HomeMy WebLinkAboutHabitat Management Plan 962700108 (2)
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GEoENGINEERS t;)
ApPENDIX B
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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GEoENGINEERS a
ApPENDIX C
BUFFER ENHANCEMENT PLAN
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ApPENDIX D
PLANTING DETAILS
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APR 3 2008
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GEoENGINEER.SQ
ApPENDIX E
SPECIES LISTINGS
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Endangered Species Act Status of West Coast Salmon & Steelhead
Sockeye Salmon
( Dncorhynchus
nerko)
Chinook Salmon
(0.. tshawytscha)
Coho Salmon
(0.. kisutch)
I Chnm Salmon
(0. keto)
Steelhead
(D. mykiss)
Pink Salmon
(D. gorbuscha)
Speciest
Current
Endangered
Species Act
L" S.
ESA Listing Actions
Under Review
The ESA defines a "species" to include any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife. For Pacific salmon, NOAA Fisheries considers
an Evolutionarily Significant Unit, or "ESU," a "species" under the ESA. For Pacific steelhead, NOAA Fisheries has
(DPSs) for consideration as "species" under the ESA.
--
l11l/mwt'/ed
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I Threatelled I
9
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II
12
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14 Upper Willamette River
15
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17 Central Valley Fall and LateFall-run
18
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28
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ijO! WarranJl!4
Not Warranted
Deschutes River summer/fall-run
I L"d(lfl8,cI ~d
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30 !'llJlet~o~<lI~trllitofCieor8ia
31 01 ic Peninsnla
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36
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40
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42 California Central Vall
43 Willamette River
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47
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50
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Not Warranted
Not Warranted
.'_-"_'.-..-.".~--"_..'_. ...."'..."...".".."..,
Not Warranted
Odd- ear
APR - 3
700i~
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GeoENGINEER.S c;
ApPENDIX F
NEST BOXES FOR BIRDS
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1'~EST BOXES FOR BIRDS--~-
As a tfee dies, sections of it decay and
become hollow. These caviti.es are dry and
warm, serving as sfJcluded nurseries for rnany
young birds. In Washington, about 43 djffererH
!"inds of birds ne.st inhales in dead or (lying
trees. 01 those bircis. 15 orten occur in city
parks and around homes. The more pommon
ones are chick~ldees. nutllatches. flickers,
swallows and wrens.
. Putting up nest boxes can help these
cavity-nesting birds. Your artificial nest helps
make up lor natural homes that lost when
too rnan)' trees in a bird's habitat are removed.
TheSe cavity-nesting birds can. in turn. help
you by eating insects that may harm your trees
and bushes.. Being concerned about wildlife
also shOWs good stewardship IQr our state's
irreplaceable natural resources.
This .publicati<l).i'I.C~V"fJrS neslbo.f: '.Q.uildJri~li;;<'"
materials: designs, ,<;;prj~ktJctL(,lIl"(]f19JJ@~11':_=_": . \"
ment;pest pro.ofing;;tlp$\on nUracting birds to..
YOllr yard. and facts.Tb~tll c'A'?ftr10jt9fOO8 · L...J
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Materials
You can buy a bird house tbroughspe~ial
mail order suppliers, the National Audubon '
Society or local
garden and
nursery store$.
Or you can build
one following
the guidelines
and plans in this
publication.
Whether you
buy it or build it,
here are some
important things
to keep In mind.
Wood is
the best material
to use for bird
houses. It's a
good insulator,
it's available and
easy to use, and
it blends in well with the landscape. Three-
quarter inch boards are the easiestto work
with. Soft Wood, suCh as pine,isfine for
smaller nests, but cedar or redwood may be
used for larger boxes. If you use plywood,
make sure it is exterior grade. A well-con-
structed house should last 10 to 15 years.
Use galvanized nails.to build houses if
necessary, but remember that they loosen up
as wood expands and contracts in extreme
weather conditions. Cedar and redwood nest
boxes should probably be made with concrete
coated or ring shanknaHs. These nail$won't
allow the boards to loosen up. ScreWs also
work fine.
Design
ENTRANCE HOLE:
Design and construction ofa bird house
heed to be bIrd specific. The most important
part of that bird house is the entrance hole. If
the hole is too small, the desired bird won't be
able to enter. If it's too big (and this is more
likely) undesirable wildlife -- like house spar-
rows, starlings, squirrelS .and cats -can get In
and harm or evict the intended bird.
As a rule, house sparrows can't enter a
nest boX if the entrance hole is less than 1.25
inches in diameter. Starlings can't enter if the
hole is less than 1.75 Inches in diameter. The
entrance hole sl4es in this publication are
designed to exclude these pests wherever
possible.
ROOF:
Roofs heed
to be built with
enough of aslant
to shed water. The
top front edge of the roof should overhang at
least 3 tnchos to protect the entrance from
driving rain or snow, and to keep cats from
reaching In frorn above.
Provid9a hinged side or roof so houses
can be easily checked and cleaned out each
year. (Annual cleaning reduces the. possibility
of spreading parasites and diseases from year
to year.) Hinges should be rlJst'proof. Duck
and owl box roofs kept shut with a hook and
eye. can be opened by raccoons. It's much
eiasierto use paired roofing nails with large
heads or duplex nails Oll the side of the roof
and the upper edge of a side. Wiring these
nails together will keep the bird house shut and
raccoon-pro of.
DO NOT use wood treated with green preservative. The green copper.based preservative, when ex-
posed to water, can produce polsono.us vapors.
DO NOT pain\. stain or treat box with creosote.
DO NOT use Hncans. milk cartons or melal fpr nests. Melals qUickly heat up to lethallemperalureson
warm spring and summer days, overheating ,he eggs and killing the birds. Commercial plaslic wood
duck houses are alsoaqceptablebul they sh~uld be> placed in shady locations.
"
SIDES AND SEAMS:
Natural tree cavities have rough interior
surfaces that give Young birds tractioli,espe-
cially when climbing out of the nest. ~ bird
house can mimic this rough surface b~low the
entrance holes with grooves, cleats, hardware
cloth or a similar surface. that can be gripped
by the bird's feet
Don't nail the sides to the top of the
floorboard. The sides of a bird house should
enclose the floorboard. This keeps rain from
seeping into the crack between sides and floor
and then into the nest. Placing the floorboard
1.25 inches above the
bottom of the sides
also ~eeps moisture
from seeping in from
below.
All seams that
won't be open should
be water tight. Exterior
glue or caulking. mated'-
aIs work well for this.
VENTILATION
HOLES:
At least two 1/4-
inch holes should be drilled near the top of the
right and left sides of all bird boxes to let air
circulate. This is especially important for small
nest boxes. Qrainage holes are also important.
Drill at least four 1M-inch drain holes in the
floor of the house. This will help drain moisture
that manages to get inside.
Placement
WHEN:
_ Some birds begin courtShip and nesting
activities as early as February, but most birds
select sites from late Match through May. This
is also the time when most migrating birds
return to Washington. Nest boxes can be set
out as you notice new birds arriving.
However, newly made bird houstps need
to be setout in winter to weather and air out.
I
To prevent house sparrows and European
starlings from setting up house in them before
other species of birds arrive, putneUing or wire
over the entrance hoJe.
WHERE:
The nest box should be somewhat
concealed. in partia,l shade and' placed where
predators canTgetto it Check to be sure the
birds have an adequate. clear flight path near
the entrance hole. If possible, the e.nttance
should face away from the prevailing wind. It
usually helps to put the box on a habitat edge:
between a group of trees and low-growing
bushes. or between bushes and an open
meadow. lawn or water.
All nest boxes should be firmly attached
to a. support post or a tree. When attaching a
nest box to a live tree, use lag screws a.nd
washers. These screws can be gradually
loosened as years pass, allowing the tree to
grow without any deformities.
HOW MANY:
A good rule of thumb is to allow 1/4~acre
between most bird houses. Because most
birds are territorial. the average-.size.d yard will
probably only hold one nesting pair ota par-
ticUlarspecies. Territory size varies among
birds--house sparrows and tree swallows
require only severa! feet of space, robins need
less than half an acre, while chickadees and
nuthatches usually need several acres. Other
birds. like purple martins and wood ducks.
don.t defend territories. That's why martin
houses are the "apartment" type.
Territories change from year to year, so a
well-designed and well-placed nest box will
eventually be used if birds you're trying to
attract are found in your neighborhood. If a
nestboK/sn't used for some time. birds nesting
nearby may be defending the area from other
birds of the same species. It may help to set
out several nest boxes (far certain species) in
different places so birds can pick the best site.
If you don't want house sparrows or European
starlings to be your next tenants. be sure to
take daw. n unused houses after thedE:'lsirec;L......._
birds ...,"" ,
--_.!
Pest
Proofing
Natural enemIes
pose the greatest threa.t
to birds using man..
made boxes. Metal
poles used for rnounts
or a sheet rnetal guard
encircling trees or
wooden poles helps
protect birds frorn cats
and squirrels. Suspend-
ing nest boxes from
wires beyond the
ju mping range of these
predators is alsoeffec-
tive.
Perches. aren't
really needed. If left on
a nest box, perches will
attract house sparrows
and starlings. The
exception mightbe wood ducks. For them a
slab of wood with the bark attached placed
horizontally under the entrance hole canrnake
landings easier.
House sparrows and European starlings
usually won't nest within tenfeet of the ground.
Placing nest boxes four to five feet off the
ground and In brushy areas will discourage
these pests.
If you wantto get rid of house sparrows
or European starlings that are nesting in a bird
house, it Is legal to remove their nests and
destroy the eggs. (Unlike most birds, these
species are not protected by any state or
federal law.) Nests may have to be removed
five to six times before sparrows or starlings
finally abandon the house.
Small animals, like mice, squirrels. bees
and wasps, may also decide to move Jntoa
nest box. If you don'twanllhem there. remove
the nest to discourage them.
When the nesting s.eason is over, open
anunseamed panel on the nest boxahd leave
it that. way throughout the winler. This prevents
deer mice from using it as a winter home.
Otherwise the.semice may "defend" their box
from returning songbirds in the spring by killing
and eating. therll if the birds enter "their" box.
If raccoon are st(faling eggs from a nest box,
place one. or two boardS with the proper en-
trance hofedrilled In them over the origi,nal
hole. This makes a short t\Jnnel into the nest.
The raccoon's arm may still get into the box,
but it won't be able to bend it down to reach the
eggs or chicks.
Tips On Attracting Birds
· Plant native Heas and shrubs for food and shelter
· Avoid using insecticide sprays whenever possible
. Leave grass and bush cutfingsfor nesting material
· ProviO$ clean water in Shallow, gently sloping containers
. Plant colorful wildflowers that will attract insects for birds to eat
· Leave i ..inch to 4-inch lengths of string or yarn for nestlng material
· Set out chopp.ed apples, raisins, prunes of ofanges tOElnUc~---"---'
r- . ',i
Facts about Cavity-nesting Birds
WOOD DUCK: InhabitswoodlMd streams and ponds during summer; not common in urban areas. Nest isa bare cavity,
lined with down.. Lays 8.10 white or creamy e9gs.
AMER1CAN KESTREL: Inhabitsopal1 areas withscattsredtrees; not common in urban areas, Nestis a shallow scrape in
a cavity, Lays 4-5 mosUy.whiteeggs. Eats rodents and insects.
BARN OWL: Uses a variety of habitats. Nest is a shallow hollow in a cavity. Lays 4.7 white eggs. Eats rodents.
SCREECH OWL: Widely distributed in forests, parks, orchards and woodlots. Nesl is an unlined tree cavity. Lays 4-5
white eggs:Eats roden.ts.
NORTHERN FLICKER: Lives in open or sparsely woocjed areas. Nesl cavity is usually eXcavated in live wood. Lays 6.8
glossy white eggs. Eats insects, esp$cially ants.
HAIRY WOODPECKER: Inhabits mature woodlands, especially deciduous forests; uncommon in urban areas. Nest
cavity is usually excavated in live wO(ld. Usually lays 4 glossy white eggs. Eats insects.
DOWN'lWOODPECKER: Inhabits open woodlands and natural parks; more cOmmon than hairy woodpecker in urban
areas. Nest cavity is usually in dead wood. Lays 4.5 glossy~whileeggs. Eats insects.
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW: Common in urbanaraas during the summer. N.est is a cup of dry grasses lined with
feathers and fine materials placed Ina crevice in buildings, old woodpecker holes or bird houses. Lays 4.5 while
aggs. Eats flying insects.
TREE SWAL,l.OW: Widely distributed in $umml,}r, uSlIallynear water. Less common than violet.green swallow in urban
arMS.. Nest is aoup ofgra.sseslined!with feathers in a natural cavity. old woodpecker hole or a crevice In a
building. Lays 4.6 whit€l' eggs. EatsJ!ying insects.;
PURPLE MARTIN: Wiclely distributed in su~mer, in past near human settlements. but now rare in the state due to habitat
losses and compatitkm from housesp;arrows and starlings for nest sites. Nest is placed in crevices in rocks, trees
ot buildings, or in old woodpecker holes. Lays 4.5 white eggs. Eats flying insects.
CHESTNUT.BACKED CHICKADEE: Inhabits conifetousforests. Nest Is made of moss,. with acup of fur. feathers and
fibers. Lay.s 6.7 white eggs., sometimes speckled. Eats insectsjn summer, seeds in winter.
BLACK.CAPPED CHICKADEE: Inhabits open areas with scaltt:tred trees; common in urban areas. Nestand diet similar
to chestnut.backed chickadee. Lays6.Swhite creamy eggs.
RED.BREASTED NUTHATCH: Found in mixed f()r~sts; not common inllrban areas. Nest is a cavity in deCld wood, with a
cup of grasses, JOotlelsandfur. Tre~ resinis smeClredatoundlhaentrance hole. Lay.s 5.6 white or creamy eggs,
usually speckled. Eats insects; and seeds.
HOUSE WRt=N: Widely distributed in areas with shrubby cover; uncommon summer resident in utbanareas. Nests in any
cavity, including the pockets of pants hanging on a clothesline. Lays 6~8 white, finely speckled eggs. Eats insects.
BEWICK'S WREN: Inhabits open woodlands and thickets, Nest is a bulky cup in any caVity, Lays 5-7 white eggs. often
speckled. Eats insects.
WESTERN BLUESIRO: Inhabits woodland dearingsand open areas; rare in urban areas. Nest is a slight cup in a cavity,
made qf dry grasses and <1 few featners. Lays 4-6 blua eggs. for nesl
sites from starlings.
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,Enfrance 'H61e'Cut~outs
Trace on to wood' with carbon pap.er.
Wrens, chickadee & nuthatches
Western Bluebird
and Tree Swallow
Cut off this. point
after drilling holes
Screech Owl anaSaw-whet Owl
I'
e
3.5"
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Wood Duck
~
The entrance hole for Violet-green
Swallows is arrovalshape, 7/8" high
and 3.5" wide. Adial11ond-pattern could
alSO be used with the same dimensions.
;:~:"',~:,LO;)i'J; E l~T
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..-.-.---..
8.
References
(The) Audubon Society Guide to AttractinQ Birds
by Stephen Kress, 1985. Oharles Scribners Sons, New York, NY.
(The) Birdhovse Book
by Don McNeil, 1979. Pacific Search Press, 222. Dexter Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109.
Building BirdhQL!ses and Feeoers
by Ed and Stevie Baldwin, 1985. Doubleday and 00, Inc., Garden Oity, New York, NY.
Cavity-Nesting Birds of North American Forests
by Scott Virgil etal, 1977. Agriculture Handbook 511, U.S. Forest Service. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 0.0.20402.
(The) COOJplete BOQk of Birdhouse Construction for Woodworkers
by Scott Campbell, 1984. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, NY.
(A) Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests
by Hal Harrison, 1979. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA.
Home$ for Birds
by Daniel Boone, 1979. Conservation Bulletin 14, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For sale by
the Superintendent of Compositiqm, U.S. Government Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
How to Attract. House and Feed airds
by Walter Schultz, 1970. MacmiUan Publishing Co., New York, NY.
How to vQntrol House Spqrrows
by Don Grussing, 19.80. Roseville Publishing House, P.O. BoX 8083, Roseville, MN 55113.
> <'. ?'.
,< ;,,:;-.'.'-;.-:;..'{:' .>:'.
h:'~':<i:):~: ;>:';.> ~~,;;:::";]. .: .;.,~;;>:>\,:
of:: <:->,-::,-'-'"
;:;"':" :~",:>:' ,'.",
ThoWashinglOn Oop:utmonl of Wadijlo will p,ovido "qual opportunnies 10 all
pCIOllllaf Ilnd..,xlstlng "mpIoyoos whhoUI ,oga,d 10 'ace,c,,,,,IiI. color, M~, sexual'
Qrionlnllon. 1011gl9n. a\lo. """~al ...,IUS, ....lional Q'lgin, disllo'lilitt, Ql Vi"lrj"m E'a V<lIolan'S
sl"tus, Tho dep.,rtrnolll ,ecolves Fed..,a1 Aid 100lilih and w~dUI" roSloralion.
Th.. depallmenlls subject to Tlllo Viol Iho CMI Rights Acl Df 1964 and
Sodton 00.t of Iho Rohabmtalion Act of 1973, Whlc:h plotllbh "'scrimlAllllon on Ih.. basis 01
me.., color, nationat oligln 0' handleap. II you boIlevo you hnveb!>on disCriminated against
In any depl\lllllOllt plQgram. aclivilY, olfnclli!)', 0111 you wanllUl1hllllnlormalion abQul Titlo
VI QI Soction fi04. wrllo 10: Ollle.. 01 Equal OWOllunlty, U.S. OeplIr\mehlof Inlorlol,
Washington. D,C. 20240. 0' Washinglon Depallmelll 01 W.ldl~o, 600 C{lpitoi WayN.
Olyflllla \VA 96501.1091.
Washington Department of Wildlife
Serving Washington '5
wildlife and people--
now tmd in the
future
ci=:::--:-":--' .u_
.