest research and development organization
dedicated to geographic information systems. Esri provides free software, hardware, and training bundles
under Esri-sponsored grants that include such activities as conservation, education, and sustainable
development, and posts related non-Esri grant opportunities under such categories as agriculture,
education, environment, fire, public safety, and more. You can register on the website to receive updates
on grant opportunities.
Source: National Forest Foundation; Innovative Finance for National Forests Grant Program
Website: https://www.nationalforests.org/grant-programs/innovative-finance-for-national-forests-grant-
program
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary
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Description: The Innovative Finance for National Forests Grant Program aims to bring in non-USFS
funds to increase forest resilience. There are three main topics for funding: Wildfire Resilience and
Recovery, Sustainable Recreation Access and Infrastructure, and Watershed Health. In addition, three
types of projects are funded: pilot programs with on-the-ground implementation, scaling projects to deliver
backlogs of unfunded work, and research and development to provide to new forest information.
Source: Matching Awards Program
Agency: National Forest Foundation
Website: https://www.nationalforests.org/grant-programs/map
Eligible Applicants: Nonprofit organizations, tribal governments and organizations, and universities
Description: The National Forest Foundation is soliciting proposals for its Matching Awards Program to
provide funds for direct on-the-ground projects benefitting America’s National Forests and Grasslands.
By pairing federal funds provided through a cooperative agreement with the USFS with non-federal
dollars raised by award recipients, the Matching Awards Program measurably multiplies the resources
available to implement stewardship projects that benefit the National Forest System.
Source: Patagonia Environmental Grants and Support
Agency: Patagonia
Website: https://www.patagonia.com/how-we-fund/
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary
Description: Patagonia supports innovative work that addresses the root causes of the environmental
crisis and seeks to protect both the environment and affected communities. Patagonia focuses on places
where they have built connections through outdoor recreation and through their network of retail stores,
nationally and internationally.
Source: Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation Grants
Agency: Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation
Website: https://www.rewild.org/
Eligible Applicants: Indigenous peoples, local communities, influential leaders, nongovernmental
organizations, governments, companies
Description: The foundation supports projects around the world that build climate resiliency, protect
vulnerable wildlife, and restore balance to threatened ecosystems and communities.
Source: U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities
Agency: EPA, NRCS, USFS, Department of Defense, U.S. Economic Development Agency
Website: https://www.usendowment.org/
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary based on program
Description: As the nation’s largest public charity dedicated to keeping our working forests working and
ensuring their bounty for current and future generations, the Endowment deploys the creativity and power
of markets to advance their mission: The Endowment works collaboratively with partners in the public and
private sectors to advance systemic, transformative and sustainable change for the health and vitality of
the nation’s working forests and forest-reliant communities. The endowment manages a variety of funding
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programs with request for proposals released as funds are available. Programs include technical and
financial assistance for forest health, restoration, and carbon crediting.
Source: Moore Foundation Wildfire Resilience Initiative
Agency: Gordan and Betty Moore Foundation
Website: https://www.moore.org/article-detail?newsUrlName=moore-foundation-launches-new-wildfire-
resilience-initiative
Eligible Applicants: Suitable applicants vary
Description: The western United States has experienced a shift in wildfire a shift in wildfire behavior over
the past century, with large, catastrophic fires raising in frequency. This is partially due to the historic
mismanagement of wildfire, leading to fuel accumulation and disruptions in historic fire regimes.
To combat this, the Moore Foundation plans on investing in new systems that will increase wildfire
resiliency for fire-prone communities while promoting ecosystems health fire-adapted vegetation among
other ecological co-benefits.
Source: Better Together Resilient Communities Grant Program
Agency: Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E)
Website: https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/in-your-community/local-environment/resilient-
communities/resilient-communities-grant-program.page
Eligible Applicants: Governmental organizations, educational institutions, or certified 501(c)3 nonprofit
organizations
Description: PG&E recognizes that California will continue to face a myriad of climate related hazards,
many of which will impact to wildfire frequency and severity. PG&E is requesting proposals of $100,000 to
fund projects that facilitate greater community-level resiliency to wildfire. Among the eligible applicants
are governmental organizations, educational institutions, or certified 501(c)3 nonprofit organizations and
must include a local or tribal government within PG&E’s service area as a partner.
OTHER FUNDING INFORMATION
The following resources may also provide helpful information for funding opportunities:
• Western Forestry Leadership Coalition: https://www.thewflc.org/
• USDA Information Center: https://www.nal.usda.gov/main/information-centers
• USFS Fire Management website: https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/fire
• Insurance Services Office Mitigation Online (town fire ratings): http://www.isomitigation.com/
• NFPA: http://www.nfpa.org
• National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), Wildland Fire Prevention/Education:
https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/fire-prevention-education-mitigation
• USFA: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/index.html
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APPENDIX E:
Home Hardening and Fuel Treatment Methods
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CONTENTS
Home Hardening ..................................................................................................................................... E-1
Components for Reducing Ignitability ................................................................................................. E-2
Roof .............................................................................................................................................. E-2
Gutters.......................................................................................................................................... E-3
Vents ............................................................................................................................................ E-3
Walls, Sidings, Coatings .............................................................................................................. E-3
Windows ....................................................................................................................................... E-3
Doors ............................................................................................................................................ E-4
Fences and Decks ....................................................................................................................... E-4
Landscaping ................................................................................................................................. E-4
Fuels Treatment Scales and Methods ................................................................................................ E-5
Defensible Space ......................................................................................................................... E-5
Fuel Breaks and Open Space Cleanup ..................................................................................... E-11
Larger-Scale Treatments ........................................................................................................... E-11
Fuel Treatment Methods ....................................................................................................................... E-11
Manual Treatment............................................................................................................................. E-12
Mechanized Treatments ................................................................................................................... E-13
Grazing ............................................................................................................................................. E-13
Prescribed Burning ........................................................................................................................... E-13
Cultural Burning ......................................................................................................................... E-14
Impacts of Prescribed Fire on Communities .............................................................................. E-14
Thinning and Prescribed Fire Combined ................................................................................... E-15
Management of Nonnative Plants .................................................................................................... E-15
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This appendix is included as a compilation of resources to provide guidance for the implementation of fuel
treatments and home hardening.
HOME HARDENING
The primary focus for creating a defensible space should be your home. To safeguard your home from
embers during wildfires, it is crucial to recognize that exterior vegetation is not the sole source of fuel for
these embers. All homeowners, regardless of their abilities, have the capacity to access resources to
harden their homes. Wildfires can spread between structures and wildland vegetation or from structures
to structures. Houses that are close together may find that hardening their home is the most effective
option if there aren’t options to manage exterior vegetation. Fortifying or retrofitting your home serves as
a strong defense against ember intrusion. Starting protection measures from the house outward, using
appropriate materials, regular maintenance, and attention to small details that may expose the home to
embers are emphasized for effective wildfire preparedness (Sustainable Defensible Space 2024; UCANR
2024).
For more information and additional components surrounding home hardening activities for increasing
wildfire resilience, reducing structural ignitability, and preparing for wildfires, please visit:
https://wildfireprepared.org/ or any of the resources described below.
Ready.gov: This webpage provides comprehensive information and resources on preparing for, staying
safe during, and recovering from wildfires. It covers various aspects such as recognizing warnings and
alerts, making emergency plans, strengthening homes, knowing evacuation zones, gathering supplies,
and staying safe during wildfire events. Additionally, it offers guidance on returning home after a wildfire
and provides additional resources such as videos, social media toolkits, and links to related
organizations.
Link: https://www.ready.gov/wildfires
WA DNR Community Wildfire Resilience and Preparedness: This webpage outlines the efforts of the
WA DNR to enhance community wildfire resilience and preparedness. It discusses the vision and mission
of the program, emphasizing the importance of adapting, preparing for, and recovering from wildfires.
The page provides key resources for homeowners and landowners to mitigate wildfire risks, including
access to educational materials and technical assistance programs. Contact information for WA DNR
representatives involved in community resilience efforts is also provided.
Link: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/wildfire/wildfire-preparedness
Fire-Resistant Plants for Home Landscapes: This guide offers valuable information on selecting fire-
resistant plants for landscaping in the Pacific Northwest. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining
defensible space around homes and highlights the distinction between fire-prone and fire-resistant
vegetation. The guide provides practical advice on factors to consider when choosing plants, such as
climate, soil, root space, plant height, and spread. It also encourages the use of noncombustible materials
in landscaping design. The purpose of the publication is to educate homeowners, businesses, and
landscapers about landscaping techniques to reduce the risk of wildfire damage and provide examples of
fire-resistant plant species suitable for the region.
Link: Fire-Resistant Plants for Home Landscapes
Link: https://www.bifd.org/pdfs/Fire-Resistant%20Landscaping.pdf
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Ready, Set, Go!: The Ready, Set, Go! Program aims to empower fire departments to engage with
residents in wildfire community risk reduction. It provides free tools and resources for fire departments to
help residents understand their wildfire risk and take actions to mitigate it. By collaborating with Firewise
USA and other wildfire education efforts, the program amplifies preparedness messages to create fire-
adapted communities. Managed by the International Association of Fire Chiefs, the program offers free
membership with benefits such as printed action guides, Go Bags, grant funding eligibility, and training.
Link: https://www.wildlandfirersg.org/s/?language=en_US
WA DNR How to Prepare for a Wildfire: This guide outlines how to prepare for, respond to, and recover
from a wildfire. It covers various aspects, including wildfire basics, evacuation procedures, defensible
space and fire-resistant materials, insurance, emergency notifications, personal and property protection,
and post-wildfire safety measures. It emphasizes the importance of proactive planning, such as creating
defensible space around properties, knowing evacuation routes, staying informed about weather
conditions, and having emergency supplies ready. Additionally, it provides resources for further
information and assistance, ensuring individuals and communities are well-equipped to mitigate wildfire
risks and manage wildfire incidents effectively.
Link: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/rp_fire_how_to_prepare_wildfire.pdf
Disaster Safety: Prepare for Wildfire: The page provides information about various projects aimed at
helping home and business owners protect their properties from damage caused by natural disasters,
including wildfires. These projects cover topics such as maintaining defensible space, inspecting, and
maintaining roofs, fire-resistant landscaping, and guidance for farms and ranches.
Link: https://disastersafety.org/wildfire/
WA DNR Wildfire Ready Neighbors: The page provides information about the Wildfire Ready Neighbors
(WRN) program, a collaboration between the WA DNR and local wildfire experts to help communities
prepare for wildfires. It emphasizes the importance of community involvement in reducing wildfire risk and
offers a free Wildfire Ready Plan to prioritize actions on properties. Contact information for local wildfire
experts and resources for wildfire preparedness are also provided.
Link: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/wildfirereadyneighbors
National Significant Wildland Fire Potential Outlook: The National Significant Wildland Fire Potential
Outlook provides a comprehensive forecast of fire potential across different geographic areas in the
United States. It amalgamates predictions from various predictive services units to offer insights into the
likelihood of significant wildfire activity. The outlook considers factors such as recent fire activity,
precipitation patterns, temperature trends, and drought conditions to assess the potential fire risk.
By analyzing these factors, the outlook aims to assist fire management agencies and policymakers in
planning and allocating resources for wildfire prevention and suppression efforts.
Link: https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/predictive-services/outlooks
COMPONENTS FOR REDUCING IGNITABILITY
Roof
The roof is identified as the most vulnerable component during wildfires, requiring resistance to
windblown embers and other exposures. Complex roofs present additional vulnerabilities. Evaluating the
vulnerability of the roof is emphasized for new homes or remodeling projects, with proper maintenance
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being critical to reduce the ignition risk. It is important to install a Class A roof covering and address gaps
between covering and sheathing, chimney protection, and proper installation instructions (Sustainable
Defensible Space 2024).
Upgrading an existing structure’s roof with Class A rated material is recommended. Blocking spaces
between roof decking and covering chimneys with noncombustible screens are essential measures.
Regular maintenance and professional inspections play key roles in ensuring a home's resilience to
ember intrusion and wildfire exposures (Sustainable Defensible Space 2024).
Gutters
Dry debris, when ignited by embers, can lead to flames reaching the roof edge and adjacent siding, even
with Class A fire-rated roof coverings. Installing noncombustible leaf guards over gutters, using
noncombustible materials for gutters and downspouts (such as galvanized steel, copper, and aluminum),
and incorporating a drip edge are all recommended actions to minimize ignitability. The drip edge serves
the dual purpose of protecting the roof edge from flaming exposures and minimizing ember entry into roof
undersides by blocking gaps between the roof sheathing and the top of the fascia. In upgrading
construction, the same measures are recommended (Sustainable Defensible Space 2024).
Vents
Roof vents, vital for attic air circulation and moisture control, are highly vulnerable to flames and embers.
While shutters and metal screens help prevent ember entry, they don't fully protect against wildfire-
generated hot gases. Additional protection involves considering fire dampers in HVAC ducts, which
automatically close in high heat. Addressing vent vulnerabilities is crucial for fire resistance in new
construction. For existing construction, reducing vulnerability to wildfires and embers requires retrofitting
the structure to reflect the above measure (Sustainable Defensible Space 2024).
Walls, Sidings, Coatings
Exterior walls are vulnerable to direct flames, conductive heat, and radiant heat. Solid wood and wood
composite wall coverings can ignite leading to fire potentially spreading to other components and causing
substantial damage. Windborne embers and firebrands are common ignition sources trapped in wall
cracks. Recommended materials include concrete, fiber-cement panels, pressure-impregnated fire-
retardant treated wood, traditional stucco, masonry, and metals. Materials to avoid are non-treated wood
siding, vinyl siding, metal siding susceptible to warping. Creating a 6-inch noncombustible area at the
siding base minimizes ignition risk. For upgraded construction, using nonflammable materials to replace
current coverings, and removing combustible debris in proximity to exterior walls on a regular basis are
both recommended (Sustainable Defensible Space 2024).
Windows
Windows, sliding glass doors, and skylights play a crucial role in preventing the ignition of a home's
interior due to windborne embers, hot gases, and radiant heat. The recommendations for new
constructions include using tempered glass with low-e coatings or proprietary reflective coatings,
insulated glazing units (IGU), and solid metal frames. Exterior window shutters are advised for added
protection, particularly solid metal shutters. Dome skylights are preferred for low-slope roofs, while flat
skylights on steep-slope roofs should feature dual-pane systems. When upgrading existing construction,
it is essential to replace susceptible windows, door vision panels sliding glass doors, and skylight with
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fire-resistant materials in accordance with the previously mentioned recommendations (Sustainable
Defensible Space 2024).
Doors
Safeguarding exterior doors, including garage doors, against ember intrusion or radiant heat is crucial in
wildfire zones. Fire-rated doors with a solid, noncombustible mineral core are recommended. Installing
adjustable weatherstripping and an automatic door bottom or threshold weatherstripping enhances
protection. Insulated, metal garage doors with tested weatherstripping and noncombustible exterior trim
further fortify the structure (Sustainable Defensible Space 2024).
When upgrading existing construction, reinforcing existing doors, adding weatherstripping, replacing
vision panels, upgrading sliding glass doors and replacing wooden garage doors, is recommended to
increase the resilience of the home's openings and reduce heat transmission (Sustainable Defensible
Space 2024).
Fences and Decks
Fences and decks pose varying fire risks and play a crucial role due to their proximity to house siding,
windows and sliding doors. Combustible materials can fuel wildfires, while plastic and metal offer better
resistance and help to better minimize risks. A metal plate at the fence-wall connection is suggested, but
long-term moisture-related issues may arise. Considerations for increased fire safety include keeping
combustible components at a distance and avoiding fences with gaps careful vegetation selection and
regular maintenance are emphasized. It's also crucial to avoid storing combustible materials beneath the
deck. For upgrading construction, ensure that the precautions are made to following the above
recommendations and ensure that materials used follow up to date building codes (Sustainable
Defensible Space 2024).
Landscaping
Landscaping is an important consideration for homeowners, especially those located in the WUI.
In addition to preparing your home in accordance with the hazard ignition zone recommendations, when
possible, homeowners should design and maintain landscaping that can bolster defensible space. This
includes utilizing vegetation that is fire resistant and planning landscaping with mature sizing and
appropriate spacing in mind. No vegetation is 100% fire resistant, but considering desired climate and soil
conditions, plant height and spread, and other growth requirements can help in developing a fire-resilient
landscape around your home.
The WA DNR, in coordination with the BLM, Cascadia Conservation District, and Washington State
University have developed a guide for choosing plants and their location around your home with intention
on creating fire-resistant landscaping. The guide was developed specifically for eastern Washington, but
another western specific guide is planned to be produced. The guide still provides a valuable perspective
and methodology for choosing landscaping through a fire resilience lense.
Fire-Resistant Plants for Home Landscapes is available at the following link:
https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw590.pdf
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FUELS TREATMENT SCALES AND METHODS
Defensible Space
Defensible space is perhaps the fastest, most cost-effective, and most efficacious means of reducing the
risk of loss of life and property. Although fire agencies can be valuable in providing guidance and
assistance, creating defensible space is the responsibility of the individual homeowner (Figure E.1).
The Casualty Actuarial Society compared the impact of individual and community-level mitigation on
individual homeowner risks. They found that “the model indicates that all mitigation measures reduce the
individual risk, but individual home mitigation – which individual homeowners’ control – can have a bigger
impact than any community mitigation alone” (Casualty Actuarial Society 2023).
Figure E.1. Defensible space zones providing clearance between a structure and adjacent woodland or forest fuels.
Source: NFPA (2022)
Effective defensible space consists of creating an essentially fire-free zone adjacent to the home, a
treated secondary zone that is thinned and cleaned of surface fuels, and (if the parcel is large enough)
a transitional third zone that is basically a managed forest area (see Figure E.1). These components work
together in a proven and predictable manner. Zone 1 keeps fire from burning directly to the home; Zone 2
reduces the adjacent fire intensity and the likelihood of torching, crown fire, and ember production; and
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Zone 3 does the same at a broader scale, keeping the fire intensity lower by maintaining a more natural,
historic condition (see Figure E.1).Three zones for defensible space actions are described as general
recommendations for homeowners. However, it is encouraged to seek out site-specific recommendations
from local wildfire experts. Experts can assess homes on an individual basis to maximize the quantity of
native vegetation maintained and preserved in an area while still creating an area of defensible space for
fire mitigation.
The three general zones include:
Zone 1: Immediate Zone This zone, which consists of an area of 0 to 5 feet around the structure, is
designed to prevent flames from coming in direct contact with the structure. Use nonflammable, hard
surface materials in this zone, such as rock, gravel, sand, cement, bare earth or stone/concrete
pavers.
Recommendations for treating Zone 1 include (NFPA 2022):
• Remove all flammable vegetation, including shrubs, slash, mulch and other woody debris.
• Do not store firewood or other combustible materials inside this zone.
• Prune tree branches hanging over the roof or decks and remove all fuels within 10 feet of the
chimney.
• Regularly remove all pine needles and other debris from the roof, deck, and gutters.
• Rake and dispose of pine needles, dead leaves, mulch, and other organic debris within 5 feet
of all decks and structures. Farther than 5 feet from structures, raking material will not
significantly reduce the likelihood of ignition and can negatively affect other trees.
• Do not use space under decks for storage.
Zone 2: Intermediate Zone This zone, which consists of an area of 5 to 30 feet around the structure,
is designed to give an approaching fire less fuel, which will help reduce its intensity as it gets nearer
to your home or any structures.
Recommendations for treating Zone 2 include (NFPA 2022):
• Mow grasses to 4 inches tall or less.
• Avoid large accumulations of surface fuels such as logs, branches, slash, and mulch.
• Remove enough trees to create at least 10 feet* of space between crowns. Measure from the
outermost branch of one tree to the nearest branch on the next tree.
• Small groups of two or three trees may be left in some areas of Zone 2. Spacing of 30 feet*
should be maintained between remaining tree groups to ensure fire doesn’t jump from one
group to another.
• Remove ladder fuels under remaining trees. This is any vegetation that can bring fire from the
ground up into taller fuels.
• Prune tree branches to a height of 6 to 10 feet from the ground or a third of the total height of
the tree, whichever is less.
• Remove stressed, diseased, dead, or dying trees and shrubs. This reduces the amount of
vegetation available to burn and improves forest health.
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• Common ground junipers should be removed whenever possible because they are highly
flammable and tend to hold a layer of flammable material beneath them.
• You can keep isolated shrubs in Zone 2, as long as they are not growing under trees. Keep
shrubs at least 10 feet* away from the edge of tree branches.
• Periodically prune and maintain shrubs to prevent excessive growth. Remove dead stems
annually.
• Spacing between clumps of shrubs should be at least 2 1/2 times* their mature height. Each
clump should have a diameter no more than twice the mature height of the vegetation.
Example: For shrubs that grow 6 feet tall, space clumps 15 feet apart or more (measured
from the edge of the crowns of vegetation clumps). Each clump of these shrubs should not
exceed 12 feet in diameter.
* Horizontal spacing recommendations are minimums and can be increased to reduce potential fire
behavior, particularly on slopes. Consult a forestry, fire, or natural resource professional for guidance
with spacing on slopes.
Zone 3: Extended Zone This zone, which consists of an area of 30 to 100 feet around the structure,
focuses on mitigation that keeps fire on the ground, but it is also a space to make choices that can
improve forest health. Healthy forests include trees of multiple ages, sizes, and species, where
adequate growing room is maintained over time. If the distance of 100 feet to the edge of Zone 3
stretches beyond your property lines, it is encouraged to work with adjoining property owners to
complete an appropriate defensible space. If your house is on steep slopes or has certain
topographic considerations, this zone may be larger.
Recommendations for treating Zone 3 include (NFPA 2022):
• Mowing grasses is not necessary in Zone 3.
• Watch for hazards associated with ladder fuels. The chance of a surface fire climbing into the
trees is reduced in a forest where surface fuels are widely separated and low tree branches
are removed.
• Tree crown spacing of 6 to 10 feet is suggested. Consider creating openings or meadows
between small clumps of trees so fire must transition to the ground to keep moving.
• Where practical, prune tree branches to a height of 6 to 10 feet from the ground or a third of
the total height of the tree, whichever is less.
• Any approved method of slash treatment is acceptable in this zone, including removal, piling
and burning, lop and scatter, or mulching. Lop-and-scatter or mulching treatments should be
minimized in favor of treatments that reduce the amount of woody material in the zone.
The farther this material is from the home, the better.
Please see the figures below for a visual representation of minimum horizontal (Figure E.2) and vertical
spacing (Figure E.3), as well as spacing on slopes (Figure E.4).
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Figure E.2. Recommended tree spacing.
Source: NFPA (2022)
Figure E.3. Recommended minimal vertical clearance.
Source: CAL FIRE (2022)
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Figure E.4. Minimum horizontal clearance.
Source: CAL FIRE (2022)
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It is crucial to underscore the significance of tailoring wildfire mitigation strategies to specific sites. While
general recommendations provide valuable guidance, this plan emphasizes the importance of seeking
insights from local wildfire experts to identify site-specific measures. This approach ensures a more
targeted and effective mitigation strategy, accounting for the unique characteristics and risks of each
location. By engaging with local experts, the community can enhance its resilience to wildfires and create
a safer environment for residents.
Specific recommendations should be based on the hazards adjacent to a structure such as slope
steepness and fuel type. Firewise guidelines are excellent resources but creating defensible space does
not have to be an overwhelming process. The NFPA offers a free Community Wildfire Risk Assessment
Tutorial and an online learning module: Understanding the Wildfire Threat to Homes. Both tools are great
resources for learning about, and implementing, defensible space.
Home Hardening and the Home Ignition Zone
This topic is best addressed via the Jack Cohen video “Your Home Can Survive a Wildfire” found here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vL_syp1ZScM
A comprehensive resource list for residents can be found on WA DNR’s Community Resilience Resource
Library under the Ignition Resistant Homes section. Homeowners should consider ways to assist
neighbors that may not be physically able to do the work themselves, have the tools to do the work, the
funds to do the work, or are not physically present to do the work. Homeowner actions have been found
to also motivate neighbors to act, increasing the scope of wildfire mitigation across a community (Evans
et al. 2015). Adopting a phased approach can make the process more manageable and encourage
maintenance (Table E.1). The more neighbors can work together to be better prepared for wildfire, the
more resilient the neighborhood will be as a whole.
Table E.1. Example of a Phased Approach to Mitigating Home Ignitability
Year Project Actions
1 Basic yard cleanup (annual) Dispose of clutter in the yard and under porches.
Remove dead branches from yard.
Mow and rake.
Clean off roofs and gutters.
Remove combustible vegetation near structures.
Coordinate disposal as a neighborhood or community.
Post 6-inch reflective address numbers visible from road.
2 Understory thinning near structures Repeat basic yard cleanup.
Limb trees up to 6–10 feet.
Trim branches back 15 feet from chimneys.
Trim or cut down brush.
Remove ladder fuels that can carry fire into forest canopy.
Coordinate disposal as a neighborhood or community.
3 Understory thinning on private property along roads and drainages
Limb trees up to 6–10 feet.
Trim or cut down brush.
Remove ladder fuels that can carry fire into forest canopy.
Coordinate disposal as a neighborhood or community.
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Year Project Actions
4 Overstory treatments on private property to improve forest health and wildfire resilience
Evaluate the need to thin mature or diseased trees.
Prioritize and coordinate tree removal within neighborhoods to increase cost-effectiveness.
5 Restart defensible space treatment cycle Continue the annual basic yard cleanup.
Evaluate need to revisit past efforts or catch those that were bypassed.
Fuel Breaks and Open Space Cleanup
The next location priority for fuels treatments should be where the community meets wildland. This may
be the outer margins of a town or an area adjacent to occluded open spaces such as a park. Fuel breaks
(also known as shaded fuel breaks) are strips of land where fuel (for example, living trees and brush,
dead branches, leaves or downed logs) has been modified or reduced to limit the fire’s ability to spread
rapidly. Fuel breaks should not be confused with firebreaks, which are areas where vegetation and
organic matter are removed down to mineral soil. Shaded fuel breaks may be created to provide options
for suppression resources or to provide opportunities to introduce prescribed fire. In many cases, shaded
fuel breaks may be created by thinning along roads. This provides access for mitigation resources and
firefighters, as well as enhancing the safety of evacuation routes.
Larger-Scale Treatments
Farther away from WUI communities, the emphasis of treatments often becomes broader. While reducing
the buildup of hazardous fuels remains important, other objectives are often included, such as forest
health and resiliency to catastrophic wildfire and climate change considerations. Wildfires frequently burn
across jurisdictional boundaries, sometimes on landscape scales. As such, these larger treatments need
to be coordinated on a strategic level. This requires coordination between projects and jurisdiction, as is
currently occurring.
FUEL TREATMENT METHODS
Since specifics of the treatments are not provided in detail in Table E.1, different fuels reduction methods
are outlined in the following narrative.
Several treatment methods are commonly used for hazardous fuels reduction, including manual
treatments, mechanized treatments, prescribed fire, and grazing (Table E.2). This brief synopsis of
treatment options is provided for general knowledge; specific projects will require further planning.
The appropriate treatment method and cost will vary depending on factors such as the following:
• Diameter of materials
• Proximity to structures
• Acreage of project
• Fuel costs
• Steepness of slope
• Area accessibility
• Density of fuels
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• Project objectives
It is imperative that long-term monitoring and maintenance of all treatments is implemented. Post-
treatment rehabilitation such as seeding with native plants and erosion control may be necessary.
In addition, post-treatment fuel cleanup is a must as neglected piles of vegetation may result in increased
fire risk.
Table E.2. Summary of Fuels Treatment Methods
Treatment Comments
Machine mowing Appropriate for large, flat, grassy areas on relatively flat terrain.
Manual treatment with chipping or pile burning Requires chipping, hauling, and pile burning of slash in cases where lop and scatter is inappropriate.
Pile burning must comply with smoke management policy.
Brush mastication Brush species tend to re-sprout vigorously after mechanical treatment.
Frequent maintenance of treatments is typically necessary.
Mastication tends to be less expensive than manual (chainsaw) treatment and eliminates disposal issues.
Timber mastication Materials up to 10 inches in diameter and slopes up to 30% can be treated.
Eliminates disposal issues.
Environmental impact of residue being left on-site is still being studied.
Prescribed fire Can be very cost-effective for public land but not close to the city.
Ecologically beneficial.
Can be used as training opportunities for firefighters.
May require manual or mechanical pretreatment.
Carries risk of escape.
Unreliable scheduling due to weather and smoke management constraints.
Feller buncher Mechanical treatment on slopes more than 30% or of materials more than 10 inches in diameter may require a feller buncher rather than a masticator.
Costs tend to be considerably higher than masticator.
Targeted grazing (e.g., goats) Can be cost-effective.
Ecologically beneficial.
Can be applied on steep slopes and shrubby and flashy fuels.
Requires close management.
MANUAL TREATMENT
Manual treatment refers to crew-implemented cutting with chainsaws. Although it can be more expensive
than mechanized treatment, crews can access many areas that are too steep or otherwise inaccessible
with machines. Treatments can often be implemented with more precision than prescribed fire or
mechanized methods allow. Merchantable materials and firewood can be removed while non-
merchantable materials are often lopped and scattered, chipped, or piled and burned on-site. Care should
be exercised to not increase the fire hazard by failing to remove or treat discarded material in a site-
appropriate manner.
Strategic timing and placement of fuels treatments is critical for effective fuels management practices and
should be prescribed based on the conditions of each treatment area. Some examples of this would be to
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place fuel breaks in areas where the fuels are heavier and in the path of prevailing winds and to mow
grasses just before they cure and become flammable. Also, fuel reductions on slopes/ridgelines
extending from the WUI to enhance community protection. In areas where the vegetation is sparse and
not continuous, fuels treatments may not be necessary to create a defensible area where firefighters can
work. In this situation, where the amount of fuel to carry a fire is minimal, it is best to leave the site in its
current condition to avoid the introduction of exotic species.
MECHANIZED TREATMENTS
Mechanized treatments include mowing, mastication (ground-up timber), and whole tree felling. These
treatments allow for more precision than prescribed fire and are often more cost-effective than manual
treatment.
Mowing, including ATV and tractor-pulled mower decks, can effectively reduce grass fuels adjacent to
structures and along highway rights-of-way and fence lines. For heavier fuels, several different
masticating machines can be used, including drum- or blade-type masticating heads mounted on
machines and ranging in size from a small skid-steer to large front-end loaders. Some masticators can
grind standing timber up to 10 inches in diameter. Other masticators are more effective for use in brushes
or surface fuels. Mowing and mastication do not actually reduce the amount of on-site biomass but alter
the fuel arrangement to a less combustible profile.
In existing fuel break areas maintenance is crucial especially in areas of encroaching shrubs or trees.
In extreme risk areas more intensive fuels treatments may be necessary to keep the fire on the ground
surface and reduce flame lengths. Within the fuel break, shrubs should be removed, and the branches of
trees should be pruned from the ground surface to a height of 4 to 8 feet, depending on the height of the
fuel below the canopy, and thinned with a spacing of at least two to three times the height of the trees to
avoid movement of an active fire into the canopy.
Mechanical shears mounted on feller bunchers are used for whole tree removal. The stems are typically
hauled off-site for utilization while the limbs are discarded. The discarded material may be masticated,
chipped, or burned in order to reduce the wildfire hazard and to speed the recycling of nutrients.
GRAZING
Fuel modifications targeted toward decreasing both vertical and horizontal continuity in fuels is critical as
a prevention method against fire proliferation. The primary objectives for these modifications are treating
surface fuels and producing low-density and vertically disconnected stands. Goat grazing is an effective,
nontoxic, nonpolluting, and practically carbon-neutral vegetation treatment method. A goat grazing
system typically consists of a high density of goats enclosed by a metallic or electrified fence guided by
herders. Goats feed on a variety of foliage and twigs from herbaceous vegetation and woody plants
(Lovreglio et al. 2014).
PRESCRIBED BURNING
Prescribed burning is also a useful tool to reduce the threat of extreme fire behavior by removing
excessive standing plant material, litter, and wood debris while limiting the encroachment of shrubby
vegetation. Where possible, prescribed fire could occur on public land since fire is ecologically beneficial
to this fire-adapted vegetation community and wildlife habitat.
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All prescribed fire operations will be conducted in accordance with federal and state laws and regulations.
Public safety would be the primary consideration in the design of any prescribed burn plan to not
negatively impact the WUI. Agency use of prescribed fire on public land would be carried out within the
confines of the agency’s fire management planning documents and would require individual prescribed
burn plans that are developed for specific burn units and consider smoke management concerns and
sensitive receptors within the WUI. Smoke monitors could be placed in areas where smoke concerns
have been raised in the past.
Following any type of fuels reduction treatment, post-treatment monitoring should continue to ensure that
management actions continue to be effective throughout the fire season. The vegetation within this
ecosystem can change rapidly in response to drought or moisture from year to year and during the course
of the season, so fuels treatments should be adjusted accordingly. To learn more about firing techniques,
visit the EFIRE Fire Techniques webpage: https://efire.cnr.ncsu.edu/efire/fire-techniques/.
A maintenance plan outlining a burn schedule may be needed to meet full resource management
objectives.
Cultural Burning
Within the Pacific West, fire has historically been a means of forest management and restoration by
Indigenous communities (Long et al. 2021). Cultural burning has been defined as the “purposeful use of
fire by a cultural group (e.g., family unit, tribe, clan/moiety, society) for a variety of purposes and
outcomes,” and is included under the terms Indigenous fire management, Indigenous burning, and
Indigenous stewardship (Long et al. 2021).
Rather than focusing solely on fuel reduction, or as a means of wildfire mitigation, cultural burning is done
with a more holistic view, under the philosophy of “reciprocal restoration,” meaning, as stewardship
responsibilities to the land are fulfilled, those actions will in turn benefit the peoples who depend on those
ecosystems (Long et al. 2021). Cultural burning is typically performed with a variety of objectives, such as
landscape management, ecosystem and species biodiversity and health, transmission of environmental
and cultural knowledge, ceremonies and spiritual well-being, a sense of place, and material services
(i.e., food, medicine, plan materials, etc.). Extensive site preparation is typically done before a burn,
and post-burn monitoring and additional cultural practices are a common factor of the land stewardship
tradition (Long et al. 2021).
Impacts of Prescribed Fire on Communities
Prescribed fires can have impacts on air quality that may impact local communities. Impacts on a regional
scale are typically only acute when many acres are burned on the same day. Local problems are
occasionally acute due to the large quantities of smoke that can be produced in a given area during a
short period of time. Residents with respiratory problems may be impacted during these burning periods
since smoke consists of small particles of ash, partly consumed fuel, and liquid droplets that are
considered air pollutants. Other combustion products include invisible gases such as carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and small quantities of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides are usually
produced at temperatures only reached in piled or windrowed slash or in very intense wildfires that are
uncommon in the region. In general, prescribed fires produce inconsequential amounts of these gases.
Inappropriate management of prescribed fires can be bothersome to residents, and it can negatively
affect community health.
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Smoke from burning vegetation produces air pollutants that are regulated by both the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the state of Washington (EPA 2019). Additionally, smoke can increase
ambient air pollution levels to a point where it exceeds air quality standards (WA DNR 2019; Washington
Smoke Information 2023). Smoke from wildfires is the greatest source of particle pollution within the state
of Washington, and Washington has been noted at times for having the worst quality air in the world due
to wildfire smoke (WA DNR 2019, 2023k). Therefore, effective smoke management is a vital component
of planning and conducting prescribed fires. WA DNR has smoke management guidelines that protect the
health and welfare of Washington citizens from the impacts of smoke (EPA 2023a). In August 2023, the
EPA approved an updated Smoke Management Plan for Washington State (EPA 2023a, 2023b). This
plan aims to make the approval process easier so that prescribed burns become a consistent and
efficient tool to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire within Washington State (EPA 2023a). In addition,
WA DNR developed a certified burn program to help professionals and private citizens develop the skills
and tools to safely and successfully utilize prescribed burns (WA DNR 2023l). In Jefferson County,
agencies must apply for and receive a permit through the WA DNR’s Burn Portal to start a prescribed
burn (WA DNR 2023m). For recreational and residential burning permits within Jefferson County,
residents must apply with their local fire department.
In addition, the NWCG released the NWCG Smoke Management Guide for Prescribed Fire in 2020
(NWCG 2020). This plan is designed to act as a guide to all those who use prescribed fire. Smoke
management techniques, air quality regulations, public perception of prescribed fire, foundational science
behind prescribed fire, modeling, smoke tools, air quality impacts, and more are all discussed in this plan.
The document is meant to pair with NWCG’s Interagency Prescribed Fire Planning and Implementation
Procedures Guide for planning and addressing smoke when prescribed fire is used (NWCG 2020).
To view the plan, please visit:
https://nrfirescience.org/sites/default/files/InteragencyPrescribedFirePlanningProceduresGuide.pdf.
Effects of smoke can be managed by burning on days when smoke will blow away from smoke-sensitive
areas. Precautions are taken when burning near populated areas, highways, airports, and other
smoke-sensitive areas. Any smoke impact downwind is considered before lighting a fire. Smoke
management is a significant component of all prescribed burn plans. Other mitigating actions include
alerting the public of upcoming burning activities, including the purpose, best conditions for ensuring good
smoke dispersal, duration, size, and location of projects. Land management agencies in the planning
area work with the community regarding smoke management and attempt to provide solutions such as
the placement of smoke monitors at sensitive sites.
Thinning and Prescribed Fire Combined
Combining thinning and prescribed fire can be the most effective treatment (Graham et al. 2004).
In forests where fire exclusion or disease has created a buildup of hazardous fuels, prescribed fire cannot
be safely applied, and pre-burn thinning is required. The subsequent use of fire can further reduce
residual fuels and reintroduce this ecologically imperative process.
MANAGEMENT OF NONNATIVE PLANTS
Fuel treatment approaches should always consider the potential for introduction or proliferation of
invasive nonnative species as a result of management actions. The USDA maintains a list of introduced,
invasive, and noxious plants (USDA 2023). The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2023)
also maintains a list of plant species that are considered noxious and therefore actionable at the county
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level and provides on its website an inventory of nonnative plant species that threaten Washington’s
wildlands.
For more info on Washington state invasive plant lists, please visit the following link:
WA Noxious Weed Control Board: https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/printable-noxious-weed-list
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APPENDIX F:
Post-Fire Response and Restoration
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CONTENTS
Post-Fire Response and Rehabilitation ................................................................................................. F-1
Community Response and Recovery .................................................................................................. F-1
Emergency Assistance: Before, During, and After a Fire ............................................................. F-2
After the Fire ........................................................................................................................................ F-2
Returning Home................................................................................................................................... F-2
Insurance Claims ................................................................................................................................. F-3
Community Safety: Post-Fire Floods and Debris Flows ...................................................................... F-4
Resources For Mobilizing Your Community ........................................................................................ F-5
Communication .................................................................................................................................... F-6
Post-Fire Rehabilitation and Resources .............................................................................................. F-6
Specific Treatment Details ................................................................................................................... F-7
Hillslope Treatments ..................................................................................................................... F-7
Channel Treatments ...................................................................................................................... F-8
Road and Trail Treatments ........................................................................................................... F-8
Timber Salvage.................................................................................................................................... F-9
Invasive Species Management and Native Revegetation ................................................................... F-9
Long-Term Community Recovery ........................................................................................................ F-9
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POST-FIRE RESPONSE AND REHABILITATION
This appendix is included to provide resources to residents and agencies in navigating the post-fire
environment.
The recent increase in fires within Jefferson County has highlighted the numerous complexities of post-
fire response. Following a fire, heavy rains may result in widespread floods carrying trees, boulders, and
soil through areas, ultimately damaging communities and critical infrastructure. The recent fires within
Jefferson County, including the Paradise Fire, Delabarre Fire, and the Hayes Fire, highlight the need for
focused mitigative and preventative activities in areas impacted by wildfire.
There are many facets to post-fire recovery, including but not limited to:
• Ensuring public health and safety—prompt removal of downed and hazard trees, addressing
watershed damage, and mitigating potential flooding.
• Rebuilding communities and assessing economic needs—securing the financial resources
necessary for communities to rebuild homes, business, and infrastructure.
• Restoring the damaged landscape—restoration of watersheds, soil stabilization, and tree
planting.
• Reducing fire risk in the future—identifying hazard areas and implementing mitigation.
• Prioritizing the needs of vulnerable and disadvantaged communities during response and disaster
recovery efforts.
• Reducing post-fire recovery time by replanting native species.
• Ensuring fire protection measures enhance sustainability of restoration projects e.g., introducing
prescribed fire to a fire-dependent ecosystem where fire had previously been excluded.
• Retaining downed logs for erosion control and habitat maintenance.
• Evaluating and updating disaster recovery plans every 5 years to respond to changing needs and
characteristics of the community.
• Coordinating with planning, housing, health and human services, and other local, regional or state
agencies to develop contingency plans for meeting short-term, temporary housing needs of those
displaced during a catastrophic wildfire event.
• Incorporating forecasted impacts from climate change trends and projections of future risk and
consideration of policies to address identified risk.
• Updating codes and ordinances to specify procedures and standards for planning and permitting
the reconstruction of buildings destroyed by wildfire.
COMMUNITY RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
Recovery of the vegetated landscape is often more straightforward than recovery of the human
environment. Assessments of the burned landscape are often well-coordinated through the use of
interagency crews who are mobilized immediately after a fire to assess the post-fire environment and
make recommendations for rehabilitation efforts.
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For the community impacted by fire, however, there is often very little planning at the local level to guide
their return after the fire. Residents impacted by the fire need assistance making insurance claims; finding
temporary accommodation for themselves, pets, and livestock; rebuilding or repairing damaged property;
removing debris and burned trees; stabilizing the land for construction; mitigating potential flood damage;
repairing infrastructure; reconnecting to utilities; and mitigating impacts to health. Oftentimes, physical
impacts can be mitigated over time, but emotional impacts of the loss and change to surroundings are
long-lasting and require support and compassion from the community.
Emergency Assistance: Before, During, and After a Fire
Team Rubicon
Team Rubicon is a veteran-led humanitarian organization that serves communities around the world
before, during, and after disasters such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and wildfire. Team
Rubicon focuses on serving vulnerable and at-risk populations affected by disasters, and all services are
provided free of charge. Services include incident management, debris management, hazard mitigation,
volunteer management, home repair, and emergency medicine. With respect to fire-related assistance,
Team Rubicon assists with any action that would limit the impact of a wildfire, such as helping
homeowners make their home fire safe, providing staff to assist with mitigation projects (e.g., fuels
reduction), and removing debris and hazardous trees (Team Rubicon 2022).
To find out more about Team Rubicon, please visit https://teamrubiconusa.org/capabilities-services/.
AFTER THE FIRE
Rebuilding and recovery from wildfire can vary greatly across income levels and demographics. Rural
areas, low-income neighborhoods, and immigrant communities generally do not have the necessary
resources to cover insurance and rebuilding expenses that occur after a fire. Due to this, many of these
areas take more time to recover than those with greater access to resources. In addition, the occurrence
of wildfire can worsen existing mental health conditions and lead to post-traumatic stress (PTS), low self-
esteem, and depression for at-risk populations.
RETURNING HOME
First and foremost, follow the advice and recommendations of emergency management agencies, fire
departments, utility companies, and local aid organizations regarding activities following the wildfire.
Do not attempt to return to your home until fire personnel have deemed it safe to do so.
When driving, watch for trees, brush, and rock which may have been weakened or loosened by the fire.
Be aware of any damage or debris on roads and driveways. Traffic may be delayed, or lanes closed due
to firefighter operations. Use extreme caution around trees, power poles, and any other tall objects that
may have been weakened by the fire (After the Fire WA 2023)
Even if the fire did not damage your house, do not expect to return to normal routines immediately.
Expect that utility infrastructure may have been damaged and repairs may be necessary. When you
return home, check for hazards, such as gas or water leaks and electrical shorts. Turn off damaged
utilities if you did not do so previously. Request that the fire department or utility companies turn the
utilities back on once the area is secured. Similarly, water supply systems may have been damaged;
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do not drink from the tap until you have been advised that it is safe to do so. Finally, keep a “fire watch”;
look for smoke or sparks in houses and other buildings. Once at home, check for the following (CAL FIRE
2019):
• Check the roof and exterior areas for sparks or embers.
• Check grounds for hot spots, smoldering stumps, and vegetation.
• Check for fire damage to your home, turn off all appliances and make sure the meter is not
damaged before turning on the main circuit breaker.
• Check the attic and throughout your house for any hidden burning sparks or embers.
• Do not drink water from the faucet until emergency officials say it is okay, water supply systems
can be damaged and become polluted during wildfires.
• Discard any food that has been exposed to heat, smoke, flood water, or soot.
• If you have a propane tank or natural gas, leave valves closed until the supplier or utilities can
inspect your system.
• If you have a solar electrical system, this system should be inspected by a licensed technician to
verify that the solar panels and electrical wiring are safe for continued operation.
• Consult local experts on the best way to restore and plant your land with fire-safe landscaping.
• Contact 911 if any danger is perceived.
• Ash contains toxic substances and may be irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. Ash is
harmful to breathe and may trigger asthma attacks. Follow these tips to reduce your exposure to
ash (California Department of Public Health 2017):
o Do not allow children to play in the ash and wash off children’s toys before children play with
them.
o Immediately wash any part of your body that touches ash to avoid irritation.
o Wash fruits and vegetables from your garden thoroughly before eating them.
o Keep pets out of ash areas.
o Frequently clean indoor surfaces by wet mopping.
o Wear protective clothing and a respirator when working outside.
INSURANCE CLAIMS
The Washington State Office of the Insurance Commissioner (OIC) advises homeowners to be aware of
the wildfire risk during drought-like conditions, which can affect properties in both suburban and rural
areas. Homeowner insurance typically covers all fires, including wildfires, unless they are intentionally set
by the policyholder. It is recommended that homeowners review their insurance policies regularly to
ensure they have adequate coverage for property and possessions. Insurance rates and coverage are
often based on factors such as fire protection available to the home, the presence of utilities, and more.
Homeowners are encouraged to create a household inventory and take proactive steps to protect their
homes, such as creating natural firebreaks, installing water pumps, and using fire-resistant building
materials (Washington State OIC 2023a).
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State Insurance Commissioner Mike Kreider issued the following guidance on how to best deal with
insurance claims after a fire has impacted your property (Washington State OIC 2023b):
• Contact your insurance company once you and your household are safe.
• Do not discard damaged items until your insurer inspects them.
• In case your home is uninhabitable, check whether your policy covers temporary housing.
• Obtain a complete copy of your insurance policy and understand your coverage, especially the
"Duties after Loss" section.
• If you're unsure about your policy, seek assistance from an insurance professional.
• It's your responsibility to protect your property from further damage, including mitigation and
temporary repairs. Discuss the process with your insurance company and avoid permanent
repairs until they inspect your property.
• Keep and organize all receipts.
• Save all relevant emails and documentation related to your claim.
• Support your claim with photos, details, estimates, etc., to prove your loss, but do not exaggerate
your claim as it constitutes insurance fraud.
• Maintain copies of all documentation and communication with insurers.
The NW Insurance Council is a nonprofit organization dedicated to serving consumers and communities
in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho by providing timely and accurate information about property and
casualty insurance. Their key initiatives encompass media relations and information dissemination,
consumer education and engagement, public policy advocacy and communication, industry leadership
and coordination, and promoting awareness of insurance crimes and loss prevention. Their mission is to
be a valuable resource for insurance-related matters in the region (Northwest Interagency Coordination
Center 2023). With respect to fire damage, NW Insurance Council encourages homeowners to prepare
and mitigate the impact of wildfires, providing tips for protection and highlighting actions that homeowners
can take to reduce wildfire risk and receive discounted rates (Northwest Interagency Coordination Center
2023).
For additional information on tools and measures available for homeowners to safeguard their property,
please visit the following webpage: https://www.nwinsurance.org/wildfire
COMMUNITY SAFETY: POST-FIRE FLOODS AND DEBRIS FLOWS
A debris flow is a swiftly moving mixture of water, rocks, soil, vegetation, and even large objects like trees
and boulders that flows downhill, posing a significant danger. Several factors contribute to debris flows,
including steep slopes, heavy rainfall, wildfires, weak or loose rock and soil, earthquakes, changes in
runoff patterns, and improper construction. After wildfires, areas are particularly susceptible to debris
flows due to the loss of vegetation and the creation of water-repellent soils, which can lead to flash floods
turning into destructive debris flows (WA DNR 2023n)
The Washington Geological Survey's Landslide Hazards Program, known as WALERT, plays a crucial
role in aiding communities affected by wildfires. They conduct rapid assessments of debris flow hazards
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in areas recently burned by wildfires, even extending their evaluation to downstream regions that may be
at risk. They compile summary reports outlining the areas at risk of geologic hazards, assisting
emergency response planning and mitigation efforts by sharing this information with relevant agencies.
(WA DNR 2023n).
These reports are accessible for download once post-wildfire assessments are completed, and can be
access on the following WA DNR webpage: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/wildfire-debris-flows#reports.
Residents are strongly advised to heed evacuation warnings and be prepared for debris flows. While the
threat is often anticipated immediately following wildfires, the danger can persist for up to five years.
Staying informed through local officials, official weather forecasts, flood and emergency alerts, and
practicing emergency plans is essential. If sheltering in place, residents should select a secure location,
watch for signs of approaching debris flows, and avoid lower-floor bedrooms adjacent to hazardous
slopes. Being cautious, vigilant, and responsible for personal safety is emphasized throughout (WA DNR
2023n).
More detailed information on what to do to prepare for debris flow can be found here, on the WA DNR
website: https://www.dnr.wa.gov/wildfire-debris-flows#what-you-should-know-and-what-you-can-do
RESOURCES FOR MOBILIZING YOUR COMMUNITY
Proactive recovery planning, conducted before any disaster strikes, is vital for community preparedness
and resilience. It involves anticipating and addressing various scenarios, both expected and unexpected,
that may arise in the aftermath of a disaster. This type of planning considers how mitigation and
emergency management plans may be impacted, leading to updated plans, regulations, and zoning
codes. Quick action post-disaster sets a positive recovery trajectory and prevents a return to old routines
before recovery efforts have begun. Communities equipped with proper planning and preparation can
access more assistance through disaster assistance programs, even if not directly impacted by the
disaster. The Washington State Emergency Management Division (EMD) and FEMA provide valuable
resources to aid communities in recovery planning, such as the National Disaster Recovery Framework,
planning guides, and toolkits (Washington State EMD 2023).
The Washington State EMD offers support to communities through training, technical services, and
various forms of assistance. While Washington is a home rule state, meaning local jurisdictions and tribes
are primarily responsible for disaster response, the state plays a coordinating role for state and federal
resources and facilitates recovery efforts between different entities following a disaster. The extent of the
state's involvement depends on the local jurisdiction's capacity and the incident's complexity (Washington
State EMD 2023).
For more information and to access the resources, please visit: https://mil.wa.gov/recovery.
The Washington State Fire Adapted Communities Learning Network (WAFAC) is a peer learning network
aimed at supporting local efforts to adapt to and recover from wildfires in Washington state. Their focus is
on preparing communities before, during, and after fires by collaborating with local organizations and
agencies to develop and implement place-based strategies and priorities. Since its founding in 2015,
WAFAC has sponsored and supported wildfire resiliency efforts throughout the state. Housed within the
WAFAC website is a range of valuable resources and detailed guides that outline wildfire incident pre-
planning, mitigative actions, post-fire recovery and more (WAFAC 2023).
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In 2023, WAFAC completed After the Fire Toolkits covering many different aspects of wildfire recovery.
These toolkits can be found by scrolling down the page here:
https://www.fireadaptedwashington.org/toolkit
WA DNR has a Post-Fire Recovery Program that was established in 2021. The program operates within
the Forest Resilience Division at WA DNR with an overarching goal of helping communities and
watersheds recover from wildfires increasing in size, severity and long-term impacts felt across
Washington. Development of tools and resources for communities is underway.
More information can be found on the WA DNR Post-Fire Recovery page:
https://www.dnr.wa.gov/postfirerecovery
The Washington Silver Jackets team is a group of federal and state agencies that aim to enhance
coordination for flood risk management, response, recovery, preparedness, and mitigation. The team
facilitated the creation of the Washington State Post-Wildfire Flood Committee (PWFC) in response to
elevated post-wildfire flood risks in the state. The PWFC focuses on policy, projects, and awareness to
reduce the threat of post-wildfire flooding, with agency participation spanning federal, state, local
governments, universities, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. These entities
collaborate voluntarily to address post-fire challenges faced by communities after destructive wildfires
(PWFC 2023).
The PWFC website offers valuable post-fire impact safety information, community assistance, and
guidance on the road to recovery: https://afterthefirewa.org/
COMMUNICATION
The Emergency Communications Toolkit provided by the Washington State Department of Health offers a
comprehensive set of resources for public health and emergency response partners during natural
disasters and other emergencies. It includes templates, checklists, and fact sheets, encouraging
customization with agency-specific information and real-time emergency details. The toolkit offers
resources to help prioritize and make decisions in the early hours of an emergency. This includes sample
draft news releases to aid in response efforts tailored to the agency and current situation, with an
emphasis on coordination with public information staff and adherence to agency communication
procedures.
For more detailed information on this important tool for communication during emergency response,
please visit the following webpage: https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/emergency-
preparedness/emergency-communications-toolkit
POST-FIRE REHABILITATION AND RESOURCES
Wildfires that cause extensive damage necessitate dedicated efforts to avert issues afterward.
As aforementioned, loss of vegetation increases soil susceptibility to erosion; water runoff may increase
and lead to flooding; sediments and debris may be transported downstream and damage properties or
saturate reservoirs putting endangered species and water reserves at risk (USFS n.d.(b)). Following a
fire, the primary priority is emergency stabilization to prevent additional damage to life, property, or
natural resources. The soil stabilization work starts immediately and may proceed for up to a year.
The rehabilitation effort to restore damage caused by the fire starts after the fire is out and may persist for
many years. For the most part, rehabilitation efforts focus on the lands not likely to recover naturally from
wildfire damage (USFS n.d.(b)).
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The USFS’s post-fire emergency stabilization program is called the Burned Area Emergency Response
(BAER) program. The goal of the BAER program is to discover post-wildfire threats to human life and
safety, property, and critical natural or cultural resources on USFS lands and take appropriate actions to
mitigate unacceptable risks (NIFC 2022). BAER teams are composed of trained professionals from
different fields, including soil scientists, engineers, hydrologists, biologists, botanists, archaeologists, and
others who quickly assess the burned area and advise emergency stabilization treatments (NIFC 2022).
The NRCS Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) program provides technical and financial services
for watershed repair on public (state and local) and private land. The goal is reduced flood risk via funding
and expert advice for land treatments. The EWP program can provide up to 75% funding for qualifying
projects; remaining funds may be paid with in-kind volunteer labor (Coalition for the Upper South Platte
[CUSP] 2016). This funding is used by the State Emergency Rehabilitation Team (a multi-agency group
assembled by the NRCS) to develop specific recovery and treatment plans.
Examples of potential treatments include (USFS 2022):
• Hillside stabilization (for example: placing bundles of straw parallel to the slope to slow erosion)
• Hazard tree cutting
• Felling trees perpendicular to the slope contour to reduce runoff
• Mulching areas seeded with native vegetation
• Stream enhancements and construction of catchments to control erosion, runoff, and debris flows
• Planting or seeding native species to limit spread of invasive species
The USFS provides a science-based framework to guide post-fire restoration efforts in National Forest
lands in the Pacific Northwest. The framework is based on a process that leads to the development of a
restoration portfolio that can inform project planning and monitoring (USFS 2022). The framework is
available at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd1062404.pdf
A comparison of potential hillside, channel, and road treatments is available at:
https://www.afterwildfirenm.org/post-fire-treatments/which-treatment-do-i-use
SPECIFIC TREATMENT DETAILS
Hillslope Treatments
Cover Applications:
Dry mulch: provides immediate ground cover with mulch to reduce erosion and downstream flow.
Wet mulch (hydromulch): provides immediate cover to hold moisture and seeds on slopes using a
combination of organic fibers, glue, suspension agents, and seeds (most effective on inaccessible
slopes).
Slash spreading: provides ground cover to reduce erosion by felling trees in burned areas.
Seeding: reduces soil erosion over time with an application of native seed mixtures (most successful in
combination with mulching). Breaking up and loosening topsoil to break down the hydrophobic layer on
top of the soil is also effective.
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Erosion Barrier Applications:
Erosion control mat: organic mats staked on the soil surface to provide stability for vegetation
establishment.
Log erosion barrier: trees felled perpendicular to the hillslope to slow runoff.
Fiber rolls (wattles): rolls placed perpendicular to the hillslope to reduce surface flows and reduce
erosion.
Silt fencing: permeable fabric fencing installed parallel to the slope contour to trap sediment as water
flows down the hillslope.
Channel Treatments
Check dam: small dams built to trap and store sediment in stream channels.
In-channel tree felling: felling trees in a staggered pattern in a channel to trap debris and sediment.
Grade stabilizer: structures made of natural materials placed in ephemeral channels for stabilization.
Stream bank armoring: reinforcing streambanks with natural materials to reduce bank cutting during
stream flow.
Channel deflector: an engineered structure to direct flow away from unstable banks or nearby roads.
Debris basin: constructed to store large amounts of sediment moving in a stream channel.
Road and Trail Treatments
Outsloping and rolling dips (water bars): alter the road shape or template to disperse water and
reduce erosion.
Overflow structures: protect the road by controlling runoff and diverting stream flow to constructed
channels.
Low water stream crossing: culverts replaced by natural fords to prevent stream diversion and keep
water in the natural channel.
Culvert modification: upgrading culvert size to prevent road damage.
Debris rack and deflectors: structure placed in a stream channel to collect debris before reaching a
culvert.
Riser pipes: filter out debris and allow the passage of water in stream channels.
Catchment-basin cleanout: using machinery to clean debris and sediment out of stream channels and
catchment basins.
Trail stabilization: constructing water bars and spillways to provide drainage away from the trail surface.
These treatments and descriptions are further detailed at: https://afterwildfirenm.org/post-fire-
treatments/treatment-descriptions
For more information about how to install and build treatments, see the Wildfire Restoration Handbook at:
https://www.flyingwranchfoundation.org/library/Fire_Restoration_Handbook_1.pdf
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TIMBER SALVAGE
Many private landowners may decide to harvest trees killed in the fire, a decision that can be highly
controversial. Trees remaining post-fire can be instrumental for soil and wildlife habitat recovery, but dead
standing trees may also pose safety concerns and fuel loadings may still be conducive to future high
intensity wildfires. Burned soil is especially susceptible to soil compaction and erosion so it is
recommended to have professionals perform the timber salvage. Several programs assist landowners
with timber salvage, including the NRCS Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) (CUSP 2016).
INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT AND NATIVE REVEGETATION
Wildfire provides an opportunity for many invasive species to dominate the landscape because many of
these species thrive on recently burned landscapes. It is imperative that landowners prevent invasive
establishment by eradicating weeds early, planting native species, and limiting invasive seed dispersal
(CUSP 2016).
Planting native seeds is an economical way to restore a disturbed landscape. Vegetation provides
protection against erosion and stabilizes exposed soils. To be successful, seeds must be planted during
the proper time of year and using correct techniques. Use a native seed mixture with a diversity of
species and consider the species’ ability to compete with invasive species. Before planting, the seedbed
must be prepared with topsoil and by raking to break up the hydrophobic soil layer. If you choose to
transplant or plant native species, consider whether the landscape has made a sufficient recovery to
ensure the safety of the individuals (CUSP 2016).
LONG-TERM COMMUNITY RECOVERY
On non-federal land, recovery efforts are the responsibility of local governments and private landowners.
Challenges associated with long-term recovery include homes that were severely damaged or were
saved but are in high-severity burn areas. Furthermore, homes saved but located on unstable slopes or in
areas in danger of flooding or landslides present a more complicated challenge. Economically, essential
businesses that were burned or were otherwise forced to close pose a challenge to communities of all
sizes. Given these complications, rebuilding and recovery efforts can last for years, with invasive species
control and ecosystem restoration lasting even longer (CUSP 2016). It is critical that a long-term plan is in
place and there is sufficient funding and support for all necessary ecosystem and community recovery.
To learn about more post-fire recovery resources, visit the After the Flames website here:
https://aftertheflames.com/resources/.
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APPENDIX G:
Community Survey Results
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This appendix provides key insights about Jefferson County residents’ thoughts about wildfire.
800+ Community Survey Responses from Jefferson County
Residents
Wildfire awareness in Jefferson County is low
Vulnerability to wildfire in Jefferson County is high
Jefferson County residents can take action to increase wildfire preparedness
What can Jefferson County residents
take away from these survey results?
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Wildfire awareness is low:
Vulnerability to wildfire is high:
of residents have not been affected by wildfire.
90%of residents have no experience with wildfire.
50%
say neighborhood is poorly prepared for a large wildfire.
52%
say home is at medium risk from wildfire.
49%say home is vulnerable to wildfire because of surrounding fuels on property.
53%
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Actions people are taking or recognize as beneficial:
Actions ranked #1:
generally familiar with local evacuation routes.
60%know what defensible space is.
60%registered for local emergency notification.
67%
Most interested in using funding to help with:
Home hazard wildfire assessments
#1 Most important action to prepare for wildfire:
Cleanup of live and dead vegetation and yard debris around homes by individual property owners
#1
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Biggest challenges to making my home fire safe:
Actions people are not taking:
Time#1 Money#2
of people said NONE when asked "are you using any methods to reduce fuels on your property?"
40%
of neighborhoods or HOAs do not have an updated evacuation plan.
50%
of residents do not have an emergency evacuation kit ready.
50%residents do not have an updated evacuation plan for their family, livestock, or pets.
62%
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How can residents increase wildfire preparedness?
Recognize the importance of personal responsibility in wildfire prevention
Create personal and neighborhood evacuation plans
Take action to reduce wildfire risk to your home
Reduce fuels (e.g., vegetation, yard debris) on your property
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Visit the Jefferson County CWPP hub site for more homeowner resources.
How can Jefferson County increase wildfire preparedness?
Offer education and outreach about wildfire preparedness, home hardening, and defensible space
Offer assistance to residents to clean up live and dead vegetation (e.g., organize a chipper event)
Increase opportunities for residents to access a home wildfire assessment through local fire departments
Demonstrate a wildfire-safe property
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APPENDIX H:
Recommendations
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Table H.1. Recommendations for Creating Resilient Landscapes (Hazardous Fuels Modification)
Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance/ Requirements Funding Sources
RL 1 H Spring 2025 Allocate resources for fuels management on city, county, state, and USFS roads and rights-of-way (ROWs).
All roads throughout the county, with emphasis on road segments determined to be at highest wildfire risk
All • Streamline management of ROWs that interface with privately owned lands by grouping them into cohesive blocks, reducing complexity for the city in handling scattered strips of land within privately owned properties.
• Prioritize providing funding support to Public Utility Districts (PUD) for the removal of fuels resulting from tree trimming in critical areas within ROW.
• Support other agencies with funding support.
• Update engineer design standards to account for wildfire resilience along road networks.
• Work with agency vegetation managers/fuel specialists to develop prescriptions based on vegetation type and condition.
• Expand ROW mowing program.
• Seek funding to purchase masticator, grinder, and/or mulcher for use on City and County ROWs. Procure funds for continued masticator operations. Ensure regular maintenance plan is developed and adhered to.
• Reduce roadside wildfire risk and hazards.
• Reduce number of human-caused wildfire ignitions.
• Provide improved ingress/egress capabilities during wildfire.
• Implement yearly maintenance and monitoring of roads.
• Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grants
• National Fire Plan (NFP) grants
• Regional Catastrophic Preparedness (RCP) grants
• Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
• Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG)
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
RL 2 H Spring 2024 Utilize the CWPP Composite Risk-Hazard Model to identify specific areas in need of vegetation and brush removal. Focus on high-risk areas or critical locations (see areas of concern map [Figure 4.2]).
Countywide All • Invest in building the City's capacity to remove fuels by equipping personnel with the necessary training and equipment.
• Enhance coordination between agencies to facilitate cross-boundary fuel modification efforts.
• Secure funding resources dedicated to vegetation and brush removal in these identified areas.
• Develop clear and comprehensive rules and guidelines for the removal of fuels. These rules should outline safety protocols, environmental considerations, and compliance with local regulations.
• Evaluate the feasibility of establishing buffer zones on private land surrounding old complex forests where management of forest parcels could focus on reduced fuel loading, forest health resilience, and creation of potential control lines and anchor points. Develop a comprehensive monitoring and maintenance plan (including funding) to ensure long-term effectiveness and sustainability.
• Carry out more detailed parcel-level home assessments to inform wildfire risk at a fine scale.
• Hire a contractor or staff member to do a deep assessment of existing fuel models for the Olympic Peninsula area, in conjunction with local fuels specialists. Specifically, focus on modeling active and dynamic nature of fuels in treatment areas, as well as areas taken out of production for conservation and biodiversity and carbon offsets. Assess the role of increased structural diversity and biodiversity in forest resilience. Engage academic institutions as needed.
• Prioritize areas of high fire risk, considering factors outlined within CWPP Composite Risk-Hazard Assessment.
• Monitor treated areas for invasive and noxious species such as scotch broom. Complete invasive management as needed at treated sites.
• Seek funding to recalibrate the fuel model to address limitations for modeling timber management areas (i.e., calibration from non-burnable to slash models).
• Protect life and property by mitigating fuels, providing defensible space for firefighters protecting structures.
• Create a fuel arrangement unlikely to support crown fire or fast rates of spread.
• Increase understanding of risks and hazards associated with different forest types and locations.
• Reduce the potential for large and severe fires in the future amidst hotter and drier summers.
• Follow up with post-treatment stabilization practices.
• Frequent communication, collaboration, and cooperation with landowners.
• Regular maintenance to ensure the fuel break remains clear of vegetation.
• Monitor and treat invasive species.
• Continued management of fire breaks maintained by grazing, brush breaking, and prescribed burns.
• Record number of acres treated (by fuel type, treatment method).
• Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)
• U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities
• NFP grants
• BRIC grants
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance/ Requirements Funding Sources
RL 3 H Spring 2024 Address fuels treatment in moderate, high, and extreme risk areas and promote equity in fire mitigation efforts.
Countywide All • Use existing organizations to leverage capabilities to carry out fuel treatment and forest resilience initiatives. Collaborate with organizations such as the Washington Conservation Corps or Team Rubicon, which can contribute valuable resources and personnel.
• Offer support and assistance to individuals residing in moderate to high-risk areas to increase forest resilience, and remove fuels around their properties. Ensure that these efforts prioritize equity to assist those who may face financial or logistical barriers.
• Explore opportunities to expand the workforce by engaging arborists and adults seeking gainful employment.
• Consider the establishment of NPREP (Neighborhood Preparedness) crews dedicated to cleaning up fuels around residential properties. Identify and flag trees that require attention to minimize fire risks.
• Address issue of non-resident property owners who implement limited property maintenance and tailor outreach approaches for fuels mitigation to accommodate those property owners.
• Work to optimize cost-effective thinning techniques for younger forests by working with private companies and/or County Forestry Consultant to develop and implement strategies.
• Learn from other programs. Research and adopt successful programs from other regions, such as Community Planning Assistance for Wildfire, the Flagstaff, Arizona Fire Prevention Permitting, and Flagstaff, Arizona Watershed Protection Programs to enhance Firewise prevention efforts. Use programs, like Habitat for Humanity, to combine fire prevention with emergency repairs for lower-income households for implementation.
• Foster synergy between the proposed initiatives and existing programs to maximize resources and community impact. This dovetailing approach will help create a comprehensive and efficient fire mitigation strategy.
• Implement fuel treatments along boundaries with private residential properties, encouraging individual defensible space for enhanced resilience and evacuation.
• Enhance coordination between agencies to facilitate cross-boundary fuel modification efforts.
• Collaborate with homeowners to achieve fuel breaks where needed in the Federal–State cross-boundary area.
• Establish access road buffers through fuel mitigation and brush cutting.
• Monitor treated areas for invasive and noxious species such as scotch broom. Complete invasive management as needed at treated sites.
• Where circumstances permit and landowners are willing, reintroduce beavers to expand wetlands and riparian areas and support potential wildfire refuge or evacuation routes.
• On high-risk slopes, consider how the removal of brush would impact erosion risk/rates.
• Build equitable community fire resiliency and address potential for extreme wildfire behavior for underserved populations.
• Reduce the risk of home and structure ignitions for socially vulnerable communities.
• Follow up with post-treatment stabilization practices.
• Frequent communication, collaboration, and cooperation with landowners.
• Regular maintenance to ensure the fuel break remains clear of vegetation.
• Monitor and treat invasive species.
• Continued management of fire breaks maintained by grazing, brush breaking, and prescribed burns.
• Record number of acres treated (by fuel type, treatment method).
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• Challenge Cost Share Grant Program
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance/ Requirements Funding Sources
RL 4 H Spring 2025 Create potential shelter locations. Community specific Community specific • Work with the Fire Chiefs and Emergency Managers to identify and designate safe refuge areas where vegetation has been treated to a prescription that could reduce hazards (shielding needs to be 4 times potential flame lengths).
• Focus ROW hardening and roadside clearance on areas that would accommodate passage to safe refuge areas.
• Work with Public Information Officers and community leaders to communicate that any safe refuges should be considered an absolute last resort and that early evacuation should always be prioritized.
• Clarify Fire Chiefs’ roles during evacuation. Stop disinformation that Fire Chiefs would drive through neighborhoods and lead evacuations.
• Provide a “last resort” alternative for residents who are unable to evacuate safely.
• Ensure any plans for safe refuge areas are accompanied with comprehensive maintenance plans to ensure effectiveness and wildfire resilience
• BRIC grants
• RCP grants
RL 5 M Spring 2025 Integrate wildfire mitigation as a standard component of all resource management planning.
Countywide and all jurisdictions Multi-agency • Align existing and future planning efforts with the findings and recommendations in the CWPP (e.g., upcoming Port Townsend Urban Forestry Plan, County HMP, County Emergency Response Plan County/City Comprehensive Plan).
• Utilize the CWPP Advisory Group as conduits to agency planning staff to facilitate coordination across jurisdictions and disciplines.
• Utilize the CWPP hub site as a platform to share data and recommendations.
• Work with agency planners and decision makers to integrate wildfire mitigation into other resource management efforts and planning projects countywide, for example considering hazardous fuel loading and wildfire hazard when planning for wildlife habitat improvements, maintenance of scenic vistas, recreational planning, environmental compliance, riparian enhancements, and sensitive species protections.
• Integrate wildfire mitigation into resource management planning to ensure a holistic approach to creating wildfire resilience
• Convene pertinent agency planning staff on an annual basis to review existing and upcoming plans for inclusion of wildfire mitigation measures.
• NFP grants
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
RL 6 H Spring 2024 Support green waste removal initiatives. All WUI communities County • Create a mobile chipper program and/or leverage existing equipment for use by the public to support defensible space practices.
• Create a mobile incinerator/biochar program. Purchase equipment for program.
• Develop Washington Conservation Corps crew to operate equipment.
• Provide training to staff.
• Provide trained staff for safe operations when used in a community setting.
• Research and compile best practices for managing slash piles.
• Encourage defensible actions by facilitating green waste removal
• Arrange meeting each year to assess participation, review accomplishments, and address future needs.
• Frequent communication, collaboration, and cooperation with residents and landowners.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance/ Requirements Funding Sources
RL 7 H Fall 2024 Develop standard wildfire mitigation prescriptions and management techniques for forestlands.
Public and private forest lands Private, City, County, State, USFS, Land Trust, Climate Action Committee
• Work with academic institutions, subject matter experts, climate specialists, local fuels specialists, and other experts to assess appropriate management for forest types in the planning area.
• Consider utilizing Land Trust management techniques as a possible template of management for biodiversity and wildfire resilience.
• Ensure prescription considers potential climate change impacts on vegetation and forest health. Reference Climate Action Committee research and initiatives (e.g., canopy study).
• Incorporate management actions that would reduce stems per acre, increase crown spacing, reduce heavy fuel loading, create greater structural diversity, and limit potential for crown fire initiation and spread.
• Consider introduction of vegetation buffers through strategic planting of species like red alder.
• Look for opportunities to implement an approach with emphasis on highest risk parcels adjacent to WUI and HVRA.
• Look for potential land acquisitions where the above approach would create buffers to WUI areas.
• Reduce fire spread potential and protect HVRA
• Follow up with post-treatment stabilization practices and regular maintenance.
• Use the project tracker to document updates for stakeholders and other entities throughout the project's lifetime.
• Frequent communication, collaboration, and cooperation with academic institutions, subject matter experts, climate specialists, local fuels specialists.
• Monitor and treat invasive species.
• Record number of acres treated (by fuel type, treatment method).
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
RL 8 H Spring 2025 Implement countywide hazardous fuels and forest health project tracking system.
Public and Private forest lands Private, City, County, State, USFS, Land Trust, Climate Action Committee
• Create an interactive web application accessible to stakeholders throughout the county, allowing for easy tracking and monitoring of hazardous fuels projects.
• Incorporate CWPP wildfire risk layer into web application to visualize areas of high wildfire hazards and track progress toward overall risk reduction.
• Populate attribute tables within the web application to provide detailed information on each hazardous fuels project, including data points such as:
o Project status
o Locations
o Objectives
o Funding sources
• Provide an efficient and effective tool for tracking and monitoring hazardous fuels projects countywide.
• Ensure web application is regularly updated.
• Solicit feedback from uses to identify area of improvement.
• Conduct periodic evaluation to assess web application effectiveness.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
RL 9 M Spring 2025 Determine feasibility of a goat grazing program. Countywide Public lands • Carry out feasibility study to determine potential acreages and carrying capacity of a goat herding program.
• Work with livestock providers to design program and assess investment needs and sourcing.
• Provide alternative treatment methods for areas where mechanical treatments are not feasible due to slope and vegetation type
• Follow up with post-treatment stabilization practices and continued maintenance.
• Utilize project tracker to document updates for stakeholders and other entities throughout the project’s lifetime.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance/ Requirements Funding Sources
RL 10 H Spring 2024 Foster economic incentives to mitigate fire risk through forest harvest practices that increase forest resilience.
Countywide All • Evaluate existing economic incentives for forest management and timber harvest practices, collaborating with local government agencies, landowners, timber companies, and forest management.
• Define the objectives of enhancing forest resilience, taking into account local ecological conditions, climate change projections, and community interests.
• Invest in research and innovation to develop and promote best practices for sustainable forest management.
• Work with relevant government agencies and organizations to design and implement new economic incentive programs tailored to the community's needs, conducting financial analysis to determine cost-benefit effectiveness.
• Assess results, best practices, and lessons learned from the economic incentive programs from forest management organizations throughout the region and industry.
• Increase forest resilience and community wildfire resilience through greater participation in mitigative action.
• Track the number of participants, the acreage of forest land under improved management, and the reduction in fire risk.
• Maintain an open feedback loop with stakeholders and adjust the economic incentive programs based on their input and evolving forest management needs.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• Check Inflation Reduction Act Forestry grants
RL 11 Promote the production and use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) through Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified practices. *see table note
Countywide All • Actively seek out and develop new regional markets within the most urbanized areas of the county (including Port Angeles) for timber that is removed during forest management operations, with a focus on CLT. CLT is a sustainable building material made from timber that isn’t otherwise merchantable.
• Identify potential clients in construction sector that may be interested in using CLT.
• Consider development and funding of marketing campaigns to promote FSC-certified CLT.
• Education campaigns to raise awareness about CLT and highlight its benefits.
• Continue to invest in research and development to explore new uses for CLT (such as furniture) and to develop other building materials.
• Encourage sustainable practices to increase forest health and resiliency.
• Encourage the use of fire-resistant building materials.
• Arrange meeting each year to assess participation, review accomplishments, and address future needs.
• Frequent communication, collaboration, and cooperation with residents and landowners.
• Facilitate regular FSC audits to ensure compliance.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• Check Inflation Reduction Act Forestry grants
RL 12 H Spring 2024 Develop collaborative efforts and partnerships. Countywide All • Explore opportunities to leverage partnership with the DNR.
• Utilize DNR’s expertise and resources to achieve goals more efficiently.
• Communication consistency with DNR messages.
• Explore opportunities to leverage Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) conservation programs for private forested landowners.
• Enhance community resilience through collaborative efforts.
• Arrange a standing multi-agency meeting each year to review accomplishments and address future needs.
• Establish channels of communication between participating groups, organizations, and agencies.
• Consider formation of an local wildfire coordinating/working group.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• CWDG
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance/ Requirements Funding Sources
RL 13 M Spring 2025 Improve water systems. Community specific County, City • Invest in new, and upgrade current, water infrastructure.
• Identify and allocate water resources for wildfire prevention and response.
• Protect key water resources in areas of elevated fire risk through fuel mitigation and other mitigation activities.
• Protect life and property by improving fire suppression capabilities.
• Improve efficiency and speed of wildfire response and suppression.
• Enhance public and firefighter safety and mitigate wildfire risk within the county.
• Convene annually to assess and document status of county-specific water resource capabilities.
• Conduct an annual review of water resources.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• CWDG
• FMAG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
*While not considered experts on cross-laminated timber (CLT), it is our opinion that mass timber buildings, using CLT and other methods, can be safely constructed in wildfire prone areas, taking all things into consideration. Mitigation measures such as noncombustible siding, 1/8” or rated vents,
tempered glass where appropriate, and adequate separation from accessory structures and highly combustible vegetation should be incorporated into building design, with the intent of protecting the structure from exposures related to embers, direct flame, and radiant heat. More information on fire
performance of cross-laminated timber assemblies can be found at: https://bit.ly/CLT_Fire . Additional information on exposures and recommended separation distances can be found at https://bit.ly/NIST_HMM .
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Table H.2. Recommendations for Creating Fire-Adapted Communities (Public Education and Structural Ignitability)
Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FAC 1 H Summer 2025 Design and implement a unified initiative for a marketing campaign/strategy for wildfire mitigation alongside a comprehensive countywide public education program.
Countywide All • Work with the DNR Community Resilience team to launch the Wildfire Ready Neighbors Program.
• Convene a committee of public information officers and relevant agency staff to develop a comprehensive, multi-jurisdictional approach.
• Develop wildfire mitigation materials tailored specifically to Jefferson County communities and forest types, emphasizing the significance of fuels reduction practices.
• Focus Firewise messaging on potential entrapment due to evacuation concerns, including evacuation and safe refuge strategies.
• Disseminate materials through varied channels to increase exposure, considering diverse communication preferences.
• Allocate resources within the City of Port Townsend to build staff capacity dedicated to Firewise education initiatives, ensuring sustainable programs.
• Utilize existing community events as platforms for disseminating wildfire mitigation/safety messaging.
• Utilize the CWPP hub site to share materials and resource links for broader accessibility. Seek grant support to provide finances for long-term hub site maintenance.
• Establish regular media and social media posts to maintain wildfire mitigation awareness among residents. Emphasize that complacency limits resilience.
• Collaborate with all participating agencies and entities to ensure a unified and consistent message.
• Create messaging targeted to vulnerable populations about fire safety, emphasizing self-sufficiency and personal preparedness.
• Address all wildfire risks facing communities through various communication channels, including community meetings, social media, and educational materials.
• Emphasize the importance of creating personal preparedness plans, including shelter in place considerations and maintaining essential resources like gas and electric vehicle charging during wildfire season.
• Promote safe fuel storage practices as part of wildfire mitigation efforts.
• Protect communities and infrastructure by raising awareness of local citizens and those traveling in the area about actions that can prevent fires.
• Reduce wildfire risk through greater adoption of Firewise and structure hardening measures.
• Educate public on the importance of adapting to future changes in climate and fuel conditions.
• Yearly updates to marketing materials, ensuring alignment with best science.
• Annual review of number and turnout of events implemented.
• Establish a feedback mechanism to continuously assess the program's impact and gather insights from residents.
• Set goals for the following year.
• Regional Catastrophic Preparedness (RCP) grants
• Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grants
• Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
• Firewise grants National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Environmental Protection Grants (EPA)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FAC 2 H Fall 2024 Create demonstration sites for healthy forests and defensible space.
County Fire Departments/Schools/ Community Centers, Chimacum Ridge Community Forest )
WA DNR, County, Jefferson Land Trust, Jefferson County Conservation District, Master Gardeners/ WSU
• Identify suitable demonstration sites for defensible space in prominent locations with Firewise landscaping (e.g., fire stations with demonstration landscaping with native Firewise plants). Take into consideration variation of natural ecosystems and fire regimes present across the county.
• Identify suitable demonstration sites for healthy forests in different prominent forest types around the county. Take into consideration active management that increases the fire resilience condition of forests.
Host public events to display Firewise gardens.
• Assess demonstration materials.
• Incentivize Firewise landscaping.
• Utilize the WA DNR western WA fire-resistant plant and landscaping guide.
• Coordinate the adoption of the WUI code (in March 2024) with landscaping regulations or guidance. Coordinate with the DNR for consistent talking points about WA-WUI maps.
• Consider the implementation of Firewise landscape around communal structures.
• Educate residents on appropriate and manageable actions to create defensible spaces and landscapes.
• Educate residents on appropriate and manageable actions private forest land owners and public land managers can take to improve forest health and resilience as fire risk increases.
• Follow up with post-treatment stabilization practices and continued maintenance.
• Annual review of effectiveness.
• Firewise grants including WA DNR Firewise Microgrant
• FP&S (FEMA)
• EPA Environmental Education Grants
• CWDG
• BRIC grants
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FAC 3 H Fall 2025 Effectively communicate how to prepare for wildfire using accessible language and symbols, for non-English speakers, and those with vision, hearing or language impairments.
Countywide All • Work through the Wildfire Ready Neighbors Program resources to translate outreach materials.
• Connect with the Washington State Fire Adapted Communities Learning Network (WAFAC) to access resources for vision-, hearing-, or language-impaired residents.
• Translate printed and virtual materials to make information accessible to non-English speakers and individuals with varying abilities, including those with vision, language, and hearing impairments.
• Direct community engagement with community members through targeted outreach programs and events.
• Conduct demographic analysis (using census data) to identify community make up and tailor outreach efforts accordingly.
• Protect communities and infrastructure by raising awareness of residents and visitors regardless of their background.
• Conduct yearly updates to materials.
• Establish channels of communication with targeted groups.
• Firewise grants including WA DNR Firewise Microgrant
• FP&S (FEMA)
• EPA Environmental Education Grants
• CWDG
• BRIC grants
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
• County Accessible Communities Advisory Committee
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | H-9
Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FAC 4 H Summer 2025 Coordination of City and County codes.
Countywide City, County • Revise land use codes to encourage holistic planning approaches that reduce wildfire risks and hazards.
• Code Compliance: Enforce code compliance across all phases of a project, with a focus on the WUI codes to be adopted March 15, 2024. New WUI codes focus on roof, building materials, and vegetation management near driveways. Consider distributing doorhanger notices defining new codes for homeowners.
• New Development: When planning new developments, reference the latest International Building Code rules, particularly those related to defensible space.
• Legacy Development: Review and update safety measures to align with current standards and regulations to enhance fire mitigation efforts.
• Fuel Disposal: Implement responsible fuel disposal practices within the easement or ROW, adhering to regulations.
• Setback Requirements: Ensure adequate setback distances are established to enhance fire safety. Develop setback requirements for the areas below powerlines.
• Road Standards: Ensure alignment with existing municipal, county, and state road development and maintenance standards. Where necessary, update road maintenance standards to maintain safe conditions on evacuation routes. Prioritize standards to address private roads, shared driveways, and bridged driveways if such standards do not already exist.
• Ensure regulatory alignment and safety.
• Conduct review of fire code and update accordingly. • FP&S (FEMA)
• EPA Environmental Education Grants
• CWDG
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FAC 5 M Summer 2025 Create a Fire Safe Council for the County. Countywide All • Analyze the identified risks, vulnerabilities, and community needs outlined in the CWPP; provide a solid foundation for the establishment of a collaborative Fire Safe Council.
• Establish a Jefferson County Wildfire Coordinator position to lead the Fire Safe Council.
• Use the Fire Safe Council as a platform for messaging and public engagement.
• Task the Fire Safe Council with providing oversight for the CWPP and manage the annual review and update of the plan. Tasks would include:
o Track changes to the WA DNR WUI and implement updates to the Composite Risk-Hazard Model as needed.
o Review the project tracker and identify obstacles to implementation.
o Seek grant opportunities to facilitate implementation of CWPP recommendations.
o Investigate potential to expand Firewise Community initiatives across the county, providing more detailed community-scale risk analysis and mitigation projects.
o Oversee annual CWPP updates including integration of other ancillary planning efforts that are pertinent to the CWPP.
o Oversee the 5-year full CWPP update.
• Provide a central organization for wildfire mitigation in the County.
• Convene annually to document actions taken and document success and failures of mitigative action.
• Conduct an annual assessment of staffing needs.
• Track community participation and engagement.
• Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG) (FEMA)
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• CWDG
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | H-10
Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FAC 6 H Spring 2024 Introduce or increase use of signage about fire bans.
Countywide WSDOT, Fire Departments, City, County
• Coordinate with WSDOT for marquees with messages about fire bans. • Protect communities and infrastructure by raising awareness of local citizens and those traveling in the area about actions that can prevent fires.
• Conduct yearly reviews and updates/improvements to materials.
• Set goals for expanding signage the following year.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• CWDG
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FAC 7 M Spring 2024 Emphasize the significance of defensible space in light of the growing mandates for urban density.
Countywide WSDOT, Fire Departments, City, County
• Develop zoning regulations that balance urban density goals with defensible space requirements.
• Consider differentiating zones within urban areas, allowing for varying density in centralized areas, gradually decreasing densities toward the WUI.
• Promote the use of fire-resistant plants in landscaping designs, reducing the risk of fire spread.
• Enforce building codes that require the use of fire-resistant materials in construction. This includes roofing, siding, and windows.
• Advocate for designs that incorporate defensible space directly into new developments, such as setbacks, firebreaks, and noncombustible zones.
• Create resilient communities that can withstand the threat of wildfires while still meeting the demands of urbanization
• Continuously evaluate and adapt defensible space strategies based on changing environmental conditions.
• Conduct assessments to track participation and assess need for levels of enforcement.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• CWDG
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FAC 8 Create a Port Townsend-specific CWPP Addendum.
Port Townsend City • Create a CWPP Annex that addresses specific wildfire hazards that face Port Townsend.
o Leverage countywide CWPP as a foundation and develop a document in a style and format that is consistent with the County plan.
o Convene a Core Team of City stakeholders.
o Create subdivision-scale base maps.
o Delineate the WUI in conjunction with DNR.
o Create subdivision-scale Composite Risk-Hazard Model that is ground truthed through the field assessment process described below.
o Carry out subdivision-scale field assessments using the NFPA 1144 protocols to identify high-risk areas due to structure type, access, firefighting resource availability, and adjacent fuels.
o Hold public education and outreach meetings to engage the community and provide buy-in.
o Develop a written document and integrate with the county document by reference or as an appendix to the countywide plan.
o Upload to the County CWPP hub site to increase visibility.
o Plan for periodic updates to the Annex in coordination with the CWPP.
• Address finer resolution mapping and planning needs.
• N/A • City funds
• CWDG
• BRIC grants
• WA DNR
FAC 9 H Spring 2024 Create an interagency calendar for WUI-related public engagement events.
Host on the hub site All agencies on the Advisory Group • Create and regularly update a calendar of WUI-related public engagement events organized and hosted by agencies in Jefferson County.
• Increases public awareness. • Monthly or as needed updates to calendar. • County/City funds
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Page | H-11
Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FAC 10 H Spring 2024 Identify and collaborate with social service agency partners within Jefferson County to enhance wildfire readiness for low-income and vulnerable populations.
Countywide Fire Departments, City, County, Health Department, Red Cross
• Conduct a comprehensive survey of social service agencies within Jefferson County and Contact potential partners.
• Determine and allocate resources (financial, informational, logistical) to support wildfire preparedness activities tailored to vulnerable populations.
• Set up communication channels to facilitate ongoing collaboration and updates.
• Create and distribute customized educational materials and emergency kits for vulnerable populations.
• Provide targeted support to those who are most at risk and may lack the resources or knowledge to prepare adequately.
• Monitor specific milestones (e.g. number of agencies engaged, training sessions conducted, and materials distributed).
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• CWDG
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FAC 11 M Spring 2025 Provide information and resources related to farming and agricultural lands and wildfires.
Countywide Washington State University Extension and Disaster Education Network
• Provide information on the following topics: livestock movement and housing during an emergency; information on livestock injury assessment and health; ag producer safety during wildfires and emergency preparedness, wildfire recovery assistance for farms, soil erosion and rehabilitation; grass reseeding, vegetation rehabilitation, grazing mitigation as well as other preventative educational resources including planned grazing and holistic management of lands.
• Provide information targeted toward farms, farmers, ranchers and agricultural lands.
• Update as new information becomes available. • County/City funds
Table H.3. Recommendations for Safe, Effective, Risk-based Wildfire Response
Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FR 1 H Spring 2024 Fire departments to prioritize a strategy to secure funding for wildland firefighting equipment, especially water tenders.
Countywide Fire Departments • Develop a funding strategy to acquire and maintain wildland firefighting equipment, including vehicles, protective gear, and communication tools.
• Upgrade water tenders.
• Recognize that their use is different from traditional fire response (the need to transport water to rural areas is different from fire response in urban areas).
• Current fleet is aging. The youngest tender is 18 years old. There is a need to invest in modern efficient tenders.
• Evaluate the impact on pump systems from pulling water from various sources. Ensure that the system can safely extract water while considering the wear and tear on the pumps.
• Acknowledge the difficulty of accessing water sources in wildland areas and recognize that tenders provide a reliable and efficient supply of water for remote locations.
• Encourage property owners in vulnerable areas to consider the installation of sprinkler kits as part of their wildfire preparedness strategy, conduct an awareness campaign to spread knowledge about the benefits of sprinkler kits and their proper use.
• Explore partnerships and collaborate with local, state, or federal agencies, as well as community organizations, to acquire the necessary funding for fire inspection and investigation vehicle.
• Enhance public safety, improve wildfire response, and limit size of wildfires.
• Conduct fire stations inventories of tools and appliances.
• Replace outdated/degraded tools and appliances.
• Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG) (FEMA)
• Regional Catastrophic Preparedness (RCP) grants
• Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grants
• Firefighter Property Program (DNR)
• Federal Excess Personal Property (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FR 2 M Spring 2025 Increase wildfire training opportunities for fire department and other appropriate agency personnel.
Lands appropriate for prescribed fire exercises
DNR, Conservation Districts/Conservation Commission, Land Trust, Fire Departments
• Send staff to NFPA’s Assessing Structure Ignition Potential (ASIP) Trainings hosted by WA DNR, Conservation Commission, and other partners throughout the state.
• Utilize prescribed fire management opportunities on public lands as a way to train County firefighters (career and volunteer) in wildfire management and suppression techniques. Partner with federal agencies, DNR, County Parks and Recreation, and the Land Trust.
• Support training for fire and land managers on fire operations in the WUI.
• Look at possible training opportunities with tribal communities to integrate cultural burning (prairie maintenance and traditional foods program) concepts and Traditional Ecological Knowledge.
• Utilize resources and expertise from the Center for Natural Lands Management.
• Increase staff understanding of WUI fire behavior and wildfire risk reduction actions residents should take.
• Increase capacity for wildfire response by local crews.
• Enhance public safety, improve wildfire response, and limit size of wildfires.
• Provide annual red card training/refresher/pack test events before start of fire season.
• Provide online wildfire training classes/refresher courses.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• Firewise grants National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Funding support associated with Wildfire Ready Neighbors
• Firefighter Property Program (DNR)
• Wildland Fire Training (DNR)
FR 3 H Spring 2024 Increase access for fire response. Private lands Private, County, Fire Departments • Fire Departments to work with large landowners to identify access issues and coordinate future access – locked gates and blocked roads.
• Develop new protocols for access rights to public lands.
• Reduce response times for emergency responders.
• Provides safe and effective wildfire response capabilities.
• Provides safe and effective means of evacuation in case of emergencies.
• Conduct regular monitoring and maintenance to make sure roads are drivable for emergency response vehicles.
• Consider the use of herbicide on invasive species growth encroaching on access routes, in consultation with Jefferson County Noxious Weed Board.
• BRIC grants
• National Fire Plan (NFP) grants
• RCP grants
• 2022 Infrastructure Investments and Jobs Act
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FR 4 M Spring 2025 Address the need for increased human resources.
• Focus on the “people element” of the operations.
• Investigate potential for more career firefighting staff in areas of concern.
• Enhance coordination with local contractors and tree service organizations.
• Establish a comprehensive “Call When Needed” list of personnel who can be deployed when needed. List to include individuals with various skillsets and qualifications (e.g., dozer operators).
• All people on the “Call When Needed” list should meet recommended training recommendations so they are prepared to respond in their respective roles.
• Increase capacity for wildfire response.
• Enhance public safety, improve wildfire response, and limit size of wildfires.
• Provide annual red card training/refresher/pack test events before start of fire season.
• Provide online wildfire training classes/refresher courses.
• EMPG (FEMA)
• BRIC grants
• RCP grants
• Wildland Fire Training (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FR 5 H Spring 2025 Develop Comprehensive Evacuation Plan. Countywide County DEM, County Roads, landowners • Create a committee with multiple agencies to develop a countywide evacuation plan.
• Develop specific evacuation plans for residences along specific highways (e.g. Highway 101, Highway 104, SR 20).
• Identify WUI communities vulnerable to the impacts of evacuation, devising solutions and mitigative efforts.
• Utilize Ladris analysis to identify high-risk areas for evacuation.
• Hold mock evacuation to inform plan utilizing live response and “opt in” using NIXEL.
• Model a fire response through selected WUI neighborhood.
• Focus on coordination between agencies.
• Utilize event as a way to inform and educate the public on the Incident Command System and terminology.
• Test Ladris software in real time.
• Conduct after-action review to inform planning.
• Align plan with Emergency Response Plan and HMP.
• Integrate with evacuation planning for all natural hazards, as appropriate.
• Include “micro-evacuation planning” in the plan, specifically identifying areas that might increase hazards for evacuees (e.g., avoiding passage or sheltering near hazardous materials sites).
• Work on fuels mitigation, defensible space, and possible shaded fuel breaks.
• Facilitate safe evacuation of residents and support emergency response for responders.
• Protect life and lessen high-risk fire behavior along important roads.
• Educate the public about efficient safe evacuations.
• Conduct annual maintenance.
• Updates materials annually.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• Firewise grants National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
FR 6 H Spring 2025 Build tribal fire management capacity. Hoh Reservation, Queets Tribal, DNR, BIA • Build firefighting capacity for wildfire suppression.
• Seek funding to support creation of fire department (or enhancements of fire department) for each tribal community, equipment, apparatus, personnel, and training.
• Enhance fire response and protection of life and property on the western side of the County.
• Conduct annual maintenance.
• Update materials annually.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Firefighter Property Program (DNR)
• Federal Excess Personal Property (DNR)
FR 7 H Summer 2025 Create unified protocol for fire restrictions and communications.
Countywide All • Develop definitive protocols for communications on fire restrictions.
• Identify lessons learned from previous events.
• Investigate limitations for existing notifications, including residents with no cell phone access. Consider hard line notifications or radio announcements. Coordinate through DEM, NPREP, and PUD.
• Identify the locations of residents who don’t have cell phones.
• Reduce conflicts and confusion across jurisdictions.
• Enhance public safety and improve wildfire response.
• Conduct regular monitoring and review of effectiveness.
• Provide updates to materials as necessary.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• CWDG
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FR 8 L Spring 2025 Improve fire recording and documentation. Countywide County Fire Marshal • Establish standardized protocols for documenting wildfires, ensuring consistent data collection, and reporting by all relevant agencies and personnel.
• Allocate funding for necessary resources, personnel and training for comprehensive fire recording and documentation.
• Track fire ignitions and causes and document with meta data.
• Assess how education, outreach, mitigation, and prevention could be used to address common ignition sources.
• Update spatial data related to past wildfires in the county.
• Better understand causes of wildfire and utilize data to inform education and outreach.
• Better understand areas with history of regular wildfire activity to prioritize risk and hazard reduction.
• Maintain database of pertinent wildfire data.
• Review and update outreach materials.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Federal Excess Personal Property (DNR)
FR 9 H Summer 2025 Enhance pre-event planning. Countywide All • Pre-identify Incident Command Posts.
• Identify and map dip sites.
• Document and inventory personnel and equipment.
• Implement mock events that practice transition from initial attack and extended attack.
• Carry out after-action review of mock event to inform future wildfire response training and resource needs.
• Train and inform fire responders to enhance wildfire response.
• Conduct yearly review and updates to materials.
• Set goals for the following year.
• EMPG (FEMA)
• CWDG
• BRIC grants
• RCP grants
• Wildland Fire Training (DNR)
FR 10 H Spring 2024 Identify the needs of each fire district to ensure they have the specific equipment essential for fire response.
Countywide All fire districts • East Jefferson Fire District has identified a need for a dozer and hand crews (Type 2) to mitigate threats.
• Hand crews are needed for work throughout the entire county.
• Enhance fire response and protection of life and property.
• Conduct review of effectiveness and update accordingly.
• Set goals for the following year.
• BRIC grants
• NFP grants
• RCP grants
• Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
• Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG)
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FR 11 H Spring 2024 Increase the housing supply for workforces. Countywide All • Initiate a plan to create more housing options to meet the needs of the workforce. Currently, there is an insufficient availability of housing for workers.
• Perhaps create specific housing for fire-related workforce.
• Improve the living situations for wildfire responders.
• Conduct annual maintenance.
• Communicate with firefighting personnel on effectiveness.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
FR 12 M Spring 2025 Use a code or regulatory program to address the issue of residents creating their own addresses and posting these addresses on signs, making fire response more difficult.
Port Townsend City of Port Townsend • Ensure the code applies to all homes. (Second homes are presently excluded from standardized address signs.)
• Raise awareness that address signs need to be accurate for emergency response services.
• Protect life and property through improving wildfire response.
• Ensure regulatory alignment and safety.
• Conduct review of code and update accordingly.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
FR 13 M Spring 2025 Consider using investigative drones and operators to provide real-time aerial insights, enabling efficient monitoring, assessment, and response to fire incidents.
Countywide Fire departments, City, County • Conduct a feasibility study to assess the suitability of using investigative drones in the designated wildfire-prone areas covered by the CWPP.
• Collaborate with experienced drone operators with expertise in wildfire monitoring and response.
• Develop protocols for deploying drones in different wildfire scenarios, considering factors such as weather conditions, terrain, and potential risks.
• Using drones at initial attack is ideal for hard-to-reach areas.
• Can be crucial in identifying imminent danger to structures, such as the Beaver Valley Fire.
• Enhance decision-making and resource allocation.
• Conduct review of effectiveness and update accordingly.
• Regular training sessions and updates will ensure effective utilization of this technology.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FR 14 M Spring 2025 Expand the city’s legal capacity to address concerns related to wildfire.
Countywide City of Port Townsend • Conduct a comprehensive review of existing legal frameworks, ordinances, and regulations related to wildfire, ensuring they are up-to-date and aligned with best practices in wildfire management.
• Identify potential legal obstacles for wildfire mitigation activities and evaluate possible solutions.
o Examples of legal obstacles: Zoning and land-use regulations, Property access and easements, Property rights and liability issues, Building codes and permits, etc.
• Collaborate with regional, state, and federal policy authorities to create and enhance litigation related to wildfire management (e.g. land-use planning, permitting, and building codes).
• Increase or establish abatement funding to address various community concerns.
• Enhance the County’s ability to address wildfire-related concerns and challenges effectively.
• Protect life and property through improving wildfire mitigation impacted by legal hurdles.
• Continuously evaluate the legal framework and policies for alignment with changing wildfire dynamics and community needs.
• Periodically review the legal capacity expansion efforts.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
FR 15 H Spring 2024 Prepare community for red flag day power shutoffs. Countywide All • Implement power shutoff protocols on red flag days.
• Launch community-wide awareness campaign to educate citizens about the procedure.
• Prioritize support for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, by offering guidance on preserving medications, as well as guidance on electric vehicle charging alternatives.
• Enhance public safety by reducing ignition potential.
• Conduct review of effectiveness and update accordingly.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• CWDG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FR 16 H Spring 2024 Enhance personnel. Countywide DNR, fire departments, City, County
• Expand volunteer base for water tender drivers.
• Bolster staffing for the County Office of the Fire Marshal.
• Offer training to interested volunteers to increase their depth and availability.
• Collaborate for cross training with the DNR.
• Establish a workforce exchange with the DNR during wildfire season.
• Enhance public safety, improve wildfire response, and limit size of wildfires.
• Provide annual red card training/refresher/pack test events before start of fire season.
• Provide online wildfire training classes/refresher courses.
• EMPG (FEMA)
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• CWDG Firefighter Property Program (DNR)
FR 17 H Spring 2024 Fire departments should invest in back-up fuel pods. Countywide All • Back-up fuel pods are needed to ensure adequate gas supply for reaching remote locations during emergencies.
• Integrate the inclusion of fuel tenders into pre-event planning to enhance the efficiency of resource refueling on larger wildland incidents, particularly in rural areas.
• Enhance public safety, improve wildfire response, and limit size of wildfires.
• Conduct review of effectiveness and update accordingly.
• Set goals for the following year.
• EMPG (FEMA)
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• FP&S (FEMA)
• Firefighter Property Program (DNR)
• Federal Excess Personal Property (DNR)
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Project ID Status Priority (H,M,L) Timeline for Action Project Description Location Land Ownership/ Lead Agency Methodology/Approach Serves To Monitoring/Maintenance Requirements Funding Sources
FR 18 H Spring 2024 Coordinate City and County to optimize fire safety efforts.
Countywide All • City should consider strengthen its capacity for fire prevention, safety, and response.
• County (or Jefferson Conservation District) should consider hiring a community wildfire risk specialist.
• Explore collaboration with the Jefferson Conservation District, leveraging their potential staff capacity to support and house a wildfire position or work group.
• Consolidate funding and resources collaboratively between the City and County.
• Coordinate regular communications with private landowners on wildfire risks and hazards, and where to find resources to address high-risk conditions.
• Coordinate with county to create a local Fire Safe Council.
• Improve overall fire safety and coordination within the community.
• Conduct review of effectiveness and update accordingly.
• Set goals for the following year.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• Firewise grants National Urban and Community Forest Program
• CWDG
• Washington State Conservation Commission
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FR 19 M Spring 2024 Increase fire hydrants in communities. Countywide City water departments, PUD, private water purveyors
• Evaluate the community to identify areas with a higher risk of fires, considering factors such as population density, historical fire incidents, and proximity to flammable structures or materials.
• Identify locations/communities that need fire hydrants.
• Install fire hydrants in these designated locations.
• Explore the feasibility of mobile and stationary “fracking” style water tanks as hydrant alternatives.
• Improve wildfire response capabilities and capacity to suppress fires.
• Ongoing design, planning, and implementation of projects is necessary.
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FR 20 H Fall 2024 Conduct a comprehensive review and redesign standards for new subdivisions with a focus on wildfire safety.
Port Townsend City of Port Townsend • Set standards to be used as appropriate model for new subdivisions.
• Address ingress and egress, street width, and driveway related issues in accordance with new subdivision codes.
• Address the challenges posed by old plats that lack planning for the back side of the subdivision, which currently has no secondary access.
• Implement zoning and land-use policies that promote higher-density development within existing urban areas, allowing for more efficient land use while reducing the pressure to expand into undeveloped forestland. *See table note.
• Explore the possibility of incentive programs for property developers, builders, and homeowners who contribute to increasing density in urban areas (e.g., permitting fees, tax credits, or other financial benefits).
Enhance public safety and improve wildfire response.
Conduct review effectiveness and update accordingly. • BRIC grants
• National Urban and Community Forest Program
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
FR 21 L Fall 2025 East Jefferson County RAWs Installation and Monitoring
Eastern Jefferson County Fire departments, City, County • Conduct a geographic and climatic survey of eastern Jefferson County to identify optimal locations for RAWs.
o Collaborate with local meteorologists, fire departments, and environmental scientists.
• Identify and apply for grant funding opportunities from federal, state, and private sources.
• Partner with a professional installation team to set up the stations.
• Establish a data management system to collect, store, and analyze weather data.
Improve understanding of local weather and microclimates to inform wildfire mitigation strategies.
Foster a safer and more informed community.
Conduct regular reviews and calibrations of the RAWs to ensure data accuracy and reliability.
Schedule frequent maintenance checks and inspections.
Generate monthly and annual reports summarizing weather data.
• FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants
• RCP grants
• BRIC grants
• Firewise grants National Urban and Community Forest Program
• CWDG
• Financial Assistance Program for Wildfire Resilience & Forest Health (DNR)
* Increased density and narrower streets may be appropriate for urban core areas that do not have an increased hazard from wildfire exposures (e.g. windblown embers, direct flame, and radiant heat). However, planners should be extremely careful when dealing with areas that have a higher hazard from
these exposures. Increased density creates more risk for urban-conflagration (e.g., Marshall Fire, Camp Fire, Maui Wildfires, etc.), and narrower streets create increased congestion for ingress and egress during emergency situations and evacuations. Policy makers and community planners should be
cognizant of these considerations when allowing development in wildfire-prone areas. Local jurisdictions should also collaborate with their fire district code officials in these matters.
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APPENDIX I:
Building Code Recommendations
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WUI CODE–RELATED RECOMMENDATIONS
JEFFERSON COUNTY AND LOCAL JURISDICTIONS
This outline presents a brief overview of code recommendations for Jefferson County, Washington. These
recommendations could be applied at either the county or municipal level. Should Jefferson County
decide to include these recommendations as initiatives or action items, they should be included in the
CWPP process.
Realizing the inherent complexity of public policy in relation to code adoption, proper codes and
standards, or rules and regulations should be considered and adopted at each level, i.e., county and
municipal. It is incumbent upon each level to do their part to protect their constituents and neighbors from
the threat of wildfire. It is recommended to not wait for others to lead the way, but to affect change at each
level in a timely manner. Most of the recommendations in this report could be considered for adoption, in
whole or in part, by all relevant levels or groups. Jefferson County may want to consider having a
qualified code writer and wildfire mitigation expert author new code and assist with the adoption process.
Recommendation 1: Adopt the State-adopted IWUIC with specific jurisdictional amendments. Adopt
2021 or 2024 International Wildland-Urban Interface Code (IWUIC) in 2024, with an updated adoption
every three (3) years, to coincide with the next IWUIC cycle. A code consultant would be useful in this
regard. Where appropriate, amendments should be more stringent and localized than the State adoption.
This would include:
• clarity on the “retroactivity” section of the State adoption (Note: there may be confusion between
the last sentence in Section 101.2 “Scope” and Section 101.4 “Retroactivity”),
• a focus on appropriate requirements for medium- and high-density development as per the NIST
Hazard Mitigation Methodology (HMM); more specifically, amendments should include stringent
requirements for structural hardening in new high-density developments,
• IWUIC appendix A requirements for vegetation control and ignition source control (Note: the State
did not specifically adopt Appendix A),
• vent protection for IR3 structures, identical to IR1 and IR2, and
• a section on fencing with provisions that preclude the use of combustible fencing within eight feet
(8’) of any habitable structure.
An alternative method to Jefferson County adopting an entire code, such as the State of Washington
adopted IWUIC, would be to create customized WUI amendments as a whole chapter and insert them
into an empty/blank chapter of the International Fire Code when it is adopted by the County. This would
also allow for current, science-based information to be adopted earlier rather than waiting for the next
revision of the IWUIC, which is a consensus document and does not necessarily reflect current best
practices related to wildfire-prone areas.
Recommendation 2: Acquire LiDAR, RapidEye, and/or other appropriate data sets for known higher
hazard areas, to help make a better determination as to actual hazard, and to prioritize projects and
initiatives. For cost-sharing considerations, it is recommended to work collaboratively with highway
districts, water purveyors, power utilities, universities, and other stakeholders who may also want to
acquire similar data sets for different reasons.
Jefferson County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
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Recommendation 3: Hire dedicated personnel in Jefferson County for wildfire mitigation programs and
outreach (e.g., Wildfire Mitigation Specialist and Fire Adapted Communities Coordinator positions).
Recommendation 4: Hire dedicated Jefferson County staff to conduct plan reviews, inspections, and
code enforcement of landscaping and construction.
Recommendation 5: Provide quality, customized education to help provide context to the code, as well
as how to best mitigate risk around existing homes and businesses.
Recommendation 6: Share the simplified breakdown of the code adoption that Jefferson County put
together www.co.jefferson.wa.us/DocumentCenter/View/16526/WUI-Brochure with other jurisdictions and
relevant stakeholders.
Recommendation 7: Once structures in new developments are occupied, Wildfire Safety Plans (see
Recommendation 9) can be incorporated as a reference document into the Community Wildfire Protection
Plan to ensure voluntary compliance with codes and standards for long-term safety and maintenance of
these communities.
Recommendation 8: Integrating code improvements into the Jefferson County Hazard Mitigation Plan
will provide additional opportunities for future grant funding to implement recommendations identified
through the CWPP process. Separately, integrating these two processes and plans into one will ensure
that the CWPP is updated every five (5) years at the same time, and with the same stakeholders, as the
Hazard Mitigation Plan. An example of this is Ada County, Idaho, who utilized a crosswalk document from
the Idaho Office of Emergency Management to blend the Ada County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan and
Community Wildfire Protection Plan into one document.
Recommendation 9: New developments should be required to provide, and have approved, a detailed
Wildfire Safety Plan, written by a “Special Expert” such as a NFPA Certified Wildfire Mitigation Specialist
(CWMS). The term “Special Expert” comes directly out of the International Fire Code and refers to
“An individual who has demonstrated qualifications in a specific area, outside the practice of architecture
or engineering, through education, training, and experience.”
The Wildfire Safety Plan would also fulfil the requirement for a Vegetation Management Plan from Section
701 of the State of Washington adopted WUI Code. The Wildfire Safety Plan (WSP) would be submitted
during the platting process, and would include such information as the project/development description
and density, area ecology and fuel model, topography, fire history and weather, description of utilities and
water supply, as well as requirements for:
• access roads and turnarounds,
• recreational and multi-use paths,
• ignition-resistant landscaping and perpetual maintenance,
• structure ignition zones along with perpetual maintenance of these zones,
• setbacks from open space areas and auxiliary structures,
• type of ignition resistant construction (e.g., IR1, IR2, or IR3), based on site-specific hazards,
• ignition source control,
• perpetual funding requirements for maintenance and audits, and
• future plan updates.
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APPENDIX J:
Evacuation Analysis
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APPENDIX K:
Evacuation Recommendations
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QUILCENE
Issues: heavy potential congestion in the event of a community-scale evacuation event along the
northern and southern extents of Highway 101.
BRINNON/DUCKABUSH
Issues: heavy potential congestion in the event of a community-scale evacuation event along Highway
101 and along the Lilliwaup area.
MARROWSTONE ISLAND
Issues: heavy potential congestion in the event of a community-scale evacuation event along Highway
116 (the only artery into and out of the island).
BEAVER VALLEY AND SHINE
Issues: heavy potential congestion in the event of a community-scale evacuation event along the western
extent of Highway 101, Highway 19, and Oak Bay Road.
PORT TOWNSEND AND GLEN COVE
Issues: heavy potential congestion in the event of a community-scale evacuation event along Cook
Avenue, South Jacob Miller Road, South Discovery Road, and portions of Highways 19 and 20.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Project Topic Approach
Policy and planning solutions • Develop evacuation zones to prioritize specific sections of the community based on fire risk and overall vulnerability.
• Implement dynamic traffic management systems that adjust traffic signals, lane directions, and speed limits to optimize traffic flow during evacuations.
• Install smart signage along evacuation routes that can display real-time information, including alternate routes, estimated travel times, and evacuation orders.
• Build regular mock evacuations into policy and planning.
• Conduct thorough reviews after each evacuation to develop after-action reports and identify areas for improvement and incorporate lessons learned into future evacuation planning efforts.
Improve resident response and collaboration
• Encourage residents to prepare evacuation kits in advance, containing essential items (e.g., medication, important documents, and emergency supplies) to facilitate a swift evacuation.
• Advocate for residents to develop personalized evacuation plans that include primary and secondary evacuation routes.
• Emphasize the importance of having a communication plan in place for family members and friends to stay connected during evacuations.
• Provide residents with training programs on basic emergency response, including fire extinguisher use, basic first aid, and evacuation procedures.
• Promote early evacuation decisions, emphasizing the importance of leaving early to avoid congestion and potential road closures.
• Collaborate with community organizations and agencies to identify and assist vulnerable populations in evacuation planning.
• Establish a neighborhood watch program to enhance community collaboration and ensure that everyone is accounted for during evacuations.
Enhanced agency response • Establish effective communication channels for authorities to provide real-time updates on evacuation routes, shelter locations, and fire conditions.
• Ensure the availability of sufficient resources, including emergency personnel and equipment, to manage evacuation procedures efficiently.
• Establish sufficient redundancy in staffing across all critical roles to provide seamless coverage in the event of staff turnover or stretched capacity.
• Foster collaboration between transportation agencies, law enforcement, and emergency services to coordinate traffic management efforts seamlessly.
• Establish communication protocols for sharing real-time traffic data and coordinating traffic control measures across jurisdictions.
• Use mock evacuations to identify weaknesses in operations, communications, roles and responsibilities and agency policies.
• Conduct thorough post-evacuation assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of agency response efforts.
• Analyze response times, resource allocations, and coordination among agencies to identify areas for improvement and implement changes for future evacuations.
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Project Topic Approach
Investigate road improvements and alternative methods
• Invest in road widening projects along key evacuation routes to accommodate increased traffic during emergencies (link to AOC map).
• Prioritize sections of roads that traverse wildfire-prone areas or that connect critical evacuation points.
• Where feasible, identify and establish alternative evacuation routes to provide options for residents in case primary routes become impassable.
• Create fuel breaks along critical roadways to reduce the risk of fires compromising evacuation routes.
• Integrate wildfire resilience considerations into road infrastructure planning and design.
• Use fire-resistant materials for road construction and consider natural barriers or firebreaks along roadways.
• Install clear and visible signage along evacuation routes to guide residents, particularly in rural and remote areas.
• Implement routine maintenance programs to address road hazards and ensure the proper functionality of evacuation routes.
• Solicit input from local communities on road improvement priorities, considering the unique needs of each area.
• Ensure that bridges and culverts along evacuation routes are designed to withstand wildfires and post-fire flooding and debris flows.
Evacuation planning and preparedness • Conduct regular evacuation drills to familiarize residents with evacuation routes, emergency procedures, and the location of assembly points.
• Use the simulated traffic scenarios during drills to test modeling and identify potential congestion points and adjust evacuation plans accordingly.
• Aim for at least one drill per year and consider additional drills in high-risk areas.
• Include scenarios in drills that specifically address the needs of vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, disabled, or those with limited mobility.
• Practice communication protocols during drills, including the use of emergency notification systems, public address systems, and social media.
• Coordinate evacuation drills closely with emergency services, including fire departments, law enforcement, and medical responders.
• Evaluate response times, resource deployment, and interagency communication during drills.
• Conduct evaluations after each drill, seeking feedback from both residents and emergency responders.
• Identify areas for improvement and update evacuation plans based on lessons learned during drills.
• Encourage active community participation in evacuation drills.
• Include schools, nursing homes, and other institutions in drills.
• Identify minimum parameters for a location/property to serve as a temporary refuge area (TRA) (i.e. minimum acreage devoid of vegetation or combustible materials, adjacent vegetation type, number of access nodes etc.) and consider integration into evacuation education as appropriate.
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Project Topic Approach
Community education and outreach • Increase community awareness through educational programs, workshops, newsletters, and outreach events to ensure residents are well-informed and prepared.
• Create and distribute evacuation related information through online platforms,
mobile apps, printed materials, and physical signage.
• Provide detailed printed and physical maps with written instructions that guide residents on evacuation routes.
• Provide important education materials in multiple languages (as needed) and ensure that the materials are accessible.
• Establish community committees or forums to facilitate ongoing dialogue between residents, local authorities, and emergency planners.
• Solicit feedback from residents to gauge the effectiveness of evacuation plans and procedures.
• Educate residents about the importance of including animals in their evacuation plans.
Explore technological solutions • Develop and promote mobile apps specifically designed for wildfire evacuation, providing real-time information on evacuation routes, traffic conditions, and emergency updates.
• Utilize drones and aerial surveillance technology to monitor wildfire behavior, assess road conditions, and identify potential obstacles or hazard along evacuation routes.
• Integrate real-time drone footage into emergency management systems for enhanced situational awareness.
• Enhance emergency alert systems to deliver targeted and timely evacuation orders to residents through multiple communication channels, including text messages, phone calls, and sirens.
• Establish satellite communication systems to ensure reliable communication in areas with limited or disrupted traditional communication infrastructure.